riverfront development report
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“The aim of this project would be
transform Kanakapura as a unique cultural
platform with recreational and
entertainment facilities serving the city, its
people and tourists with new dimension,
meaning and scale of development. The
riverfront development shall be envisaged
as a city’s identity on its waterfront.”
Riverfront
Development –
Kanakapura Submitted To: The Commissioner, Directorate of Urban Land Transport, Urban Development Department, Government of Karnataka Submitted By: A.R.Alagarsamy IP 0112, M.Plan (Infrastructure Planning) CEPT University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Would like to express my gratitude to the Commissioner, DULT for giving an opportunity to work in
the Organization, and takeup the inititation of this project. I would also like to thank Mr.Sahailendra
Singh, Special officer-DULT for his valuable guidance and suggestion
I am deeply indebted to my mentor and the sole supervisor Ms.Ritumoni Sonowal for his
valuable guidance, assistance and moral support throughout the Internship period. I am
honoured and grateful to have got her as my supervisor for this work during which I have
gained plenty of valuable knowledge.I hope that will not be the end of it.
5My special thanks also goes to the Deputy Director, Mr.Raghu-KPA, for providing required
information and documents on time. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave
me the possibility to complete this project.
Finally yet importantly, I would like to recognize the unrelenting long-distance support of my
family back home in Madurai, Tamilnadu. Their prayers for me were the main source of
inspiration, motivation and encouragement to accomplish this research work. To my parents
and my younger brothers, this work is dedicated to you.
A.R.Alagarsamy June 2012
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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Table of Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 5
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Types of waterfronts ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Trend of Waterfront developments worldwide ................................................................................. 9
1.4 Elements of Successful Waterfront Development ............................................................................ 10
1.5 Waterfront Developments: ............................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Special Characteristics of Water front Area ...................................................................................... 11
1.7 Importance of Public spaces ............................................................................................................. 11
1.8 Characteristics of a Public Space ....................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Selection Criteria for Case Studies .................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Case Study 1: Malaysia Riverfront .................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Characteristics of the River front Area ...................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Kuching Riverfront: .................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Strategies: .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.6 Institutional Framework for waterfront development .............................................................. 17
2.3.1 Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad ....................................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Objectives: ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.5 Characteristics of Riverfront area .............................................................................................. 19
2.3.6 Success Stories............................................................................................................................ 22
2.4 Case Study 3: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development ................................................................ 22
2.4.1 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.2 Three Different Views of Riverfront in Pittsburgh ..................................................................... 23
2.4.3 Sustainable Riverfront Development ......................................................................................... 24
2.4.4 Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project ......................................... 25
2.4.5 Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 26
2.4.6 Success Stories ........................................................................................................................... 27
2.5 Case Study 4: Thames Riverfront Development ............................................................................... 29
2.5.1 The Role of the Waterfront in the Thames Gateway ................................................................. 29
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2.5.2 Vision for Waterfront Development .......................................................................................... 29
2.5.3 Strategy Principles...................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.4 Strategy Formulation ................................................................................................................. 30
2.6 Learning’s from the Case Studies ...................................................................................................... 31
2.6.1: Riverfront Qualities ................................................................................................................... 31
2.6.2 Steps to creating Great Waterfronts ......................................................................................... 31
2.6.3 Need of Riverfront development planning ................................................................................ 32
2.6.4: Case Studies Review .................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 3: Project Methodology ................................................................................................................ 34
3.1 Aim, Objectives & Methodology of project ...................................................................................... 34
3.1.1. Aim ............................................................................................................................................ 34
3.1.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 34
3.2: Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 35
................................................................................................................................................................ 36
3.5. Study Area Delineation .................................................................................................................... 37
3.5.1 Arkavathi River ........................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 4: Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 40
4.1. Topographical Characteristics Analysis ............................................................................................ 40
4.1.1 Geomorphology ......................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.2 Ground Water Potential ............................................................................................................. 41
4.1.3 Elevation..................................................................................................................................... 42
4.1.4 Soil Types ................................................................................................................................... 43
4.2. Infrastructure Services ..................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.1 Water supply system .................................................................................................................. 44
4.2.2 Sewerage System ....................................................................................................................... 46
4.3 Existing Landuse Analysis .................................................................................................................. 47
4.3.1: Section 1 .................................................................................................................................... 48
4.3.2: Section 2 .................................................................................................................................... 49
4.3.3 Section 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 50
4.3.4 Section 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 51
4.3.5 Section 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 55
4.3.6 Section 6 .................................................................................................................................... 56
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4.4 Existing Landuse Pattern – Study Area ............................................................................................. 57
4.5 Environmental Concerns ................................................................................................................... 58
4.6 Proposed Landuse Development (Interim Master Plan-2021) ......................................................... 60
Chapter 5: PROPOSALS – RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 62
5.1 Proposals - Sections wise .................................................................................................................. 62
5.1.1 Section 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 62
5.1.2 Section 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 63
5.1.3 Section 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 64
5.1.4 Section 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 66
5.1.5 Section 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 80
5.1.6 Section 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 84
5.2: Proposed Landuse – on Study Area (Based on Riverfront Development) ....................................... 85
5.3 Common Proposals ........................................................................................................................... 86
5.3.1 Defined River width ................................................................................................................... 86
5.3.2 Check Dams ................................................................................................................................ 88
5.3.3 Dredging - De siltation of River .................................................................................................. 92
5.3.4 Sewage Treatment Plants .......................................................................................................... 93
5.3.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Technique ...................................................................... 96
5.3.5 Trees & Plants for Riverfront Area ............................................................................................. 97
5.3.6 River Cleaning Technology ......................................................................................................... 99
Biblography .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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List of Figures Page No
Fig 1: Trend of Waterfront developments 9
Fig 2: Elements of Successful Waterfront Development 10
Fig 3: Kuching Riverfront 14
Fig 4: Land uses around Kuching Riverfront 15
Fig 5: Land uses Kuching Riverfront 16
Fig 6: Institutional Framework for waterfront development 17
Fig 7: Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad 18
Fig 8: Landuse Plan - Sabarmati 21
Fig 9: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development 22
Fig 10: Sustainable Riverfront Development 24
Fig 11: Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project 25
Fig 12: Three Rivers park Riverfront Views 28
Fig 13: Thames Riverfront Development Strategy Formulation 30
Fig 14: Flow chart Methodology 35
Fig 16 : Study Area 37
Fig 17 : Topographical Characteristics - Geomorphology 40
Fig 18 : Topographical Characteristics - Groundwater 41
Fig 19 : Topographical Characteristics - Elevation 42
Fig 20 : Topographical Characteristics – Soil types 43
Fig 21 : Infrastructure - Watersupply 45
Fig 22 : Infrastructure - Sewerage 46
Fig 23 : Existing Landuse 47
Fig 24 : Existing Landuse – Section 1 47
Fig 25 : Existing Landuse – Section 2 48
Fig 26 : Existing Landuse – Section 3 49
Fig 27 : Existing Landuse – Section 4 51
Fig .28 : Existing Landuse – Section 5 55
Fig 29 : Existing Landuse – Section 6 56
Fig 30 : Existing Landuse Charts 57
Fig 31 : Existing Landuse Environmental Concerns 58
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Fig 32 : Proposed Landuse Development (IMP 2021) 60
Fig 33 :Builtup Vs NonBuiltup 60
Fig 34 :Existing Landuse Distribution 61
Fig 35 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1 62
Fig 36 :Proposed Landuse – Section 2 63
Fig 37 :Proposed Landuse – Section 3 64
Fig 38: Water Harvesting – Section 3 65
Fig 39:Proposed Landuse – Section 4 66
Fig 40:Proposed Landuse Sketchup – Section 4 68
Fig 41:Yoga Center 69
Fig 42:Yoga Center Modal Plan 70
Fig 43: Yoga Center Modal from River View 71
Fig 44:Car Parkin 72
Fig 45:Handicraft Markets 73
Fig 46:Dhobi Ghats 74
Fig 47:Cinema Theater 75
Fig 48: Children’s Play ground 76
Fig 49: Walkways & Fountains At Riverside 77
Fig 50:Proposed Landuse – Section 5 78
Fig 51:Exhibition Center 79
Fig 52:Proposed Landuse – Section 6 80
Fig 53:Proposed Landuse –Based on Study Area 82
Fig 54:Cross Section of River at different locations 83
Fig 54:Check Dam Specifications 84
Fig 55:Check Dam Locations 88
Fig 56:Dredging Quantity 91
Fig 57:STP Locations 92
Fig 58: Duck Weed Technology 99
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List of Tables
Tab 1: Special Characteristics of Water front Area 11
Tab 2: Characteristics of the River front Area - Kuching 13
Tab 3: Kuching Riverfront Details 15
Tab 4: Characteristics of Sabarmati 19
Tab 5: Sabarmati Landuse Categories 21
Tab 6: Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project Characteristics 26
Tab 7: Case Studies Review 32
Tab 8 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1 62
Tab 9 :Proposed Landuse – Section 2 63
Tab 10 :Proposed Landuse – Section 3 64
Tab 11 :Proposed Landuse – Section 4 67
Tab 12:Proposed Landuse – Section 5 71
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1: Introduction In general, a waterfront is the zone of interaction between urban developments and the water and a
waterfront area is considered as a unique and irreplaceable resource where it is the interface between
land, water, air, sun and productive plants. Moreover, the waterfront is characterized as a place
integrating land with water and having a natural attraction to people. In fact, the seashore and
riverfront are the most attractive water features for human settlement and, in most countries; the land
in front of water is developed earlier than the inland areas.
