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MODERN HISTORY
TERM 1, 2012
TORI HARNETT
MRS NAIDOO
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ContentsContents ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2RATIONALE.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
MIND MAP..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................4..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
HYPOTHESIS.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Focus Questions...............................................................................................................................................................................................................5
DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
Figure 1..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
Figure 2..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Figure 3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
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RATIONALE
I chose to base my hypothesis around the event of the withdrawal of the UNEF from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip as I thought it would be an
interesting topic to cover and it is also a significant factor in both the Six Day War and the overall Arab-Israeli Conflict. There is much controversysurrounding this topic as there were many events that took place that cant be absolutely justified by solid facts; there are only theories made by
historians to try and give explanation for the events that occurred during this section of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. With this being the case, there are
many questions that can arise which made it easier to develop focus questions because there was such a vast number of questions that could have
been asked in order to get the same conclusion.
There was a large amount of information on the specific event so it was no hard to gather information to justify the hypothesis. I managed to find a
variety of sources, including DVDs (both primary and secondary), books (both primary and secondary), and online sources. In this variety there
were a number of valuable quotes in the variety of source so it will be much easier to justify the hypothesis with primary quotes from the opposing
sides that were involved in the conflict and in the process it will make my essay more reliable as I have primary sources that corroborate with
secondary sources.
The sources that were related to each of the focus questions were easy to evaluate as the authors had such strong standpoints in their writings. I
found that this was because of the fact that the authors were either from one of the countries involved in the conflict or they were historians that had
taken sides as to which of the opposing countries were and were not at fault; this viewpoint which was most likely developed during their years at
university or from firsthand experience on the topic.
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MIND MAP
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HYPOTHESIS
The 1967 Six Day War was largely attributed to Egyptian President Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency
Force (UNEF) from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip. This fuelled the already existing religious and political differences betweenIsrael and the surrounding Arab countries.
Focus Questions
1. What evidence is there that religious and political differences existed between Israel and the Arabs prior to the 20th Century?
a. What beliefs did the Arabs hold in terms of their religion and political system?
b. What beliefs did the Israelis hold in terms of their religion and political system?
2. What were Nassers ideologies and how did it influence his involvement in the Arab-Israeli Conflict?
a. How did Nasser develop the ideologies that he supported?
b. How did these beliefs elevate his reputation in the Arab World and was his rise in popularity a direct result of religious and politicalconflict that was already at hand between the Arabs and the Israelis?
3. What were the reasons behind Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) from Sinai and the Gaza
Strip?
a. How did Nasser go about demanding the withdrawal of the UNEF?
b. How did the UNEF react to this demand and why did they comply with the demand?
4. How did Israel react to the withdrawal of the UNEF? What was the impact of the war that ensued?
a. How did Israel find out about the decision of the UNEF to withdraw?
b. In what way did Israel counter this implied attack from Egypt/President Nasser?
5. How did this event worsen the religious and political differences between the two nations?
a. Were the dramatic changes in the borders that occurred with the capture of territory have an effect of the political and religious
differences between the Arabs and the Israelis?
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JUSTIFICATION OF CHOSEN HYPOTHESIS
Original choice of hypothesis:
The ongoing religious and political beliefs that existed between Israel and the surrounding Arab countries, evident in the Six Day War,
prompted the capture of enemy territory by Israel. This event, in turn, lead to the recruitment of Arabic civilians into the Palestinian
Liberation Organisation (PLO).
Final choice of hypothesis:
The 1967 Six Day War was largely attributed to Egyptian President Nasser demanding the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency
Force (UNEF) from the Sinai region and the Gaza Strip. This fuelled the already existing religious and political differences between Israel
and the surrounding Arab countries.
I chose the original hypothesis as my starting point as I thought it would be an interesting topic to cover. I found that it was hard to gather
information about the specific recruitments that occurred after the Six Day War. Because of this I hadnt developed any focus questions and
decided that it was best if I chose a more common event in the Arab-Israeli Conflict which led me to my final choice of hypothesis.
I decided to base my hypothesis on President Nasser and his involvement in the withdrawal of the UNEF from the Sinai and Gaza as I had
researched it during previous researching about the PLO and I found that there was quite a vast amount of information on the particular topic. Theinformation I researched about this event was all chronological so I thought that I would be easier to develop focus questions as I basically had the
subject for each question right in front of me in all the sources I looked at.
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DEFINITIONS
Anti-Zionism opposition to various ideologies within Zionism, opposition to the Jewish state of Israel founded on that concept, or opposition to
specific Israeli government policies.
Arab, n. a member of a Semitic people inhabiting Arabia, whose language and Islamic religion spread widely throughout the Middle East and
northern Africa from the seventh century.
Conflict, n. a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a state of open, often prolonged fighting; abattle or war.
Gamal Abdel Nasser Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister and president of Egypt and as the president of the
United Arab Republic.
Israel an ancient kingdom of Palestine founded by Saul, located in the southwest of Asia on the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Israeli, adj. of or relating to modern-day Israel or its people; a native or inhabitant of modern-day Israel.
