review of deammonification projects and key results · •cyclone for anammox enrichment ......

Review of Deammonification projects and key results

Dr. Bernhard Wett

Real world wastewater technologies

Main-stream Deammonification

Emerging technology

Side-stream Deammonification

Emerged technology

Established State of the Art

Conventional N-removal technologies

Leve

l of

inn

ova

tio

n

DEMON-features –• pH-based process control• cyclone for anammox enrichment

DEMON-implementation –More than 20 full-scale plants in Europe (A, Ger, SUI, Hu, NL, Serbia, SF,..)both municipal and industrial

Side-stream applications

Einleitung

Energy self-sufficiency

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Au

g. 0

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Wh/PE

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125

%production [Wh/PE] consumption [Wh/PE] self-sufficiency [%]Im

ple

me

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tio

n D

EMO

N

Incentive - resource savings

Einleitung

Start-up DEMON Heidelberg

Heidelberg / performance test, energy savings

2005 - 2007 2009

3,9 Mio kWh 2,5 Mio kWh

320‘000 pe 270‘000 pe

12,2 kWh/(pe x a) 9,7 kWh/(pe x a)

8,5 % less total energy consumption (per pe)

applications

1 Reject water

Leachate from landfills

Biogas plants

Petrochemical Industry

Pharmaceutical

Aquaculture, fishfarming

2

3

456

Waste air treatment

Domestic sewage treatment

7

8

7

Industrial (2‘400 kg N/d; yeast)

8

Landfill leachate

9

Biogas

Aquaculture

organic load fish-tank sludge-cake

trickling-filter

screen

effluent submerged-filter

applications

1 Reject water

Leachate from landfills

Biogas plants

Petrochemical Industry

Pharmaceutical

Aquaculture, fishfarming

2

3

456

Waste air treatment

Domestic sewage treatment

7

8

12

WERF-Mainstream Deammonification Project

Objective of full-scale pilots

• Demonstration projects at Strass WWTP and Glarnerland WWTP is to demonstrate the feasibility of the deammonification concept, which is already highly successful and proven in sidestream configurations at these plants, for the mainstream process.

• Using the fundamental process kinetics and the successful control mechanisms identified for NOB repression and anammox enrichment (Blue Plains bench scale pilots), process modeling was used to help identify the full scale demonstration strategy.

• Validation and advance the Blue Plains bench scale work. Data received from the trials will be systematically analyzed by calibration of a numerical model which facilitates understanding of the project results in a generic tool.

• Ultimately this model will help the design and implementation of this innovative technology.

Mainstream Deammonification –

Basic process mechanisms

• Competition for oxygen between AOB and NOB (controlled by DO-level and aeration time and -regimen)

• Competition for nitrite between NOB and Anammox(different nitrite half saturation and temperature sensitivity)

Main process components

• AOB Bioaugmentation and NOB Repression (Activity Measurements and Ko Determination)

• Anammox Bioaugmentation and Retention Efficiency (Activity Measurements and Particle Tracking)

WERF-Project-Meeting 15th May 2012

Operational data Strass

Full-scale experiments at WWTP GlarnerlandOperational modes and -phases at the Strass pilot

0.00mg/L0.15-0.20 0.50-0.55 0.14mg/L

0.01mg/L

0.30-0.400.40-500.10mg/L0.01mg/L 0.00mg/L

Hydro-cyclonesPurpose – to seperate flocs (mainly AOB) and granules (mainly AMX) in order to select for different SRTs

Cyclone sizing and configuration

Medium size Q=10m3/h per cyclone

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Cyclon for selective SRT

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NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N

N-c

on

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(mgN

/L)

time (min)

cyclone under-flow (recycled) and overflow (wasted)

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NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N

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(mgN

/L)

time (min)

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0.14

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0.18

0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

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solv

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xyge

n ( m

g/l)

Time (days)

Data

Model

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0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Rate

DO

Monod saturation

measured rate

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

0.00

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0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n ( m

g/l)

Time (days)

Data

Model

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1200

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Rate

DO

Monod saturation

measured rate

Spread-sheet models for systematic analyses of declining DO-tests

Calibration of maximum growth-rates (linear range of depletion profile) and DO half saturation coefficients (curvature of profiles)

Image analyses based on particle size calculation color filtration

Allows particle number counts, prticle size distribution and estimation of total volume or mass of anammox granules, respectively

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Daily nitrogen effluent concentration with nitrite level indicating the two most successful operation modes for NOB-repression (SND-type

low DO and MLE-type high DO)

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1.0

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17-May-11 6-Jul-11 25-Aug-11 14-Oct-11 3-Dec-11 22-Jan-12 12-Mar-12 1-May-12 20-Jun-12

NH4-N effluent [mg/l] NO3-N effluent [mg/l] NO2-N effluent [mg/l]

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Comparison of this year’s and last year’s operational data of the full-scale pilot Strass indicating advanced NOB-repression (typically high nitrate level at Christmas peak-load; similar temperature conditions of ca. 10°C , load conditions and ammonia effluent concentrations of ca. 2-5 mgN/L for both years)

Total SRT

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1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May

2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent

nit

roge

n c

on

cent

rati

on

(mg

N/L

)

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1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May

2010/2011 NH4-N influent 2010/2011 NH4-N effluent 2011/2012 NH4-N influent 2011/2012 NH4-N effluent

nitr

ogen

con

cent

ratio

n (m

g N

/L)

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Plant loading profiles (PE) and MLSS (TSS).