Waterfront development refers to any development in front of water and a water body; a river, lake,
ocean, bay, creek or canal. In the development area, considered that a waterfront development may not
necessarily need to be directly fronting water but may only need to look attached to the water. They
believe that commanding a view of water can still be considered as a waterfront property.
An official definition by the US Federal Coastal Zone Management Act, Office of Ocean and Coastal
Resources (OOCR) (1972) defines the term urban waterfront or port as, “any developed area that is
densely populated and is being used for, or has been used for, urban residential, recreational,
commercial, shipping, or industrial purposes”.
A more detailed definition by Guo (1998) as cited in Dong (2004, p. 7) described the waterfront as the
interface point where land and water meet, between approximately 200 to 300 meters from the water
line and 1 to 2 km to the land site and also takes in land within 20 minutes walking distance. Wu & Gao,
2002, as cited in Dong (2004, p. 7) added the waterfront area should have multiple features which
incorporate each other and surrounded by structural and nonstructural objects to form a focal point.
In many cities in the world, waterfront areas began as commercial centers, transportation hubs and
manufacturing centers, as a central focus for them. However, due to complex and multiple problems
such as technology change, the historic preservation movement, increased environmental awareness
and urban renewal, a dramatic change in waterfront areas was brought about and they became large
spaces of unused property in the past thirty years or so.
The first waterfront development projects were started in North American cities, in particular Baltimore
and Boston, in the 1960s. Nowadays, waterfront development is a global trend and thousands of
schemes are being carried out in large metropolises, medium-sized cities and even small towns all over
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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the world. Whereas the early examples of waterfront development primarily focused on leisure and
retail, contemporary schemes have a broader scope; many are set up with the aim to create attractive
mixed urban environments that appeal to the imagination of people and persuade them to work there,
to live there, or to visit these.
Breen & Rigby (1996) assign developed waterfronts into six distinct groups: commercial waterfronts;
cultural, educational and environmental waterfronts; historic waterfronts; recreational waterfronts;
residential waterfronts; and working waterfronts.
1.2 Types of waterfronts As per NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN, there are four principal functions of the
waterfront:
The Natural Waterfront, comprising beaches, wetlands, wildlife habitats, sensitive ecosystems
and the water itself.
The Public Waterfront, including parks, esplanades, piers, street ends, vistas and waterways
that offer public open spaces and waterfront views.
The Working Waterfront, where water dependent, maritime and industrial uses cluster or
where various transportation and municipal facilities are dispersed.
The Redeveloping Waterfront, where land uses have recently changed or where vacant and
underutilized properties suggest potential for beneficial change.
1.3 Trend of Waterfront developments worldwide 1960s - Massive waterfront development began and consequently initiated the world-wide era
of waterfront revitalization.
1970s - Urban waterfront redevelopment bloomed,
1980s - Accelerated and continued in the future.
Now
Fig 1: Trend of Waterfront developments
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Clearly, interest in promoting waterfront development in many countries was caused by environmental
protection, shoreline access, water quality, historic preservation, tourism and economic development,
as well as the growing potential of the waterfront for recreational, commercial and residential uses.
Moreover, festival and water sports are perhaps the most visible public-oriented activities that have
played a key role in the rediscovery of waterfronts.
1.4 Elements of Successful Waterfront Development
1.5 Waterfront Developments: Criteria for guidelines of riverfront development concept
River as a main attraction of development
o According to the guideline, for any reason, river’s role is remaining as a main attraction for
the development.
o River itself must be developed earlier than any others development planning.
o Removal and changing river line or row are not permitted.
Beautification of river reserves
o According to the guideline, developers are required to provide recreation and beautification
plan for river.
o Maintaining river reserve as a buffer zone to control environmental problem such as soil
erosion.
Elements of Successful
Waterfront Development
Effective
Management Beginning the
project
Financial
Feasibility
Environmental
Approvals
Project Theme
& Image
Construction
Technology
Authenticity
Public Perception of
Need
Function
Source: Torre, 1989; Journal of Techno Social-ISSN 2229 8940-Vol 4 No 1 April 2012 (Pg 24) Fig 2: Elements of Successful Waterfront Development
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o Utilization river reserve for green areas and recreational use are allowed to the developers.
Level of river flow
o According to the guideline, a development close to river areas would not increase level of
river flow. Development are more than 10 ha are required to build retention pond with
maximum area approximately between 3-5% of total development area.
Development of permanent infrastructure
o According to the guideline, the development of permanent building and infrastructure are
not allowed within river and river reserves, unless facilities for recreational purposes such as
playground.
1.6 Special Characteristics of Water front Area
Characteristics Description
Dynamic area Waterfront zone is a dynamic area with frequently changing biological, chemical and
geological attributes.
Habitat Waterfront zone include highly productive and biologically diverse ecosystems that
offer crucial nursery habitats for many species.
Natural
defense
Waterfront zone features such as mangrove forests serves a critical natural defense
against natural hazards (flooding, erosion and storms).
Pollution
moderator
Water ecosystems may act to reduce the impacts of pollution originating from land
such as, wetlands absorbing excess nutrient sediments, human waste
Source: ‘An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia ‘ By Azlina Binti Md. Yassin Submitted on 16Th
Pacific
Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington 24-27 January 2010.
1.7 Importance of Public spaces A public space may be a gathering spot or part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district,
waterfront, or other area within the public realm that helps promote social interaction and a sense of
community.
Tab 1: Special Characteristics of Water front Area
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Examples include spaces such as plazas, town squares, parks, marketplaces, public commons and malls,
public greens, piers, special areas within convention centers or grounds, sites within public buildings,
lobbies, concourses, or public spaces within private buildings. As with all categories of Great Places, it is
important to identify what sets a space apart from others spaces to qualify it for a Great Spaces
designation. Public Spaces must be at least 10 years old.
1.8 Characteristics of a Public Space It includes the followings,
1. Promotes human contact and social activities.
2. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting.
3. Promotes community involvement.
4. Reflects the local culture or history.
5. Relates well to bordering uses.
6. Is well maintained.
7. Has a unique or special character.
8. Establish a water’s edge that is continuous, publicly accessible and magnificent
9. Create a network of public spaces that attract and invite both Localities and tourists to waterfront
10. Require design excellence for waterfront public spaces
11. Provide a wide-range of public spaces that foster culture and creativity in our city
12. Ensure all public spaces adhere to a high environmental standard.
13. Strengthen connections along the waterfront on both sides of the river
14. Develop strong link between existing communities and emerging waterfront communities and
spaces
15. Improve the aquatic habitat and water quality along the waterfront and integrate them with river
and stream improvements
16. Maintain a consistency in waterfront design elements in all public spaces (i.e. Park benches and
lamp posts)
17. Coordinate the water usage and supporting land base to maximize the economic, recreational and
environmental asset of Water bodies.
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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Selection Criteria for Case Studies In this Case Studies, I review & analyzed Malaysia Riverfront (Kuching); Pittsburgh (Three Rivers Park
Riverfront) & Ahmedabad (Sabarmati Riverfront).
Basically this three riverfront projects are situated within or close to downtown area and play important
role in the functioning of the city. And the study areas primarily need to include public open space
providing potential for various outdoor activities like recreation. And Mostly the impact & effect of
riverfront development projects illustrated in the particular location in terms of economy, people’s
health, recreational & tourism activities. Some of the riverfront development projects are basically
recreational purposes & some of them housing purposes. It may vary as per the distance from CBD & its
requirements & needs. Also each of the cases must be considered as successful waterfront
development, by their investors, consumers, private and Government agencies.
2.2 Case Study 1: Malaysia Riverfront Waterfront Areas : Kuching Riverfront. Malacca Waterfront, Glenmarie Riverfront
Waterfront development in Malaysia emerged after the growth of societies along the river edges and
this subsequently initiated the emergence of port towns and several other urban forms. During that
time, waterfront areas were the busiest places to cater for business and trading, and these further
transformed waterfront areas into focal points for Malaysians.
Population growth, economic growth, urbanization and increased technology have transformed many
Malaysian river systems from water industries into non water industries. Due to these changes, the
function of riverfront areas has also changed and the current pattern of riverfront development in
Malaysia now focuses more on mixed-use development and recreation, while incorporating Malaysian
cultural and historical values.
2.2.1 Characteristics of the River front Area
Case study Areas Kuching Waterfront Malacca Waterfront Glenmarie Riverfront
Features
Tab 2: Characteristics of the River front Area - Kuching
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Name of water body Sarawak River Malacca River Langat River
Type of Project Recreational Recreational Residential
Project’s Owner State of Sarawak State of Malacca DRB-HICOM
Amenities Restaurants, River Access,
Shops, Waterfront
Settlements
River Access, Shops,
Waterfront Settlements
Restaurants, River
Access, Housing
Views River Views & City River Views & City Limited River Views
Proximity to River 50m 50m 50m
Proximity to CBD 1 KM 1 KM 35 KM
Source: Waterfront Development in Malaysia
At present, many riverfront development projects have been undertaken throughout Malaysia, some
were successful developments while others were not. In some cases, the implementation of these
riverfront projects was driven more by investment needs rather than for community and environmental
needs.