Jew a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating the Israelites or Hebrews of the ancient Middle East. The ethnicity and
the religion of Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.
Nasserism an Arab nationalist and pan-Arab ideology, combined with a vaguely defined socialism, often distinguished from Eastern bloc or
Western socialist thought by the label Arab Socialism.
UNEF acronym for the United Nations Emergency Force. It was established to secure and end the 1956 Suez Crisis with Resolution 1001.
Zionism a nationalist or national liberation Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, has supported the self-determination of the
Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland.
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RESEARCH
Source Notes Evaluation
Line of Fire - Six Day War 1967,2003. [DVD] unknown, England:
Cromwell Productions.
By threatening the UN, Nasser was saying that he was thePan-Arab leader; Egypt will lead the Arab world to
victory against Israel
Laying down gauntlet to Israel, threatening them and
making them aggressive to give him a reason for going
into Israel and attacking
Deploy in secret, concentrate his forces away from prying
eyes
Do all the things he couldnt do if United Nations were
there
o Push forces up to Israeli border
o Move to fortified around northern and central axis
o Prepare his forces for war
Unintentional consequences of Nassers actions
o Raised the Israeli guard
o When UN left, thought carefully about
deployments in the near future
o Nasser lost his idea of surprise and, in some way,
gave the initiative back to the Israelis
One of the central parts of the Israeli military doctorates is
the pre-emptive strike
Allowed them time to organise and execute it
This source gives a reliable insightinto the intentions of Egyptian
President Nasser in the removal of the
UN from the Sinai borders and the
Gaza Strip, which is focusing on the
third research question. The account
of the war is given by Lloyd Clark
from the Royal Military Academy
Sandhurst and he specialises in the
Arab-Israeli Conflict so he is able togive valid and straight-to-the-point
information on the topic. Theinformation within this portion of the
DVD is relevant to my hypothesis as
it is directly related to Nasser and the
withdrawal of the UN from Sinai and
the Gaza Strip as well as the closing
of the Strait of Tiran. The information
that is given corroborates with basic
research done on the particular area
of focus which further suggests its
validity. The information that Clarkgives suggests that there is only a
small mention of bias; in the way he
explained how Nasser threatened the
UN. This has little to no effect on the
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overall validity of the source as theinformation within backs up all other
sources that are related to research
question three.
Dr Andre Oboler. 2007. Israel: The
Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.zionismontheweb.org/m
iddle_east/Israel/Israel_six_day_war.htm. [Accessed 14 February 12].
Pre-emptive attack by Israel on 5 th June, 1967
Blockade by Egypt of the Gulf of Aqaba provided the
immediate trigger
Cold War tensions played a part:
o Soviets encouraged and exploited destabilisation
in region
o Provided military and economic aid to Syria to
endanger Jordan and Iraq while increasing threat
to Israel
Terrorist attacks against Israelo 35 attack is 1965, 41 attacks in 1966, 37 attacks in
first 4 months of 1967
Israel complained to UN Security Council about Syria
shelling Israeli villages from Golan Heights
o Soviets used their veto to prevent any action being
taken to stop Syrian aggression
Syria attacked Israeli agricultural equipment
o Used machine guns, tanks, heavy mortars
o Israel managed to shoot down 6 MiGs
Syrians complained about Egypts lack of support duringattack
Egypt responded with threats of war, mobilising troopsand closing Straits of Tiran
This source is relevant to the third
research question and gives a detailed
timeline of the lead up events and the
events during the Six Day War. The
information within the sourcesuggests that the Arab nations are to
blame as the final quote makes it
seem as though Nasser is the enemy,
explicitly stating that Israel needs to
be exterminated of all Zionists. Thisbias could affect the overall validity
of the source, but seeing as though
the information supports the other
sources, it can be concluded that it is
a reliable source. The author of the
site is a Ph.D. doctor and has been
involved in the UK Jewishcommunity as an executive member
of the Union of Jewish Students
(UJS) and a deputy on the Board of
Deputies of British Jews. In 2006(during the Hizbullah crisis) Andre
was the UK delegate on the Bayit
Meshutaf program run by the Israeli
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Lead to Israels pre-emptive attack
Straits of Tiran and Sinai border protected by neutral UN
mission
Egyptian President Nasser demanded the withdrawal of
UN operations in the area (UN Secretary general)
UN complied, allowing situation of aggression to increase
As of today, there no longer exists an international
emergency force to protect Israel. We shall exercise
patience no more. We shall not complain any more to the
UN about Israel. The sole method we shall apply against
Israel is a total war which will result in the extermination
of Zionist existence. Cairo radio statement
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He hashad extensive experience in the
Jewish community and he would
more than likely be well informed on
the Arab-Israeli Conflict and all theevents that happened during which
makes this source reliable.
Mitchell Bard. 2008. The 1967 Six
Day War. [ONLINE] Availableat:http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/
jsource/History/67_War.html .
[Accessed 17 February 12].
