review 1607-1763. virginia private ventures – joint stock company proprietary colonies john smith...

Review 1607-1763

Virginia

• Private ventures – joint stock company• Proprietary colonies

John Smith firm leadership John Rolfe tobaccoHouse of BurgessesHeadright systemDispersed settlement

Maryland

• Theoretically Catholic• Conflict with Virginia• Protestant indent servs revolt• Act of Toleration (1649)• Tobacco

Carolinas

• To feed Caribbean sugar plantations, collect rent

• To become like Barbados• rice

Georgia

• Charity (James Oglethorpe)• Buffer• Changes away from careful plan• Rice

Massachusetts

• Mayflower Compact – demo• Pilgrims separatist Puritans• Mainstream Puritans want reform• Great Migration 1630s• Calvinism strict• “City upon a hill” example, don’t

fail, no privacy, community is body of Christ, covenant

Rhode Island

• Rogue’s Island• Separation of Ch & St• Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson

Miscellaneous New England• Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders of CN• Congregational Church (= Puritans), town

meetings• Voting, education, close-knit• New England Confederation (self-reliance,

unity)• King Philip’s War (same year as Bacon’s)• Dominion of New England (king exerts

power over troublesome colonies, church loses voting monopoly)

• Healthy families crucial to community

Middle Colonies

• New York was New Amsterdam• Holy Experiment, City of Brotherly

Love in Pennsylvania• Breadbasket• Urban centers, trade

Unrest

• Bacon’s Rebellion 1676• Leisler’s Rebellion 1689• New York slave rebellion 1712• Great Awakening – Jonathan Edwards, George

Whitefield challenge church leadership• Independent-minded colonists• “Power of the purse”• Insistence on rights as Englishmen• John Peter Zenger• Stono Rebellion 1739• Paxton Boys 1764

Slavery

• Fluid in 1600s – easier to gain freedom and to gain limited rights

• Accelerates after Bac’s Reb and collapse of Royal African Company’s monopoly

• Dominates S Carol, helps to differ from N Carol

• Urban slavery diff from plantation slav• Prevalent in northern colonies too• Increasingly difficult to escape servitude, to

gain equality once free; become helpless against all whites, not just masters

• Slavery profitable for everyone except slave

Misc society• Elite want to be English• Social classes blurred• English language, law, mercantilist

economic framework (Navigation Acts, 1650- )

• Grandparents in New England• Women have limited economic

freedom• Churches, institutions slow to frontier• Becoming American

Misc society

• Big families• Rural• Better diet than Europe

French-and-Indian War

• Land dispute in Ohio River Valley• Started in America, not in Europe• Albany Plan• Treaty of Paris• Pontiac’s Rebellion• Proclamation of 1763 – sensible,

but unrealistic

F&I War

• Exposes conflicts between Mother and Children

• Colonists are proud of role played and of being part of Brit Emp

• Indians at mercy of colonists• Colonists no longer need Mommy’s

apron• Imperial debt• Post-war recession in colonies

Makes sense, but unrealistic

Brit actions and colonial reactions• Writs of assistance• Admiralty courts• Increase enforcement• Sugar Act• Currency Act• Virtual representation• Stamp Act

continued

• Virginia Resolves• Sons of Liberty• Non-importation• Declaratory Act• Townshend Acts• The Association• Gaspee• Committees of correspondence

And more

• Tea Act – grant monopoly• Coercive Acts• Quebec Act• Galloway Plan• Olive Branch Petition• Common Sense• James Otis, Patrick Henry• Throughout, tension between colonial

classes

Revolution

• Saratoga• Yorktown• Washington’s strategy of survival

and legitimacy• Whig ideology• Republicanism• Canada 14th colony?

Revolution effects

• Disestablishment• Slavery weakened during war (recruit,

run away)• Gradual emancipation in North, slavery

retrenched in South• Society unbalanced by emigration of

many conservatives• Significantly weakened executive

power, strengthened lower houses (commons)

effects

• Capitals move west• Voting rights advanced• Conway cabal• Commoners rise through military

ranks• Power of Decl of Indep• Subordination of women at least

debated• Republican motherhood

More effects!

• More education for women• Articles of Confederation• Depressed economy• Debts, discredited currency• Shut out of Brit Emp• Ruined fields and property