2.2.4 Kuching Riverfront:
The main objective of this development proposal is to strengthen the commercial and recreational
activities which reflects character, social, culture & identity of the place. The design considers visual
Fig 3: Kuching Riverfront
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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character and quality of the place as a riverside marketplace. Social and cultural events and festivals as
well as history and architecture of the place are the important aspects of the design.
Kuching Riverfront
Financial Sources Fully funded by the State Government
Institutional
Arrangement
The master plan of the project implementation was prepared by SEDC and Land
Corporation Development Authority (LCDA) and approved by state government.
Construction Period Began in 1991 & Completed in August 1993
Development Area Approximately one mile along the south bank of the river, encompassing the river
frontage to the historic business center of the township.
Developer Sarawak Economic Development Corporation (SEDC), Sarawak, Malaysia.
Contractors PPES Bena Sdn Bhd + Uraco (M) Sdn Bhd
Consultants ConyBeare Morrison & Partner (Australia) + United Consultants (Sarawak, Malaysia).
Project cost 89.90 Million (Malaysian Ringgit)
Concept An urban river park that blends the historical and cultural setting with the provision of
facilities and activities for tourists and the community, particular families. Possible
features to be considered as follows: Esplanade / pedestrian links, Malls
Entertainment area. Family outing areas and children’s playground. Tourist attraction
areas and Possible center for river cruise.
Source: ‘ An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia ‘ By Azlina Binti Md. Yassin Submitted on 16Th
Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington 24-27 January 2010.
2.2.4.1 Landuse around Riverfront Area in Kuching
Residential
Public Space
Commercial
Tab 3: Kuching Riverfront Details
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Kuching’s Waterfront is a significant commercial area where trading activities concentrated along main
Bazar and Gambier Street areas on the south bank, with the Astana and Malay villages around it on the
north bank of Sarawak River. The marketplace serves as public realm that displays local characters and
help to promote the place to outsider.
The Kuching Waterfront is an approximately 1 kilometer long riverside esplanade stretching from
the main area and commercial heartland of the city to downtown Kuching.
River steps create opportunities for river activities as well as closeness to the river’s edge.
The landscaped waterfront is dotted with food stalls, restaurants and benches and offers excellent
views of Historical & Administrative Buildings on the bank of River Sarawak.
The waterfront also features an observation tower, an open-air theater and musical fountains.
The Sunday Market at Satok operates during weekends offers a large diversity of items for trade.
The Kuching Civic Center offers a panoramic view of the city from a viewing platform during the day.
Key Map
RIVERFRONT LANDUSE MAP
Fig 4: Land uses around Kuching Riverfront
Fig 5: Land uses Kuching Riverfront
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2.2.5 Strategies:
The design concept is festive market which represents the positive cultural traits, trading activities for
seasonal and diurnal times displaying a variety of daily and local products in the colonial buildings,
Chinese shop houses and also the new amenities provided.
In addition, the extension bridges enclosed the jetty that served as viewing platform and linkage to the
promenade. This project will revitalize the waterfront, enhance the quality of life and meet the demand
of healthy environment for public involvement. To achieve a linkage between the city to the River, at the
same time reinforcing Sarawak’s heritage and culture via integrating traditions and technologies.
2.2.6 Institutional Framework for waterfront development
2.3 Case Study 2: Sabarmati Riverfront Development
Town &
Country
Planning
Dept of
Local
Govt
Economic
Planning
Unit
Dept of
Mineral &
Geo
Dept of
Land &
Mines
Dept of
Irrigation &
Drainage
CABINET
Ministry of
Housing & Local
Government
Prime Minister’s
Department
Ministry of
Natural
Resources and
Ministry of
Agriculture
Dept of
Wild life
Dept of
Bio
Diversity &
Dept of
Environme
Irrigation
Division
Town &
Country
Planning
Dept
Local
Authori
ty
State
Economic
& Planning
Use
Land
Administrator
Dept of
Environment
Dept of
Irrigation &
Drainage
COMMITTEE
FEDERAL LEVEL
STATE LEVEL
Source: Malaysian Department of Drainage and Irrigation, 2009
Fig 6: Institutional Framework for waterfront development
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The sabarmati Riverfront Development project began as an urban renewal project to significantly
improve the spatial structure and habitat conditions of the river and adjoining areas. This project aims to
transform Ahmedabad’s historic yet neglected river into a vibrant & vital focus for the Ahmedabad City.
The development project encompasses both banks of the Sabarmati for a 10.5 kms, stretch, creating
approximately 185 hectares of reclaimed land. The project includes water management systems to
minimize flooding in traditionally flood-prone areas and to clean up the Sabarmati with new sewage
treatment infrastructure. These include providing interceptor sewer lines along both banks of the river
to divert sewage to Ahmedabad’s two sewage treatment plants; and building retaining walls which will
protect the low-lying areas near the riverbanks from flooding.
A key element of the project is a new linear two-level promenade. The lower promenade with a
minimum width of 10 meters will be just above water level, providing uninterrupted pedestrian access
to the water. The upper promenade will host a variety of public buildings, cultural and educational
institutions, public parks and plazas and a few areas for commercial development, while new traffic
infrastructure will connect the riverfront to the city.
The project aspires to create a unique identity for Ahmedabad by creating a unique skyline for the city.
Being a landmark project with far reaching impacts, it is the backbone for rejuvenating inner city
neighborhoods adjacent to the riverfront project, thereby spurring future developments within the city.
2.3.1 Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad
Fig 7: Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad
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2.3.4 Objectives:
The following are the objectives considered for Riverfront development project.
Make the riverfront accessible to the public
Stop the flow of sewage, keep the river clean and pollution-free
Reduce risk of erosion and flooding in flood prone neighborhoods
Create riverfront parks, promenades and Ghats to enjoy the water.
Revitalize riverfront neighborhoods, rejuvenate Ahmedabad.
Generate resources to pay for all of the foregoing.
Stitch together East and West Ahmedabad.
Create a memorable identity for Ahmedabad.
2.3.5 Characteristics of Riverfront area
Case study Areas Sabarmati Riverfront
Features
Name of water body Sabarmati River
Type of Project Recreational
Company Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL)
Amenities Restaurants, River Access, Shops, Waterfront Settlements, Gardens,
Walkways, Amusement parks, Golf Course, Water sports
Views River Views & City
Proximity to River 50m
Proximity to CBD 1 KM
Sabarmati Riverfront
Financial Sources The project has been planned as a self-financing project. The revenues would be
Tab 4: Characteristics of Sabarmati
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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generated from the sale of proclaimed land.
Construction Period Start on Early 2005 & Complete on Nov 2012
Development Area Includes both banks of the Sabarmati for a 10.5 kms, stretch, creating approximately
185 hectares of reclaimed land.
Developer Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Setup Special Purpose Vehicle - Sabarmati River
Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) for
Consultants HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd
Concept It is an environmental improvement, Social and Urban rejuvenation project by
development of riverfront along Sabarmati River in the commercial capital of State.
The Objective of the project is to improve spatial structure and habitat conditions of
the river and adjoining areas. Basically it is an Urban renewal project
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anduse Plan
In Sabarmati Riverfront Development, the major part is Gardens followed by public places.
It’s clearly shown as the riverfront development is basically for Recreational purposes.
Landuse
Approved by Covt of Gujarat (Under GTPUD Act 1976)
Sl. No. Sanctional Land use Area Sq.m Arae Ha %
1 Roads 4,44,378 44 22
2 Garden 2,74,585 27 14
3 Open Space 3,71,198 37 18
4 Public Purpose 2,88,875 29 14
5 Lower Promenade 2,66,462 27 13
Fig 8: Landuse Plan - Sabarmati
Tab 5: Sabarmati Landuse Categories
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6 Multi Use for Sale 2,94,083 29 14
7 Sports 72,503 7 4
8 Residual (Utiliities, Residential, Commercial, General,
Education)
15,787 2 1
Total 20,27,871 202.8
2.3.6 Success Stories
The Sabarmati Riverfront Project add almost 10,00,000 sq. mts. of parks, promenades and plazas to
Ahmedabad.
The Sabarmati Riverfront Project help provide Ahmedabad with many new cultural trade and social
institutions (36,000 Sq.m).
Creating of City Level Recreational Activities – Water Sports and Floating restaurants.
Tourist attraction.
Recharge of Ground water Aquifers of the city
Continuous Green coverage along the river corridor.
Elimination of Flood Hazard.
Creating Vibrant Urban neighborhoods and beautification of the city.
2.4 Case Study 3: Three Rivers Park Riverfront
Development
How & Why Riverfront Development in Pittsburgh:
2.4.1 Objective
The following are the Objectives considered for development of Riverfront in Pittsburgh.
expanding Point State Park from a singular pendant to a necklace of two strands.
the Mon Wharf as a river destination, not just a parking lot.
Most of Pittsburgh’s riverbanks were polluted & abused due for Industries
located, and it creates negative impact to fresh water systems. It degraded
their riverfronts
Hard surfaces and retaining walls created hostile environments for native
birds, fish, and mammals.