June 5, 1967, first day of war/Israeli pre-emptive strike
Entire Israeli air force attacked Egyptian air fields In 2 hours approx. 300 Egyptian aircrafts were destroyed
Israeli fighters attacked Jordanian and Syrian air forces
and one in Iraq
End of the first day, entire Egyptian and Jordanian air
forces and half of Syrian air force destroyed
Israel conquered enough land to more than triple the area
already in their control
From 8,000mi2 to 26,000mi2
Israel unified Jerusalem
Sinai, Golan Heights, Gaza strip and West bank underIsraeli control
Now ruled over 750,000 Palestinians
This source has relevance to the 4th
research question. The informationthat was taken from this source was
primarily from a book and simply
copied onto this website which is why
the information is perfectly reliable.
The source has a list of its own
sources, all of which are book
references, meaning that Bard haddefinitely done his research before
writing this book, no less would have
been expected as the book would not
have been published if theinformation he was writing wasnt
valid. The information is in another
way valid as it corroborates with
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other sources that have beenresearched for this assignment. There
is most definitely bias in the source,
in favour of Israel Bard uses such
words as conquered and unifiedmaking it seem that the Israelis were
the good guys in this war. Also
given the fact that it was the Arabs
who taunted the Israelis into
fighting, it gives further support to
this claim of bias.
Mitchell Bard. 2008. The 1967 Six
Day War. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/67_War.html .
[Accessed 17 February 12].
Nasser ordered UNEF to withdraw from Sinai on May 16
UN Secretary General U Thant complied with the order
Voice of the Arabs radio station:
o As of today, there no longer exists an
international emergency force to protect Israel.
We shall exercise patience no more. We shall not
complain any more to the UN about Israel. The
sole method we shall apply against Israel is total
war, which will result in the extermination of
Zionist existence.
May 22, Egypt closed Straits of Tiran to all Israeli
shipping
Cut off Israels only supply route with Asia
Stopped flow of oil from main supplier, Iran
UN acknowledged the Jewish States right to access
through the Straits of Tiran
Blockade violated the Convention on the Territorial Sea
This source contains a detailed
description of the direct events that
lead up to the Six Day War. Its isrelevant to the 2nd and 3rd focus
question. The amount of quotes with
reliable sources as well as the fact
that the information in the source
supports other sources must mean that
the information within this source is
reliable and valid. There is biasdetected in the source as it gives off
the idea that President Nasser was
one of the reasons why the war was
instigated by Israel. This can beproven as his constant meddling with
the Israelis and the fact that he
taunted them to fight almost daily
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and Contiguous Zone, adopted by the UN Conference onthe Law of the Sea on April 27, 1958
Nasser was aware of the pressure he was exerting to force
Israels hand and challenged them to fight almost daily
After blockade was set up he defiantly declared: TheJews threatened to make war. I reply: Welcome! We are
ready for war.
Our basic objective will be the destruction of Israel. The
Arab people want to fight.
shows that he was the more than partially the reason behind Israel
instigating the war. Also given the
fact that it was Egypt who Israel
attacked first further supports the biasthat exists within the source.
Terry Mendoza. 2007.Movie Clips.
[ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/movie
s.htm. [Accessed 12 February 12]
Israel captured Sinai peninsula, the Gaza strip, West Bank
and Golan Heights
Defeated combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan
This gives very basic information
about Israels victories during the Six
Day War. The footage is from the
actual event meaning that it is a
primary source which gives me noreason to question its reliability and
validity as false. The information will
most likely be used in the essay in
relevance to the 4th focus question.
Chris Trueman, 2012. The Six Day
War. [ONLINE] Available at
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/s
ix_day_war_1967.htm. [Accessed 12
February 12]
June 5 10, 1967
Initiated by General Moshe Dayan, Israeli Defence
Minister
Israel vs. Syria, Jordan and Egypt
May 1967, Egyptian President Nasser decided that the UN
were no longer needed in the Suez region
Nasser ordered a concentration of Egyptian military forces
to the Suez region
Israelis saw this as Egypt preparing to attack
This source gives details into the 4th
focus question. It reinforces the
validity of the other sources that are
to do with the same topic and its own
validity at the same time as all the
information corroborates. There isbias in the source yet it is only whenthe author is explaining the defeat of
the Arab nations. He makes it seem as
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Egyptians enforced a naval blockade which closed off the
Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping
Israel launched military campaign against Egypt, Syria,
Jordan and Iraq
The air forces of those 4 Arab countries were destroyed on
ground on June 5th
West Bank of Jordan River had been cleared of Jordanian
forces
The Golan Heights had been captured from Syria
Israeli forces moved 30 miles into Syria itself
Temporarily weakened the man who was seen as the
leader of the Arabs Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt
Massive blow to the Arabs morale as 4 of the strongest
Arab countries nations systematically defeated by one
nation Now that they had defeated and captured some of the
enemy territories, they had a massive area that could be
used for strategic purposes
The only downfall of it was now Israel had 600,000 Arabs
under their control and there was conflict between the two
religious groups as well as political conflict between thenations
though the Israelis were the goodside and the Arabs were the bad
and this can be seen when the author
uses the words defeated and
destroyed the Arab forces. Thereliability of the source doesnt need
to be questioned as the author, Chris
Trueman, has his Honours in History
and has spent many years in different
universities as a lecturer. In saying
this it can be concluded that he would
have legitimate information if he was
to share it with university levelstudents.