SVI-profiles (ml/g) and temperature (°C)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May

2010/2011 loading PE 2011/2012 loading PEP

E (

60

gB

OD

)

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1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May

2010/2011 temperature 2011/2012 temperature

tem

pe

ratu

re (°

C)

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Specific energy demand for nitrogen removal

The last samples

show ammonia

removal during

anaerobic activity

test (anammox

activity)

Only 25% of produced NOx from ammonia oxidation is converted to nitrate during aerobic activity test of the last sample

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Comparison of maximum growth rates (left) and DO half saturation ko(right) of total nitrifiers (AOB+NOB) and NOB only calculated from

measured DO depletion profiles of mainstream mixed liquor samples at 20°C and 30°C

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PN6 PN7 PN9 PN12

ko(20°C) ko(30°C) ko(NOB,20°C) ko(NOB, 30°C)

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Evolution of the anammox biomass in the mainstream (B) from sampling one to twelve - distribution of granule size fraction.

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Abundance of granules mL-1 and estimated granule volume mL-1

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Evolution of the anammox biomass of the mainstream cyclone underflow fraction (B-UF) from sampling one to twelve; distribution of granule size fraction (left); abundance of granules mL-1 (middle) and

estimated granule volume mL-1 (right)

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Comparison of sidestream (PW) TSS and total granule volume in PW-samples over the sampling period

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Impact of intensive bioaugmentation out of the DEMON-reactor on its treatment performance

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100NH4-removal efficiency (%) N-removal efficiency (%)

2011 averageNH4-removal 96%N-removal 90%

2010 averageNH4-removal 95%N-removal 88%

Denaturing gradient gel of amplified Anammox 16S DNA gene fragments of all B-samples (12 samplings at WWTP Strass) combined

with PW-samples of three samplings (sampling 1, 6 and 12); M…Marker, P…PW-samples, numbers indicate the sampling time.

Preliminary resultsGHG-emissions (NO and N2O as intermediate products in N-removal) one week campaign for measuring GHG emissions (N2O, NO, NO2, CH4, CO2) in order to compare carbon footprint before and after modifications in operation and to understand process implications on the gas phase

Raw wwater

A stage N anox1 Naer2 Effluent

Cake

Digester 1 Digester 2

SBR anoxLeachate

N aer1 N anox2

SBR aer

Si to Ss Denite

Metal addition

Model configuration of the original MLE-scheme (pre-denitrification tank represents 50% of volume; object of internal recirculation stream)

Model configuration of the new SND-scheme (aerated and anoxic zones are represented by 2 CSTR each; low DO operation)

Successful process operation and NOB repression depends on 2 parameters:

• Competition between AOB and NOB for oxygen expressed by ko (here the same ko of 0.25 mgDO/L assumed)• Competition between Anammox and NOB for nitrite expressed by ks (default for Anammox ks=1.0 NO2-N/L; for NOB ks=0.1)

process conditions & parameters AOB NOB Anammox NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N

DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 40 21 35 2.6 3.9 0.61

DOmax=0.40; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 42 26 34 1.9 7.4 0.39

DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.0) 42 27 30 2.9 6.9 0.72

DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.5; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 39 17 36 2.5 2.1 0.58

biomass (mgCOD/L) nitrogen (mgN/L)

DEMON172 kg

B-stage360 kg

cyclone29.7 kg/d

WAS4.6 kg/d

seeding9.4 kg/d

effluent0.7 kg/d

Anammox mass-balanceunit (kg biomass COD)

AOB mass-balance

NOB mass-balance

DEMON78 kg

B-stage422 kg

cyclone2.0 kg/d

WAS38.3 kg/d

seeding4.3 kg/d

effluent0.9 kg/d

DEMON0.01 kg

B-stage225 kg

cyclone1.1 kg/d

WAS20.4 kg/d

seeding0.0 kg/d

effluent0.5 kg/d

Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland

Overlap in Findings Bench-scale vs. Full-scale

Operation mode and aeration regime

• Bench-scale reactor A (intermittent aeration) was more successful in NOB-repression and anammox enrichment compared to the continuously aerated control.

• During the full-scale testing, the intermittent aeration pattern (either along the flow-path or the time axis) creating transient anoxic conditions was found more effective for repressing NOBs.

• ko of NOB can adapt to low DO-conditions, therefore low-DO operation is not successful.

Full-scale experiments at WWTP GlarnerlandProcess engineering fairy-tales

Once upon a time there were

nitrification and denitrification.....