Industrial processes and toxic runoff contaminated the soil and water.
Structural embankments increased the damage caused by major storms and
floods. Fig 9: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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powerful perpendicular connections from the historical neighborhoods to the rivers.
the Strip District as a mixed-use district with shops, entertainment, and housing along with offices.
an accessible, beautiful, (largely) green riverfront, becoming the city’s principal public realm.
that this riverfront is luminescent, not as when the banks glowed with the energy of the mills, but
with the buzz of post-industrial activities and technologies.
people living at or near the water’s edge in a variety of dwelling types.
using the rivers daily for ordinary purposes, not just during organized events.
the riverfronts lined with remarkable fabric, not only occasional, conspicuous architecture.
great places strategically located along the rivers, and connected by public rights-of-way.
new businesses along the river, emblematic of the New Economy.
old businesses and institutions responding to their river edges rather than treating their river edge
as a back yard.
2.4.2 Three Different Views of Riverfront in Pittsburgh
At the scale of confluence
At the scale of the downtown
At the scale of the Pittsburgh Pool
At the scale of the confluence it will be manifested spatially as a
grand public basin, an outdoor room defined by the West End,
Fort Pitt, and Fort Duquesne bridges.
At the scale of the downtown it will be the celebration of Pittsburgh’s
continuous public face stretching along the rivers from the West End Bridge
on the Ohio to the Sixteenth Street Bridge on the Allegheny and to the Tenth
Street Bridge on the Monongahela.
At the scale of the Pittsburgh Pool between the Emsworth,
Braddock, and Highland Park dams, it will be the centerpiece of
the region’s park system, acting to connect regional assets
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2.4.3 Sustainable Riverfront Development
Area Types – Composition of Elements
1 Streets with Planting Strips + Multi Storied Buildings with Water Demands + Green Area
2 Streets with Planting Strips + Multi Storied Buildings with Water Demands + Square + Green Area
3 Streets with Planting Strips + Parking Lots + Green Area
4 Highway + Parking Lots
5 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Multi Storied Buildings with Water
Demands + Green Area
6 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Parking Lots + Green Area
7 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Parking Lots + Sport Fields
8 Saw Mill Run Situation
Source: http://www.riverlifepgh.org//images/uploads/Atelier_Dreiseit_for_Riverlifel_Stormwater_Communicator.pdf
Fig 10: Sustainable Riverfront Development
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2.4.4 Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project
Component 1: Improve connections to Point State Park
Fig 11: Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project
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Component 2: Mon Wharf as a river destination
Component 3: Allegheny Riverfront Park (Extensions to the East (or) West)
Component 4: North Shore Development Concept
2.4.5 Characteristics
Case study Areas Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project
Features
Name of water body Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers
Tab 6: Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project Characteristics
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Type of Project Development of continuous trails and green space along the 21 km
waterfront loop between the West End Bridge on the Ohio River,
the 31st Street Bridge on the Allegheny River and the Hot Metal
Bridge on the Monongahela River.
Company River life Task Force
Amenities Restaurants, River Access, Shops, Waterfront Settlements, Gardens,
Fountains, Walkways, Amusement parks, Golf Course, Water sports
Views River Views & City
Proximity to River 200m
Proximity to CBD 1 KM
Development Area 21 km waterfront loop between the West End Bridge on the Ohio
River, the 31st Street Bridge on the Allegheny River and the Hot
Metal Bridge on the Monongahela River.
Developer River life Task Force
2.4.6 Success Stories
2.4.6.1 Environment - Sustainable storm water management system
Storm water collection and treatment to create a public amenity that cleans and filters storm water and
minimizes the discharge of storm water into the Ohio River. It is their opinion that this vision could
become the basis for a new benchmark for sustainable water management, both locally and nationally.
2.4.6.2 Economy (If You Build It, They Will Come) - Sustainable riverfront development,
Along with cutting-edge design and a dedicated community, has helped many cities transition from post-
industrial stagnation to new economic growth.
a) Louisville’s 55-acre park on the riverfront created a 28% increase in business development, and
waterfront workers there have increased from 350 to 5,300.
b) Chattanooga’s Riverfront Park has spurred $500 million in private investing.
c) Chicago’s 25-acre Millennium Park is projected to create $2.6 billion in visitor spending and have a
$1.4 billion impact on real estate in the next 10 years.
d) From 2000-2010, over $4 billion was invested in Pittsburgh’s riverfront development, half of it
private.
e) Pittsburgh is home to more than 100 multi-billion dollar global company headquarters.
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f) More than $500 million has been invested in LEED-certified Green Buildings, of which Pittsburgh has
more than 30 either built already or under construction.
g) Rails-to-trails conversion in Western Pennsylvania has led to hundreds of miles of bike trails, much
of it along riverfronts. The Great Allegheny Passage, which will soon link Pittsburgh with
Washington, D.C., will see thousands of users each year.
2.4.6.3 Riverfront Investments
Design Three River’s parks Riverfront Green
spaces and trails
$ 112,000,000
Infrastructure (Roads, Bridges, etc.) $ 792,000,000
Private Development
- North Shore $1,724,000,000
- Downtown $ 783,000,000
- Strip District $ 133,000,000
- SS / Mon River $ 580,000,000
Total Downtown Riverfront Investment $ 4,124,000,000
2.3.6.4 Living Environment
a) Since the development of Pittsburgh’s Riverfronts, Three Rivers Park has also supported a significant
increase in downtown residential living.
b) Hundreds of new residential units, both for sale and for rent, have sprung up along the rivers’ edges.
c) Downtown living reduces the severity of regional sprawl, energizes our downtown, and supports
our many service businesses and cultural attractions. The lives of these new downtown residents
are enhanced by the outdoor enjoyment, healthy lifestyle, and recreational opportunities created by
the Park.Recreation (Pittsburgh’s Rivers are People Magnets)
Fig 12: Three Rivers park Riverfront Views
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2.5 Case Study 4: Thames Riverfront Development
2.5.1 The Role of the Waterfront in the Thames Gateway
The strategy set out in this document identifies a series of policies, actions and projects which will create
the employment, the environment and the lifestyle to which those involved aspire, primarily by securing
the opportunities offered by the area’s defining asset – the Thames.
However, as the objectives of the strategy make clear, “the reality will be made tangible by contributing
to and delivering a clear vision of the region’s future, and in particular the role of the waterfront in that
vision.”
The fundamental point of departure of the Waterfront Strategy is to harness the development benefits
that potentially emanate from the River Thames.
In very simple terms, the Thames, its riparian environs and related sensitive habitats provide or
contribute to the three crucial components – or “pillars” - of a sustainable growth strategy.
A Lifestyle
An Environment
A Gateway
2.5.2 Vision for Waterfront Development
Contribute to the delivery of an outstanding quality of life experience for the sub regions, citizens
and to become a destination of choice for visitors.
Capturing the tremendous opportunities that the River Thames offers to the TGSE sub-region in
terms of contributing to sustainable growth, the gateway function and employment.
Balancing the growth and development pressures that emerge from and impinge upon these very
same assets.
2.5.3 Strategy Principles
Sharing the river
Safeguarding the gateway function of the river
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2.5.4 Strategy Formulation
Fig 13: Thames Riverfront Development Strategy Formulation
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2.6 Learning’s from the Case Studies
2.6.1: Riverfront Qualities
From the above studies, the following are the qualities are listed out in the waterfront destinations.
2.6.2 Steps to creating Great Waterfronts
The following are the major steps taken for creating great waterfronts, with Public accessibilities.
1) Access and Linkage
2) Edge Uses
3) Attractions & Destinations
4) Identity & Image
5) Amenities
6) Water Uses
7) Flexibility in Design
8) Seasonal Strategy
9) Landuse Management
10) Diverse Funding Sources.
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2.6.3 Need of Riverfront development planning
The Riverfront developments are contribute to the quality of life in all of its aspects like Economic, Social
& cultural.
2.6.4: Case Studies Review
Case Studies
Malaysia Riverfront 1) To Help the local Vendors in terms of Wet Market & Dry Market
2) Commercial Oriented Development
3) Recreational development like walkways & Yoga Mediation center
4) River Beautification works
Sabarmati
Riverfront
1) Urban Reform Project
2) Flood Mitigation works
3) Recreational development
4) Public Space Creation
5) Slum Rehabilitation works
6) Groundwater Recharge
7) Infrastructure development
Three Rivers Park
Riverfront
Development
1) Commercial Development
2) Parks & Recreational facility creation
3) Property developments
1) To develop city as a major commercial and service center with international class facilities.
2) To project on city as waterfront city with attractive investment opportunity to further
enhances the economic growth and stability.
3) To establish cities as one of the major tourism attraction center of the country with
international class facilities.
4) Appealing leisure and entertainment function contained with landscape & fountains.
5) Manifesting cities nature with urban economic development.
6) Increase the Overall living standard of people in the cities contain with riverfront.
7) Making excellent living environment.
8) Fully Accessible to Public & fully guaranteed as a Public waterfront.