Israel Hanukoglu, Ph.D, 2012.Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://www.science.co.il/arab-israeli-
conflict-2.asp. [Accessed 4 March 12]
Syrian columnist Khayri Hama: "... the conflict with the Zionist enemy has never been a border issue, nor an
interstate conflict but rather a total confrontation
concerning the survival of our [Arab] nationalism . . .
against threats posed by the Israeli entity."- From Syrian
This source is in regard to the 1st
focus question as it outlines the
religious aspects that differ between
the Arabs and Israelis. There is bias
within the source as the author states
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daily Al-Ba'th, July 26, 1994
Arab Nations frequently present the Arab-Israeli conflict
as a religious conflict of the Muslims against the so called
"infidel Jews"
the Arab countries at war with Israel use Islamic religionas an ideology to mobilize the Arab as well as non-Arab
Muslim nations against Israel
In historical perspective, the wish of Islamists for global
rule is reminiscent of the communist ideology to establish
a "world nation of proletariat" (the communist slogan was"Workers of the world unite!")
It is significant that at the peak of the power of the USSR
empire, the Arab countries were strong natural allies of the
USSR against the West.
In contrast to Islam, the Jewish beliefs and traditions areassociated specifically with the Jewish People
Judaism strongly opposes forced conversions of other
nations
Israel does not seek expansion beyond the Land of Israel.
Israel has withdrawn its army from territories captured
after each war (for example giving up all of Sinai
peninsula)
"If one comes to slay you, slay him first"(Brachot, 58)
The rise of Israel is seen as a threat by many believers in
Islam Judaism should be seen for what it really is: the first
monotheistic religion that led to the birth of other
monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam
that Judaism led to the birth ofother monotheistic religions i.e.
Christianity and Islam. This suggests
that they author is backing the Jews
when it comes to the idea behind theArab-Israeli Conflict; the fight over
the holy land. Bias can also be seen
but it is possible for it to be perceived
as both for and against the two sides
as the author has written it in such a
way to give both perspectives. An
example of this can be seen in the 2 nd
and 3rd points where Hanukoglu haswritten about how religion has been
used to aid the wars. He uses the
word against and both times in a
certain favour to the Arabs though it
is not clear who the actual bad guy
is in the situation. I feel as though this
means that it would be possible for
the reader to think that the Arabs are
the enemy as they seem to be
instigating the war though they could
also think that the Jews/Israelis are
the enemy as the Arabs might just be
protecting themselves.
The author of the source established
the first version of this site during his
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term as The Science Adviser to thePrime Minister Mr. Benjamin
Netanyahu during 1996-1999. With
this information, and with support
from the fact that this site is thenational database and directory of
science and technology related sites
in Israel, this source is reliable and
will be used in the assignment. The
validity of the source comes into
question because of the unknown age
of the specific site. It isnt stated
anywhere that it was written recentlywhich could affect its reliability
seeing as though there may have been
new information released from the
time it was created to the present.
Roger A. Lee, 2012. The Israeli-
Palestinian Conflict. [ONLINE]
Available at
http://www.historyguy.com/israeli-palestinian_conflict.html#.T1_hTcUgc
eU. [Accessed 4 March 12]
The Israelis believe that they are entitled to the land now
known as Israel, while the Palestinians believe that they
are entitled to the land they call Palestine
Both sides claim the same land; they simply call the land
by different names.
For religious Jewish Israelis and religious Muslim
Palestinians, the belief is deeper still, for both sides
believe that God (called Jehovah by the Jews and Allah bythe Muslims), gave them the land, and that to give it away
or to give it up to another people is an insult to God and a
sin.
The information in this source is in
relation to the 1st focus question as it
gives an understanding of the
religious conflicts that existedbetween the Jews and Arabs before
the Arab-Israeli Conflict. There is
bias in the source that is in favour of
the Arabs as the author writes it tomake it seem that the Arabs were the
victims as they were worried about
becoming a minority in a country
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After the Holocaust Jews began calling themselves
"Israelis" after their old name for their ancient homeland
of Israel
the Arab population of the area who came to be known as
"Palestinians," after the old Roman and Greek name forthe area
In the two thousand years after most of the Jewish
population was killed off by the Romans or forced to
leave, Arabic-speaking Muslims became the dominant
ethnic group
According to records of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled
Palestine for several centuries, in the year 1900, the
population of Palestine was 600,000, of which 94% were
Arabs
Many Arabs were willing to sell land to the incomingJews, many other Palestinian Arabs were worried about
becoming a minority in a country they considered their
own
While large numbers of Jews moved to Palestine in the
1940s, a movement called "Zionism" began in the late
1800s, which influenced many Jews from around the
world to move to Palestine to reclaim their ancient
"homeland" of Israel
By the 1930s, the numbers of Jews had risen to a point
that alarmed many Palestinian Arab leaders
Fighting and hostility never really ended between the Jews
and Arabs
Both the Jews and the Palestinians formed militias and
other military units to fight each other and to prepare for
they considered their own. Thissuggest that the Arabs were being
overtaken against their will by the
Jews. It can also be seen when the
author writes that the Arab leaderswere getting distressed over the
growing numbers of Jews in
Israel/Palestine. I interpret this as the
Arabs are trying to keep out the
enemy as such and that they are the
innocent players in this war.