Tab 7: Case Studies Review
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4) Landuse classification
5) Public Space creation
6) Attracting Investors
7) Revitalization of River
Thames Riverfront
Development
1) City Oriented Development
2) To Attract investors & boost economic growth
3) River Revitalization
4) Infrastructure Development
5) Recreational development
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Chapter 3: Project Methodology
3.1 Aim, Objectives & Methodology of project
3.1.1. Aim “The aim of this project would be transforming Kanakapura as a unique cultural platform with
recreational and entertainment facilities serving the city, its people and tourists with new dimension,
meaning and scale of development. The riverfront development shall be envisaged as a city’s identity on
its waterfront.”
The project would look into the ways to rejuvenate the urban life and the space through improved quality
of life, facilitating recreational and cultural activities, organizing informal businesses and designing better
public spaces with creative amenities. The goal is to plan a development that would be oriented towards
creating an urban form that is wholly consistent with the physiographic feature of the area. The urban
form integrated with the natural landscape would create an enriching experience by responding to the
context of water and existing diversity of activities thereby, create a visually dominant landmark.
3.1.2. Objectives Objective 1: Ecological preservation:
Identify and implement environmental protection priorities to protect water quality and other
sensitive natural features;
Stop the flow of sewage, keep the river clean and pollution-free;
Revitalize riverfront neighborhoods, rejuvenate Arkavathi River
Objective 2: Create Social/ Public space:
Make the riverfront accessible to the public
Create riverfront parks to enjoy the water.
Objective 3: Designing Development that is in harmony with the natural character of the area.
The urban form integrated with landscape, thereby, creating an enriching experience by
responding to the context of water, existing diversity of activities, and forming a visually
dominant landmark. Encourage development of appropriate design, scale, and use to improve
the utilization of public lands and to improve residents’ quality of life.
Create a memorable identity for Arkavathi River in Kanakapura
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3.2: Methodology
ANALYSIS
Secondary Data
Water supply
Sewerage
Transport
Social Amenities
Public Space
Literature Review & Background Study
Objective Formulation
Data Collection
Secondary Data
Landuse
Geomorphology
Groundwater Potential
Soils
Elevation
Topographic
Geomorphology
Soil Type
Groundwater Potential
Elevationes
Infrastructure
* Level of Service Improvements
* Public Space Creation
Formulation of Strategies
Urban form
* Existing Landuse
Fig 14: Flow chart Methodology
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Goal / Vision:
1. To plan a development that would be oriented towards creating an urban
form that is wholly consistent with the physiographic feature of the area.
2. The urban form integrated with the natural landscape would create an
enriching experience by responding to the context of water and existing
diversity of activities thereby, create a visually dominant landmark.
Objective 1: Ecological preservation
Strategy 1: Environmental Protection
Strategy 2: Green belt
Strategy 3. Embankment
Objective 2: Create Social/ Public space
Strategy 1: Designs Public Places & Parks
Strategy 2: Make Public Accessibility
Objective 3: Designing Development that is in
harmony with the natural character of the area.
Strategy 1. River Oriented Activities
Strategy 2. Needs for Kanakapura
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3.5. Study Area Delineation Realizing the potential and scope for planned development along the river Arkavathi in the Kanakpura
town, the Kanakpura Planning Authority identified the riverfront development project in its Master plan
2011.
The Arkavati is a large mountain river in Karnataka, India, originating at Nandi Hills of Chikkaballapura
district.It is a tributary of the Kaveri, which it joins at 34 KM south of Kanakapura, called Sangama in
Kannada, after flowing through ramanagara and Kanakapura. The river drains into the
Chikkarayappanahalli Lake near Kanivenarayanapura. Kumudavathi and Vrishabhavathi rivers are
tributaries to this river.
The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million liters of
drinking water per day to the city of Bangalore, or about 20% of the entire city's water. As it is filtered in
the nearby mountain aquifer, the water is fresh and crystal clear. The water is taken from two reservoirs
built on the river, the Hesaraghatta (or Hesseraggatta), which was built in 1894, and the
Tippagondanahalli Reservoir (or T G Halli), which was built in 1933.
Kanakapura Planning Area Zones
Kanakapura Conurbation Area
BMRDA Regions
Fig 16 : Study Area
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3.5.1 Arkavathi River
The Arkavathi is a tributary of the Cauvery. Rising in the Nandi Hills to the north of Bangalore it passes
through most of Bangalore Rural district and joins the Cauvery at Sangama in Kanakapura district. It
flows for 190 kilometres and in hydrological parlance is called a second order stream, meaning it is a
tributary of the Cauvery which joins the sea. The Cauvery is a first order stream flowing into the sea, its
major tributaries are second order streams and the Vrishbhavathi which joins the Arkavathi is a third
order stream. The catchment area from where the water collects in the river is more than 4000 square
kilometers.
The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million liters of
drinking water per day to the city of Bangalore, or about 20% of all the city's water.The water is taken
from two reservoirs built on the river, the Hesaraghatta (or Hesseraggatta) which was built in 1894 and
the Tippagondanahalli Reservoir (or T G Halli), which was built in 1933.
The Gazetteer of Bangalore Rural says the Arkavathi “is not exactly a seasonal stream, in the summer
months it presents the usual aspect of a sandy bed with a small current of water flowing at one side.”
In short it was a perennial river. Large tanks such as the Madhure and the Dodballapur were also
constructed on the river and would usually fill up. The town of Dodballapur depended on the Arkavathi
for its drinking water requirement as did the town of Ramanagara.
Existing Situation in Arkavathi River Basin in Kanakapura
Excess sediment/silt inputs caused by destructive form of land use and other land clearance
activities paving way mainly for housing, quarrying and farming.
Demographic Details (As on 2001)
Total Area 7.20 Km2
Population 47,060
Population Density 6,537 / km2
Literacy 66%
No. of Households 9,878
Source: “REQUIEM FOR OUR RIVERS” by S.Vishwanath Secretary General - International rainwater Catchment systems association http://www.kannada.indiawaterportal.org/sites/kn.indiawaterportal.org/files/Arkavati_sem_vol.pdf
Table : Demographic Details (Source: Census 2001)
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
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Excessive water withdrawals or diversions affecting the natural lake inflow volume as against
the outflow capacity.
Sewage and Industrial pollution caused by direct discharge of domestic and industrial waste
from surrounding industries and households.
The perennial source at Kanakapura is gradually reducing day by day due to numerous irrigation
pumps.
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Chapter 4: Analysis
4.1. Topographical Characteristics Analysis
4.1.1 Geomorphology
Kanakapura LPA lies predominantly in Pediplain geomorphic unit. Small patches of Structural and
Denudational hills are also traced in north eastern and southern part. The above figure shows
geomorphic pattern within the conurbation boundary. This map clearly indicates that, infiltration zones
are larger in area than runoff and are suitable for ground water recharge. The potentiality will also be
moderate to good.
Based on Topographical most of the Zone is falling under Pedi plain Strata, Pedi plain is the level ground
surface slightly inclined towards the river flow.
Source: Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)
Fig 17 : Topographical Characteristics - Geomorphology
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4.1.2 Ground Water Potential
Apart from the structural valleys, supported by the surface water bodies as showing better prospects for
ground water developments. The above figure clearly shows the ground water potential in which the
ground water prospects in the valley portion is good and in majority area of the Conurbation boundary it
is moderate. This can be converted as good potential zone by adopting artificial recharge techniques.
The Groundwater potential in the valley portion of river flow path is good (i.e., 150 to 200 Meter). The
Infiltration zones are larger in area than runoff and are suitable for ground water recharge.
Source: Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)
Ground Water Potential
Water Body
Very good to good
Good
Good to Moderate
Moderate
Moderate to Poor
Poor
Poor to Nil
Fig 18 : Topographical Characteristics - Groundwater
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4.1.3 Elevation
The elevation falls from 833 m to 620 m from north of the study area to the south upto Arkavathy valley
and increases in elevation generally towards the south-west. Terrain shows undulating topography with
varying elevation between 833 meters to 620 meters above MSL. The lowest elevation being 620 m is
found around Kanakapura town in the valley portion. The slopes vary from 20-150 metres/kilometre
shows the elevation pattern in the Kanakapura Conurbation area. The Kanakapura conurbation area is
in the Cauvery basin. The main tributary of Cauvery, river Arkavathy, flows in the study area. The study
area is covered by the sub basin of Arkavathy and drains southwards. The drainage density and stream
frequency are moderate to high (hilly zone, in northern, eastern and western part) and medium to low
in central part. The drainage pattern is dendratic and parallel. It encourages for infiltration than runoff,
as the stream frequency and density are medium to low and have good constant channel maintenance.
These drainages are controlled by structures and lithology.
Elevation – MSL (Meters)
< 650
650 to 700
>700
Source: Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)
Fig 19 : Topographical Characteristics - Elevation
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4.1.4 Soil Types
The area is underlain with grey and pink granites and granite gneisses and intruded by dolomitic
pegmatite and quartz veins. The above figure shows the general lithological units in and around
Kanakapura conurbation boundary. The inclusions of dolorate and amphibolites dykes are also traced.
The general trends of the peninsular genesis are North West – South East to North East – South West.
These show a steep dip of about 70 to 80 degrees due South East. According to the Earthquake Map of
Karnataka, the Kanakapura Conurbation area belongs to very low damage risk zone and is in stable belt.