Roger Lee holds Bachelor of Artsdegrees from Washington State
University in History and Political
Science. He also holds a Master of
Arts degree from the University of
Washington, Tacoma in Educational
Administration. He is a veteran
educator, teaching Social Studies to a
diverse student population at an
alternative high school in Auburn,
Washington for ten years. Mr. Lee is
currently an Assistant Principal at
Auburn Senior High School, also in
Auburn, Washington. In finding allthis information about the author and
his credentials means that the
information that he has written can be
seen as credible. The fact that the site
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the day when the British would leave was recently updated also suggeststhat there is validity in the source as it
is up-to-date with recent events that
may have occurred that are in relation
to this topic.
John Simkin, 2012. Gamal Abdel
Nasser. [ONLINE] Available at
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/
2WWnasser.htm. [Accessed 4 March12]
During the Second World War Nasser developed
republican views. He secretly recruited cadets and young
officers into what became known as the Free Officers
Movement
The failed 1948 Palestine campaign reinforced Nasser's
view that the government of Farouk I was inefficient and
corrupt
He was in favour of liberating Palestine from the Jews
He also began buying fighter aircraft, bombers and tanksfrom the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia
Redistributed land in Egypt and began plans to
industrialize the country
Advocated Arab independence
Reminded the British government that the agreement
allowing to keep soldiers at Suez expired in 1956
Anthony Eden, the British prime minister, feared that
Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would cut
off oil supplies to Europe
Nasser now blocked the Suez Canal. He also used his newstatus to urge Arab nations to reduce oil exports to
Western Europe
Nasser acknowledged as leader of the Arab world
Nasser also encouraged Arab nationalism and revolution
This source gives an insight into
President Nassers ideologies and
how they influenced his involvement
in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, which isthe topic of the 2nd focus question. It
explains his involvement in the
political side of the war which is an
extension to the overall question. It
seems as though the bias is against
Nasser as words like feared were
used against him as well as the fact
that he was encouraging Arab
nationalism. This would have most
likely lead to war because of the fact
that Arabs would have thought that
their cause was more important thanthat of the Jews when in reality they
were fighting for the same thing.
Over the last twenty years Simkin haswritten several history books, varying
in topics, and this shows that he has a
vast knowledge of history in general
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took place in Iraq as the books would not have beenallowed to be published if there was
false information within the books. In
knowing that the information that was
in the books are of a reliable nature,the information that he puts on his
website is more than likely going to
be reliable as well as it will be
information that was taken from his
books.
Wikipedia, 2012.Nasserism.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasserism
. [Accessed 6 March 12]
the scale of the Arab defeat in the Six Day War of 1967
severely damaged the standing of Nasser, and the ideology
associated with him
Nasser himself was opposed vehemently to Western
imperialism, sharing the commonly held Arab view thatZionism was an extension of European colonialism on
Arab soil
largely a secular ideology
led to direct conflict with Islamic orientated Arab political
movements from the 1950s onwards
This source is relevant to the 2nd focus
question. It was only used to support
the following sources with their
information on Nassers ideologies.
This source cannot be justified as
reliable as Wikipedia is able to be
edited by anyone if they have another
website to back up their changes and
since anyone can create a false
website; this source is not very
reliable for historical research. Sites
like these are only good to use as astarting point for further research or
to broaden your basic knowledge on
the topic. There is bias within the
source as it is based on a mansbeliefs/opinions, meaning it will be in
favour of him and his ideologies.
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Ami Isseroff, 2008.Nasserism.[ONLINE] Available at
http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-
East-Encyclopedia/nasserism.htm.
[Accessed 6 March 12]
a Pan-Arab ideology based on the ideas of former
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser
claim to favour socialism, pan-Arabism, anti-imperialism,
anti-colonialism and anti-Zionism
Nasserist parties insist that they favour democracy, though
the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser was not democratic
maintain separation of church and state
combat what they see as Western interference in Arab
affairs
This source is focusing on the 2nd
focus question as it is giving an
insight into the beliefs of Nasser
when it came to the conflict between
Arabs and Israelis. The informationwithin the source contains bias that is
in favour of Nasserism as it is a
website that is dedicated to the
Middle East and its history. He was
supportive of anti-Zionism and when
the author uses the word favours, I
think that it was a way to lessen the
extremity of the ideology of beingagainst the Zionists to the extent
Nasser was in the Arab-Israeli
Conflict. Another detection of bias in
favour of Nasser can be seen when
the author phrases a sentence to be
what they see as instead ofwhat
is. He used his words in a way to
portray Nasserism in their mind/eyes
and not from an outsiders
perspective.