Major portion of the study area consists of red loamy sandy soils, which is moderately porous and
medium permeability. The patches of loamy, loamy clayey, sandy type of soils are noticed within the
area. The clayey and loamy types of soils are more in area extent in southern part than in the rest of the
area. Uplands show these types of soils.
Soil Types
Water Body
Fine Sand
Very Fine Sand
Sandy Skeletal
Fine Loamy
Loamy skeletal
Source: Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)
Fig 20 : Topographical Characteristics – Soil types
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The soils are favorable zones for ground water recharge. As permeability and porosity for the soils for
medium, the infiltration rates will be medium to high. It is better to avoid the water polluting industries
in this belt.
There is a need for striking a balance between the competing claims of different sectors. It is imperative
to think of a systematic and scientific long range plan to harness the land resources not only for
satisfying the competing demands from various sectors, but also for ensuring sustainability of the
systems.
In Study Area, the majority is Fine Sand Deposit & Sandy Skeletal. Average Specific Yield of Fine sand is
21%, So the flow of the river can improve Groundwater level in the nearby areas.
4.2. Infrastructure Services
4.2.1 Water supply system
The water resources comprise of two major sources – surface and sub – surface. All around and nearby
proposed conurbation areas of Kanakapura, there are surface water sources like Arkavathy,
Suvarnamukhi, are available. The perennial source at Kanakapura is gradually reducing day by day due to
numerous irrigation pumps (schemes). The important sources of drinking water in Kanakapura town was
tube wells/hand pumps. The overhead tanks (OHTs) capacity is around 796250 ltr. Considering only once
filling of OHTs approximately around 21 lpcd available to the population of Kanakapura from Piped
Water Supply System.
As per the records of Kanakapura, the capacity available from BWSSB is around 4 MLD and bore wells is
around 2 MLD. Hence the total capacity available to the town is around 6 MLD. At present, around 120
lpcd can be supplied if the full capacity is utilized. From the Water supply network shows that in two
places there is water pumping from the river and overhead tanks are located on the Trunk line of the
Distribution network. Total 134 Bore wells are spreaded all over the Kanakapura area.
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. Source : TMC & STEM-KUWS&DB; Utility Map – Water Supply & Sewerage; Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)
Fig 21 : Infrastructure - Watersupply
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4.2.2 Sewerage System
At Present, the two most prevalent systems of sewage disposal is the open and the box surface drains.
The Above figure shows the sewerage system in Kanakapura conurbation boundary area. Per Capita
sewerage generation as per 2001 – 94 lpcd; 70% of water supply. Now, the KUWS&DB is implementing
Underground drains in the town along with an STP (5.8 MLD) for the future population of 1 lakh within
Source : TMC & STEM-KUWS&DB; Utility Map – Water Supply & Sewerage; Interim Master Plan -2021
(Kanakapura Planning Area)
Fig 22 : Infrastructure - Sewerage
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the TMC area (7.8 sq km) is under consideration by the government. The project is expected to be
completed in another 2 years’ time.
4.3 Existing Landuse Analysis For this study purpose, the area has been divided into six sections.
The classification of sections as shown below,
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Fig 23 : Existing Landuse
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4.3.1: Section 1
Characteristics of Section 1
Section 1
Length (in mtr) 1,427.07
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.407
Existing Landuse Categories
River Path 18 %
Sand Deposits 3 %
Agricultural 64 %
Open Areas 15 %
Fig 24 : Existing Landuse – Section 1
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In Section 1, the maximum area is used for Agricultural purposes, and it is located near NH-209
Dindugal-Bangalore Highway, and State Highway SH3 – Kanakapura – Ramanagar route is about
250meter from the river bank.
Due to its remote location from the city, most of the illegal solid waste dumping & misuse of the river
areas happen in this section. Illegal sand mining also happen in this section. The agricultural people are
fully dependent on the river for their agricultural growth and every person having agricultural land have
their own well for irrigation purpose. The ground water automatically gets recharged because of the
presence of the river in a close proximity. From the above land use map it is seen that, most of the lands
near the river are kept as idle as barren land, for which actions should be taken for reclamation of these
land and convert this to useful agricultural land / green belt areas.
The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront development based on existing situation on
section 1.
1. Both sides of the river are agricultural land. Fully Green Areas.
2. No Residence & Public Places exist.
3. Solid Waste disposal & dumping activities take place at the banks of the river.
4. River flow is disturbed because of sedimentation process which leads to the formation of small
sand islands.
5. Width of River varies from 50 mtr to 110mtr in this section.
4.3.2: Section 2
Characteristics of Section 2
Fig 25 : Existing Landuse – Section 2
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The section 2, is located near the township of
Kanakapura town. Here, mostly the land uses are
agricultural. The Arkavathi Bridge acts as the major
connecting point for Kanakapura town with rest of the
surrounding villages & townships. Majorly Coconut trees
are grown near the river areas. The agriculture irrigation
wells are made with the help various irrigation schemes
from government. The recharge of irrigation wells
depend upon the flow in the Arkavathi River. Due to its
nearest location to Town areas more river pollution happen in this section. River pollution in the forms
of Sewage disposal, Solid waste dumping are remarkable.
The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront development based on existing situation on
the section 2.
1. Agricultural lands are located on both sides of the river. Fully green areas with majority coconut
trees.
2. River Pollution, Solid Waste disposal and dumping happen at the banks of river.
3. No Residence & Public Places.
4. Width of River Varies from 80 mtr to 110 mtr
5. Islands formation in the river due to soil sedimentation during rainy season.
4.3.3 Section 3
Section 2
Length (in mtr) 1,521.46
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.389
Existing Landuse Categories
River Path 15 %
Sand Deposits 5 %
Agricultural 67 %
Open Areas 13 %
Fig 26 : Existing Landuse – Section 3
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Characteristics of Section 3
Section 3 is the confluence portion of Arkavathi River with
Suvarnamukhi river which passes through Boodhguppe
village. This Boodhuguppe village is located near the
confluence of rivers. In this section, a bridge of two lanes
with a length of 140meter (for NH 209) is crossing the
Arkavathi river. The Pete Kere town lake is located in this
section. Currently there is no connection with arkavathi
river with the existing pete kere town lake. The pete kere
town lake is fully depend on the monsoon rain. The lake
also helps to improve groundwater recharge in the locality.
The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront
development based on existing situation on the section 3.
1. Agriculture land is located in both sides of river. Fully Green Areas.
2. 140m Length 2 Lanes Bridge for Dindugal – Bangalore (NH 209) Road Crossing Arkavathi River.
3. Confluence of Arkavathi & Swarnamukhi River.
4. Boodhuguppe Village located near the confluence.
5. Sewerage problem
4.3.4 Section 4
Section 3
Length (in mtr) 1,587.50
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.326
Existing Landuse Categories
River Path 21 %
Sand Deposits 8 %
Agricultural 56 %
Open Areas 13 %
Residential 2 %
Public Places 1 %
Fig 27 : Existing Landuse – Section 4
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 52
Characteristics of Section 4
This Section 4 located near the major urban settlements of Kanakapura Township. It is located on the
left side
of Arkavathi river. In this section, Public & Private Bus Stands are available. Major Public Places are
located in this section. Major areas near the river area are kept
as idle condition. If we don’t take any action for retrieving this
empty land, then in future it may possibly become slum area.
There is a lack of provisions for public spaces in the city. Rural
Educational College and major institutions are located in this
section. It is the central part of Kanakapura. The Government
offices and government buildings are located in and around the
bus stands. The possibility of river pollution in this section is
more than other sections, because of density of settlements
and commercial activities happening in this section.
Sri Degula Mutt is the one of the oldest temple in this region. A
large number of religious activities take place in this Mutt all
around the year from various parts of the country. It is located
near the river & nearest to the confluence portion of Arkavathi
& Suvarnamukhi river. Behind the Sri Degula Mutt the Pete Kere
lake is located & two small size tanks are also in between them. This area has a high potential of
developing public spaces around it.
Nearly some 60-80 numbers of dhobi’s are using the river for their work purpose. They simply use the
river water and release polluted water again to the stream directly. This is affecting the ecological value
of river and it contaminates the ground water quality also.
The Malagaalu Bridge which is 135meter-2 lanes is connecting Malagaalu village with Kanakapura town.
There is a water pumping station is near the Bridge. Water is brought to the overhead tanks and then
distributed to the Kanakapura conurbation area.
Section 4
Length (in mtr) 1,296.35
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.318
Existing Landuse Categories
River Path 12 %
Sand Deposits 7 %
Roads 10 %
Agricultural 23 %
Open Areas 16 %
Residential 10 %
Public Places 13 %
Public Utilities 1 %
Commercial 1 %
Mixed Use 2 %
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 53
Due to the location of Bus Stands being close to the urban area, traffic congestion always happen on the
Bangalore road. To avoid this traffic congestion in the city, some roads along the riverfront is needed to
plan out as Bypass Route or some traffic management measures like creating one ways.
Traffic Congestion in Bangalore Road Solid Waste Disposal Near Malagaalu Bridge
Solid Waste Dumping & Open Areas Sewage Disposal & Water Pumping Room
Sewage Disposal & River Pollution Sand Deposits in river
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 54
The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront development based on existing situation on
the section 4.