Because there is no information about
the author of the site, it is hard to predict the reliability of the source.
The only thing that can determine it is
the corroboration with the previous
source and since the information in
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both support each other, it is possibleto claim that this source as reliable.
Alison Weir, 2012.A Synopsis of the
Israel/Palestine Conflict[ONLINE]
Available athttp://www.ifamericansknew.org/histo
ry/. [Accessed 6 March 12]
Zionists represent an extremist minority of the Jewishpopulation
Create a Jewish homeland, and they considered locations
in Africa and the Americas, before settling on Palestine
more Zionists immigrated to Palestine many with theexpress wish of taking over the land for a Jewish state
the indigenous population (Arabs) became increasingly
alarmed
Fighting broke out, with escalating waves of violence
Hitler's rise to power, combined with Zionist activities to
sabotage efforts to place Jewish refugees in western
countries, led to increased Jewish immigration to
Palestine, and conflict grew Before the 20th century, most Jews in Palestine
belonged to old Yishuv, or community, that had settled
more for religious than for political reasons. There was
little if any conflict between them and the Arab
population. Tensions began after the first Zionist settlers
arrived in the 1880s...when [they] purchased land fromabsentee Arab owners, leading to dispossession of the
peasants who had cultivated it. Don Peretz, The Arab-
Israeli Dispute.
This source is in relation to the 1st
focus question. The information
within the source is about thereligious conflict that existed before
the 20th century and how it escalated
into the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
This site is an independent research
and information-disseminationinstitute, with particular focus on the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, U.S.
foreign policy regarding the Middle
East, and media coverage of this
issue. Specifically, the organizations
objective is to provide information
that is to a large degree missing from
American press coverage of this
critical region. The author of the
information, Alison Weir, has
travelled independently throughout
the West Bank and Gaza Strip so shehas had firsthand experience with the
conflict. Taking into consideration
this information and the fact that this
source corroborates with (Lee, 2012),this source can be seen as fairly
reliable.
There is bias in the source and it
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seems to be slightly against theZionists. Examples of this bias can be
seen when the author suggests that
the Palestinians were alarmed at
the growing number of Zionists, thatthe Zionists were going to
sabotage the plans to move Jews to
western countries, and that the
Zionists were the ones that entered
the country and took over.
Michael K. Carroll, 2005.From Peace
(Keeping) to War: The United Nations
and the Withdrawal of the UNEF.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issu
e2/jv9no2a5.html. [Accessed 6 March
12]
UN Secretary-General U Thant's decision to abruptly
remove UN forces, in response to Egyptian President
Gamal Abd al-Nasser's demand, is seen as one of the
factors that led to the 1967 War, as well as to a failure inpeacekeeping.
- Michael K. Carroll UNEF's hasty withdrawal in particular, and the UN's
inability to even imagine, let alone actively manage,
peacekeeping's retreat, paved the way for the decade-
delayed conclusion of hostilities between Israel and Egypt
in the form of the Six-Day War
Nasser risked losing credibility throughout the Arab world
if he did not live up to the terms of the Syrian-UAR
Mutual Defense Pact
May 13, 1967, to remove UNEF and deploy UAR troops
along the Israeli border was subsequently made to
strengthen his position throughout the Arab world doubtful that Nasser intended his actions to provoke a war
with Israel, yet the alternative--losing prestige and
influence throughout the Arab worldwas deemed even
This source gives details into the
reasoning behind and the actual
withdrawal of the UNEF from the
Sinai region and the Gaza Strip
meaning that it has relevance to the
3rd focus question.
The author of the source, Michael K.
Carroll, teaches at Seiwa College,
Japan. His dissertation at the
University of Toronto examined the
political and military aspects of
Canada's involvement in the UnitedNations Emergency Force, as well as
the underlying myth of Canadian
peacekeeping. His work has been
used on other university websites,such as the University of Calgary
Press and Wilfrid Laurier University.
The fact that his work has been
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less palatable
from the UAR Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General
Muhammad Fawzy, and simply stated: I gave my
instructions to all UAR armed forces to be ready for
action against Israel, the moment it might carry out anyaggressive action against any Arab country. Due to theseinstructions our troops are already concentrated in Sinai
on our eastern border. For the sake of complete security
of all UN troops which install outposts along our borders,
I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these
troops immediately.
Israel was caught off guard by the "speed and relative
efficiency" with which Nasser's troops were deployed
across the Sinai
Nasser had closed the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf ofAqaba to Israeli shipping
Nasser pronounced the move as "an affirmation of our
rights and our sovereignty over the Gulf of Aqaba. This is
in our territorial waters and we shall never permit a ship
flying Israeli colours to pass through this Gulf."
The possibility of war with Israel did not seem to faze
Nasser. He merely taunted, "Our answer to them is that
we welcome war. We are ready."
published on other universitywebsites shows that his writings can
be seen as reliable as university
websites wouldnt use them if they
werent credible.