1. Sri Degula mutt (1400 Est.) located on the bank of river
2. Water Pumping Station near the river.
3. 135m, 2 Lanes Malagalu Bridge crossing.
4. Dhobi Ghatt along the river.
5. Solid waste dumping & Sewage disposal
Solid Waste Dumping & Sand Mining Near
Malagaalu Bridge
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 55
4.3.5 Section 5
Characteristics of Section 5
As compared to other sections, section 5 is developed in a
planned manner. The Electrical Substation (220 kV & 66kV) is located in this section. Around the
electrical substation lots of areas are kept idle. However, residential areas are constructed in planned
manner. The Streets & Roads are connecting all the parts to rest of the city. The Community parks are in
every gated community & apartments in this section. The NH 209 & SH3 are passing through this
section. The other side of the river is fully utilized for agricultural purpose. There is one school is located
in this part.
The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront development based on existing situation on
the section 5.
1. Improper river flow path. Island Formation in the river.
2. Sewage disposal & solid waste dumping.
3. Agricultural land & Green areas.
4. Residential areas.
Section 5
Length (in mtr) 1,555.42
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.312
Existing Landuse Categories
River Path 6 %
Sand Deposits 5 %
Water Bodies 3 %
Roads 12 %
Agricultural 23 %
Open Areas 26 %
Residential 19 %
Public Places 1 %
Public Utilities 3 %
Commercial 1 %
Mixed Use 1 %
Parks 1 %
Fig .28 : Existing Landuse – Section 5
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 56
4.3.6 Section 6
Characteristics of Section 6
The Section 6 is located at the downstream of Arakavathi River in Kanakapura town. There is no
Residential land use falling within the study area. Most of the land uses are agricultural. Because of the
meandering shape of the Arkavathi River, there are lots of sand deposits in the river portion in this
section. On the converse and conclave edges of the river, too much of sand deposits take place during
monsoon season. The river flow gets affected due to these sand deposits and eventually the width of
the river is converging in some places.
Section 6
Length (in mtr) 1,839.56
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.389
Landuse Categories
River Path 35 %
Sand Deposits 17 %
Agricultural 27 %
Open Areas 19 %
Residential 1 %
Open Drain & Sewage Disposal Solid Waste & Sewage Disposal
Fig 29 : Existing Landuse – Section 6
Fig 27 : Existing Landuse – Section 6
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 57
Existing Situation
1. Improper river flow path.
2. Sewage disposal & solid waste dumping.
4.4 Existing Landuse Pattern – Study Area Based on the study area taken for Riverfront Development, the land use distribution is as below –
The above Landuse chart mentioned the followings,
1. The river flow is majorly interrupted sand deposits on the river path. Nearly half of the river
areas are covered with improper silt deposition.
2. Nearly 38% of land use for Agricultural purposes in the study area.
3. 20% of land kept as Open areas, we use the area for Riverfront development purposes.
4. Commercial & Mixed use land use also very less.
5. Only 2.5% of public places available near to the riverfront area.
Fig 30 : Existing Landuse Charts
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 58
4.5 Environmental Concerns Based on the above Existing scenario Analysis, the following are the problems identified from the all
over the river sections.
As per Environmental Concerns, the following three locations are majorly affected Sites
1
2
3
Fig 31 : Existing Landuse Environmental Concerns
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 59
Location 1: Solid Waste Dumping & River Pollution
Location 2: Unscientific Solid Waste Dumping, Sewage Disposal & Sand Deposits on the river
Location 3: Sewage Disposal
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 60
4.6 Proposed Landuse Development (Interim Master Plan-2021) – Prepared by Kanakapura Planning Authority.
Fig 32 : Proposed Landuse Development (IMP 2021)
Fig 33 :Builtup Vs NonBuiltup
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 61
Residential 43%
Commercial 2%
Industrial 15%
Public & Semi Public 5%
Open Spaces 17%
Utility Services 1%
Vacant land 3%
Transport & Communication
12%
Water Bodies 2%
Proposed Landuse Distribution - 2021
Fig 34 :Existing Landuse Distribution
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 62
Chapter 5: PROPOSALS – RIVERFRONT
DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Proposals - Sections wise
5.1.1 Section 1
Section 1
Length (in mtr) 1,427.07
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.407
Proposed Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 22 %
Green Belts 31 %
Agricultural 41 %
Roads 6 %
Proposals
1. Provide Check dam 1 (Latitude - 12.566117° , Longitude - 77.408095°) to control the Silting process. Surface
water availability will increase and thereby over-exploitation of groundwater can be prevented.
2. Additional roads connecting the Master Plan proposed 12m road.
Fig 35 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1
Tab 8 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 63
5.1.2 Section 2
Section 2
Length (in mtr) 1,521.46
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.389
Proposed Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 23 %
Green Belts 35 %
Agricultural 37 %
Roads 5 %
1. Provide Check dam 2 (Latitude - 12.565487°, Longitude – 77.409376°) and Check dam 3 (Latitude -
12.561712°, Longitude - 77.417659°) to control the Silting process.
2. In the sides of the river plant trees to check soil erosion – plant specification
Tab 9 :Proposed Landuse – Section 2
Fig 36 :Proposed Landuse – Section 2
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 64
5.1.3 Section 3
Section 3
Length (in mtr) 1,587.50
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.326
Proposed Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 20 %
Green Belts 36 %
Agricultural 35 %
Roads 7 %
Residential 2 %
Public Places 1 %
Channel 1: Width 8m Length 183m
Channel 3: Width 8m Length 115m
Channel 2: Width 8m Length 150m
Channel 4: Width 8m Length 244m
Water Harvesting – Connecting Lakes with River By Channel
Fig 37 :Proposed Landuse – Section 3
Tab 10 :Proposed Landuse – Section 3
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 65
1. The Existing Pete Kere (Town lake) connecting by 183 mtr length channel, so during the monsoon
period the excess flow in river divert into the lake, and it stored for ground water recharge purpose.
2. The overflow water from pete Kere Lake again send to river by 509 mtr length in the eastern side of
the lake.
3. In between pete Kere Lake & river, two intermediate storage location can also formed for maximum
utilization of surface water.
Interconnections of the tanks/lake by natural open channels need to be maintained in each lake series,
more so when additional water is fed into the tanks. As a precautionary measure, it is advisable to grow
bushy plants all along the interconnecting canal so that there is less tampering and proper filling of tanks
takes place during rainy season. At places along the interconnecting canals, access should be provided
for the villagers and cattle for washing purposes. This access can be in the form of steps / cattle ramps.
Furthermore, where ever possible, separate waterways like small stream can be provided so that the
Fig 38: Water Harvesting – Section 3
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 66
interconnecting canal can be left un tampered. Separate washing area avoids contamination of water
from detergents and other wastes.
Also, Fish culture can be developed in the natural tanks. Development of fish culture shall increase the
income of the village Panchayats. The variety of fish that shall be raised is the one that yields better
finances with least maintenance. This shall be done in consultation with the Department of Fisheries.
5.1.4 Section 4
Fig 39: Proposed Landuse – Section 4
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 67
Section 4
Length (in mtr) 1,296.35
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.318
Proposed Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 9 %
Green Belts 8 %
Agricultural 41 %
Roads 8 %
Residential 9 %
Public Places 14 %
Riverfront activities 7 %
Public Utilities 1 %
Commercial 1 %
Mixed Use 2 %
Dhobi Ghat 0.005%
1. Walkways from the Bridge up to Sri Degula Mutt, People
can enjoy riverfront. Parks & Gardens near to the
walkways.
2. Yoga & Meditation Center - 4702.5 m2 (620 Persons
Capacity)
3. Parking lots – 4670 m2 (130 Cars & 200 Motor Cycles);
4. Handicraft Market – 4580 m2
5. Cinema Theater – 3780 m2 (2000 Peoples Seating
Capacity)
6. Children’s Park – 4840 m2 ;
7. Proposed Dhobi Ghat with treatment facility &
Restrooms (Owned by Local Bodies) – 2855 m2
Land Reclamation based on defined
river path = 1.83 Hectares
Tab 11 :Proposed Landuse – Section 4
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 68
Proposed Section 4 With Walkways, Recreational facilities, Cinema Theater, Yoga Center,
Handicraft Market Children’s Playground Dhobi Ghat etc.,
2
1
4
5
6
(1) Yoga & Meditation
Center
(2) Car Parking
(3) Handicraft Market
(4) Open Air Theater
(5) Children’s
Playground
(6) Dhobi Ghats
3
Fig 40:Proposed Landuse Sketchup – Section 4
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 69
5.1.4.1 Yoga & Meditation Center
Location: Yoga Center is located 75m from Arkavathi river & 200m from Degula Mutt, the other three
sides are covered with green areas (like Agricultural lands), the users of Yoga centers can easily reach
riverfront. Relax and enjoy in the riverfront.
Fountains are located right in front of the Yoga & Meditation Center. It increases site attraction.
Available Area for Yoga Center 4702.5 Sq.mtr
Deduct Guest room facility 1000 Sq.mtr
Area required for one person 4.65 Sq.mtr
Add Other facilities (Like Lockers, Restroom,
Office Room)
Add 50% from the above
Therefore, Area Occupancy for one person 6.975 Sq.mtr
Total Occupancy 530 Persons
Yoga & Meditation Center
Fig 41:Yoga Center
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 70
Yoga & Meditation Center
The Modal Floor Plan of Yoga Studio as shown below
The above Plan Showing the Occupancy of 20 & 15 People in Yoga Studio, with related facilities.