There is bias within the source,
mainly directed at the UNEF as
Carroll is placing the blame on the
UNEF for the Six Day War. Seeing as
though it was Nasser that originally
demanded the withdrawal, it is
possible to say that there is biasagainst him also because he was the
person that instigated the entire
situation that unfolded before the
1967 war.
Michael K. Carroll, 2005.From Peace
(Keeping) to War: The United Nationsand the Withdrawal of the UNEF.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issu
In response, 35,000 Israeli reservists were called up as a
precautionary measure, though Abba Eban assured theUnited States that Israel had "no intention of taking
initiatives."
The build up of troops along the Israeli-UAR border,
This source gives details into the
response/reaction of the Israelis afterthe announcing of the withdrawal of
the UNEF from the Sinai and Gaza
Strip. This means that it has relevance
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e2/jv9no2a5.html. [Accessed 6 March12]
while troubling, did not preclude a peaceful outcome
Israelis sought to work through the UN and the Americans
to persuade Nasser of the ineffectiveness of waging war
against Israel
Israeli fears and did not change the situation facing Israelin the Middle East
to the 4th focus question. This sourceis the same as the previous but I split
it because it would take too long to
evaluate if it was together seeing as
there is more than one biasperspective. I separated it accordingly
by picking out the difference sections
of information with the different bias
viewpoints.
The bias within this section of the
source is mainly in favour of the
Arabs as Carroll is making it seem asthough the Israelis didnt want to
wage war and that they feared what
Nasser would do once the UNEF
departed the Sinai and Gaza Strip.
This also places blame on Nasser as it
makes him seem as though he wanted
to instigate the war, this also being
clear when Nasser states, "Our
answer to them is that we welcome
war. We are ready."
The author of the source, Michael K.
Carroll, teaches at Seiwa College,Japan. His dissertation at the
University of Toronto examined the
political and military aspects of
Canada's involvement in the United
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Nations Emergency Force, as well asthe underlying myth of Canadian
peacekeeping. His work has been
used on other university websites,
such as the University of CalgaryPress and Wilfrid Laurier University.
The fact that his work has been
published on other university
websites shows that his writings can
be seen as reliable as university
websites wouldnt use them if they
werent credible.
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
2008. June 10, 1967: Israel After the
Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available at
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+Ab
out+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/June+10-
+1967-
+Israel+After+the+Six+Day+War.htm
. [Accessed 6 March 12]
In the course of the war, the Israeli forces captured the
Sinai peninsula, reaching the Suez Canal, and captured the
territories of Judea and Samaria as well as the GolanHeights - from which the Syrians had shelled Israel
This source has relevance to the 4th
focus questions as it outlines the
impact of the Six Day War. It also
contains a map that portrays the
before and after borders of Israeli
territory which can be used to explain
what political and religious impacts it
could have on both the Arabs and the
Israelis. The bias is on favour of the
Israelis as the author of the sourcementions that the Israelis captured
territory and then adds at the end,
from which the Syrians had shelled
Israel. That comes across as theauthor trying to make it sound as
though the capture wasnt a bad thing
because of what the opposition had
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done previously. Seeing as though thesource is from the Israel Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, there is no doubt
going to be at least some bias in
favour of their country because theysee the Arabs as their opponent, I
guess you could say.
The reliability of this source can be
questioned because of the bias that
exists, but because of the fact that the
information corroborates with the
other sources that are relevant to the4th focus question, it is possible to
regard the source as reliable.
R. Azoulay, 2012. Religion in the
Palestine-Israel conflict since 1967.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://ev0lve.wordpress.com/2008/11/
25/religion-in-the-palestine-israel-
conflict-since-1967/. [Accessed 9
March 12]
The Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, Gaza and the
West Bank were conquered and occupied by the Israeli
army
but at the centre of these dramatic days was the liberation
or occupation, depending on the standpoint, of East
Jerusalem
Control over Jerusalems religious sites sacred to all three
monotheistic traditions
with the occupation of Gaza and the West Bank more than
a million Palestinians came under Israeli control
The Muslim loss of the sovereignty over the holy sitesthrough the occupation of Jerusalem by Israel seems to
have turned a regional, political conflict over territory into
a religious war
This source outlines the impacts that
the Six Day War had on the religious
(and partially political) aspects of
both the Arabs and the Israelis
meaning that it has relevance to the
5th focus question. Because of the fact
that this source has no credible authorand the website isnt of legitimate
quality, only being a blogging site,
the reliability of the source has to be
questioned. I am not going to try andjustify the reliability of this source, I
am only going to use it as a
foundation for more research on the
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Religious identity and symbolic became increasingly
important. Not surprising then, that the Yom Kippur War
in 1973 was launched on the most distinct Jewish holy day
If Palestinians were granted full citizenship, within a few
years the state would have an Arab majority and wouldcease to be Jewish in its traits, character, ethos and
legislation
If, on the other hand, Palestinians were denied citizenship
an civil rights in order to preserve the Jewish character of
the state, Israel would find itself in the uncomfortablesituation of being a democracy only for Jews, and an
apartheid regime for the rest of its inhabitants
topic and to see if any otherinformation I happen to find will
support this source and its
information.
The author is bias against the Israelis
as it is clear when the author states
that the loss of the sovereignty over
the holy sites was now turning into a
religious battle instead of its original
political battle. This is putting the
blame on Israel because it says that
they are the ones who changed thewhole idea of the conflict.
Donald G. Ellis, 2012. What is a
Settlement? [ONLINE] Available at
http://www.middleeastmirror.com/pea
ce_and_conflict/2012/03/07/israel/wha
t-is-a-settlement/. [Accessed 9 March
12]
Israel has struggled with the definition of the territories asa frontier land that is subject to the legitimization process
the settlers and their occupying behaviour have
become a part of Israel and restructured how Israelis
define themselves
Israel is in the throes of regime occupation and so
increasingly intertwined with the territories that it cannot
extract itself without violence
The conflict is at the intersection of the settlers desire to
naturalize and justify their existence, and the fact that their
project is opposed by many and will have to be abandoned
or severely curtailed in order to secure a stable peace The settlement represents religious and political
significance in every manner from architecture to
geographical location and design
This source is relevant to the 5th focus
question as it is outlining the political
and economic impacts that came
about after Israel claimed the territory
of the Arabs. There is bias both for
and against the Israelis as in one
section of the source the author says
that they have reconnected withtheir holy lands, but then in another
section he says that if they continue
with the claiming of land, theyll start
to do it for the political/territorial gaininstead of religious.
Donald G. Ellis is a Professor in the
Page | 26
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Israels victory in the Six Day War in 1967 resulted in a
return to holy places and thus reconnected the Israeli
public with sacred places and religious feelings
If Zionism drifted toward religious redemption of the land
then the Palestinian population would be under the boot ofoccupation and Israel would evolve toward a modern
Sparta focused on military expertise and overpowering a
local population
School of Communication at theUniversity of Hartford. His research
interests are in the area of
ethnopolitical conflict with particular
emphasis on communication practicesbetween ethnic groups in conflict. His
work seeks to examine the
relationship between communication,
democracy, groups in political
conflict, and dialogue. He has
lectured widely and held a Fulbright
Fellowship in Israel. With these
credentials, the fact that the website itwas published on (Wordpress) is
partially unreliable can be put aside,
not completely disregarded, but it will
just lessen its value in the
justification. This is because the
author has a good record of historical
research to back him up and he is
merely using the blog to express his
opinions and knowledge.
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APPENDIXFigure 1
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BBC News, 2012. 1967: The Six Day War. [ONLINE] Available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/six_day_war.stm . [Accessed 9 March 12]
This map will be used to further justify the 5th focus question as it gives detail into the before and after borders of Israel territory for the Six Day
War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no words that can be interpreted as having an
opinion or implicit meaning behind it. It is simply maps that are showing the before and after differences that the 1967 war brought about. The
maps are from a reliable source, BBC Online (that being their television documentaries put into word form on their website) which means that the
source has credible information that will be able to be used to justify the 5th focus question.
Figure 2
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Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008. June 10, 1967: Israel After the Six Day War.
[ONLINE] Available at
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/June+10-+1967-
+Israel+After+the+Six+Day+War.htm. [Accessed 6 March 12]
This map is relevant to the 5th focus question as it portrays the before and after borders of
Israeli territory which can be used to explain what political and religious impacts it could
have on both the Arabs and the Israelis. This map corroborates with Figure 1 they both
share the same borders for the before and after of the 1967 war. It is from a reliable source,
the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and as it is a government run website, the credibility
of the source doesnt need to be questioned as anything written or published by a
government has to have credibility behind their name.
Figure 3
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Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008.Jerusalem Before the Six Day War (1949-
1967). [ONLINE] Available at
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/Jerusalem+Before+the+Six+Day+War+-1949-1967-.htm . [Accessed 10 March
12]
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This map will be used to further justify the 5 th focus question as it gives detail into the before borders of Jerusalem and the territories held by the
Israelis and Arabs previous to the Six Day War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no
words that can be interpreted as having an opinion or implicit meaning behind it. The maps are from a reliable source, the Israel Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and this can be proven as the URL has .gov.il which means that it is a legitimate government website and not just a website created by a
random person with possibly unreliable sources.
Figure 4
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008. Jerusalem After the Six Day War (1967).
[ONLINE] Available at
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http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/Israel+in+Maps/Jerusalem+After+the+Six+Day+War+-1967-.htm . [Accessed 10 March 12]
This map will be used to further justify the 5th focus question as it gives detail into the after borders of Jerusalem and the territories held by the
Israelis and Arabs after the Six Day War. Seeing as though it is only a map/diagram, there is no bias that can be detected as there are no words that
can be interpreted as having an opinion or implicit meaning behind it. The maps are from a reliable source, the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairsand this can be proven as the URL has .gov.il which means that it is a legitimate government website and not just a website created by a random
person with possibly unreliable sources.
This source is in relation to the previous map as they are the same map yet this one is just updated. They were meant to be in the same source
evaluation but seeing as they have different URLs it is not possible to do so.
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top related