Fig 42:Yoga Center Modal Plan
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 71
Yoga Center accessible from Riverfront
Yoga Center
Yoga Center
Fig 43: Yoga Center Modal from River View
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 72
5.1.4.2 Car Parking
Parking lots – 4670 m2 (130 Cars & 200 Motor Cycles)
Parking Areas
Fig 44:Car Parking
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 73
5.1.4.3 Handicraft Market
Available Area for Handicraft Market – 4580 m2
This Handicraft Market helps to improve the economic background of the people
Reference from Delhi Haat
Chennai Kanakapura
Population 16,750,000 50,000
Delhi Haat Area 250 x 200 = 50000 sq.mtr
Consider 1/30th of delhi population use the delhi haat, remaining from outside peoples
0.089 sq.mtr per person
=50,000 * 0.089 = 4450 sq.mtr
So Choose Handicraft Market as size of 4580 Sq.mtr
Handicraft Market
Fig 45: Handicraft Markets
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 74
Handicraft
Market Handicraft
Market
Handicraft
Market
Handicraft
Market
Fig 45:Handicraft Markets
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 75
5.1.4.4 Dhobi Ghat
Available Area for Dhobi Ghat 2850 m2
In the existing condition, the dhobi’s are using the river area
Proposal for Dhobi Ghat
Available Area 2850 Sq.mtr
Allocate Area for Drying Clothes & Water tanks & Vehicles Parking,
Waste water treatment facilities
1500 Sq.mtr
Remaining Area 1350 sq.mtr
Assume the space required for one dhobi worker (4 x 4 mtr) 16 sq.mtr
Total dhobi space 80 persons
1. As per Available space 80 dhobi’s can use the proposed dhobi ghat.
2. Harmful detergents are restricted in the dhobi ghats
3. Educate the users of the dhobi ghat as optimum utilization of water for washing purposes.
Dhobi Ghat
Fig 46:Dhobi Ghats
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 76
5.1.4.5 Open Cinema Theatre & Children’s Playground
One Cinema Theatre with latest available technology and all kind of facilities relate in cinema activities is
proposed near to Malagalu Bridge, opposite to Rural Education Society.
Available Area for Cinema Theatre 3780 Sq.mtr
Deduct Parking & Other ground facilities 500 Sq.mtr
Area required for one person 1.89 Sq.mtr
Add Other facilities (Like Restroom, Office Room) Add 50% from the above
Therefore, Area Occupancy for one person 2.895 Sq.mtr
Total Occupancy 1158 Persons
Reduce 25% for commercial Shops & Food Centers
Total Occupancy 930 Persons
Open Cinema Theatre with 930 capacity
Open Cinema Theatre
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 77
Cinema Theater, Market (Fruits, Flowers & Vegetable) & Children’s Play ground)
Children’s Play ground
Fig 47:Cinema Theater
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 78
5.1.4.6 Walkways & Foot Paths in Riverfront Areas
Available Area
In Section 4, => 49880 m2
Total Area for Riverfront development = 93770 m2 => 9.377 Hectares
In Section 4 & 5, i.e., near to Kanakapura town area, the riverfront is designed with walkways of 2 meter
& Recreational parks with benches provide. Fountains are located at important site viewing places.
Landmarks & Signage are provided
Fig 48: Children’s Play ground
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 79
Fig 49: Walkways & Fountains At Riverside
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 80
5.1.5 Section 5
Fig 50:Proposed Landuse – Section 5
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 81
5.1.5.1 Walkways & Foot Paths in Riverfront Areas:
Available Area
In Section 5, => 43890 m2
Total Area for Riverfront development = 93770 m2 => 9.377 Hectares
In Section 4 & 5, i.e., near to Kanakapura town area, the riverfront is designed with walkways of 2 meter
& Recreational parks with benches provide.
Fountains are located at important site viewing places.
Landmarks & Signage are provided
Section 5
Length (in mtr) 1,555.42
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.312
Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 8 %
Green Belts 14 %
Agricultural 25 %
Roads 10 %
Residential 22 %
Public Places 4 %
Riverfront activities 4 %
Public Utilities 3 %
Playground 3 %
Mixed Use 1 %
Open Spaces 4 % Proposals
1. Riverfront Parks = 37820 m2
2. Exhibition Center = 5600 m2
3. Roller skating Ground = 5560 m2
Tab 12:Proposed Landuse – Section 5
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 82
5.1.5.2 Exhibition Center (or) Community Center for Kanakapura
Exhibition Center Area = 5600 m2
Currently there is no Community gathering place in Kanakapura. There is number of Silk & Granite
industries located in & around the Kanakapura area and Kanakapura is located 55km from Bangalore. So
Business entrepreneurs and industrialists can easily to commute this location. Because Kanakapura is
one of the major exports in terms of silk & granite, such an exhibition centre will boost the economy of
Kanakapura town.
Exhibition center located 900mtr from City center
Reference from Chennai Trade Centre
Chennai Kanakapura
Population 4,590,000 50,000
Exhibition Halls
Hall 1 4,400 m2
Hall 2 1,760 m2
Hall 3 4,400 m2
So, Consider Exhibition Hall 5600 m2 (as per available Land in the
location)
Exhibition Center
Fig 51:Exhibition Center
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 83
5.1.5.3 Roller Skaters Ground
Area available for Roller Skater Ground = 5560 m2
The Roller Skater ground is planned to locate near to residential & school areas. It attracts Children and
those who are all interest in Roller skating activities. This Outdoor activity improves the image & value of
the city into higher level.
Roller Skater Ground 175 mtr
35 mtr
Fig 52:Roller Skater
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 84
5.1.6 Section 6
Section 6
Length (in mtr) 1,839.56
Study Area (in sq.km) 0.389
Proposed Landuse Categories
Defined Water way 24 %
Green Belts 17 %
Agricultural 39 %
Residential 1 %
Proposals – Section 6
1. Provide Check dam 5 (Latitude – 12.529316°, Longitude - 77.423408°) and Check dam 6 (Latitude - 12.517611°,
Longitude - 77.432323°) to control the Silting process.
Land Reclamation based on defined
river path = 10.80 Hectares
Fig 52:Proposed Landuse – Section 6 Tab 13 :Proposed Landuse – Section 6
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 85
5.2: Proposed Landuse – on Study Area (Based on Riverfront
Development)
Fig 53:Proposed Landuse –Based on Study Area
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 86
5.3 Common Proposals
5.3.1 Defined River width
Fig 54:Cross Section of River at different locations
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 87
Cross Section at Location 1
Cross Section at Location 2
Cross Section at Location 3
Cross Section at Location 4
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 88
5.3.2 Check Dams
Check Dams – To Prevent Sand Deposits on the River, and make Revenue generation to the
government.
Cross – Section of Check dams
During Non-Water flow periods, clean debris & sand in the upstream side of Flow.
Water Flow
Water Flow Water Flow
Fig 54:Check Dam Specifications
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 89
Objectives of Providing Check Dams
1. To reduce the sand deposition all over the stretch, the sand collected in a particular location,
and it makes cleaning of river as easy.
2. Ground water recharge in the surrounding locations.
3. To divert water from river to nearby lakes or any other water storage structures.
While selecting the locations for construction of check dams the following priorities are to be followed.
1. The width of river in in converging shape & ground condition should be in stable.
2. The newly constructed structure should not have any adverse impact on the hydrological
efficacy of the existing, ongoing and future major, medium & minimum irrigation projects.
3. In stream/river storage will be developed near urban centers if suitable rivers and locations
available for multipurpose domestic & irrigation use.
The distance between two check dams is depend upon the river slope, The check dams will construct in
continuously until the end of
the stream.
Diagram of check dam
showing the distance
between check dams.
A – Upstream Check dam
B – Downstream Check dam
D – Distance between check dams
The base of the upstream check dam is even with the peak of the downstream structure. As the slope of
the conveyance structure is increased, the number of check dams that will be needed to prevent
concentrated flow in the channel increases as well. As a result, check dams used in conveyance
structures with slopes greater than 6% may not be practical.
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 90
Sediment Storage Basin
The sediment control basin, which
allows sediment and other suspended
particles to settle out before passing
through the check dam, should be
constructed at the upstream side of
the check dam and extend across the
entire conveyance structure. Sediment
control basins should be sized
according to the individual site
characteristics.
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 91
Check Dams location suggested as shown below,
Check Dam 1
Latitude - 12.566117°
Longitude - 77.408095°
Check Dam 4
Latitude - 12.557281°
Longitude - 77.419045°
Check Dam 2
Latitude - 12.565487°
Longitude – 77.409376°
Check Dam 3
Latitude - 12.561712°
Longitude - 77.417659°
Check Dam 5
Latitude – 12.529316°
Longitude - 77.423408°
Check Dam 6
Latitude - 12.517611°
Longitude - 77.432323°
1
1 2 3
4
5
6
Fig 55:Check Dam Locations
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 92
5.3.3 Dredging - De siltation of River
Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater or fresh
water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different
location. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable.
The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried away from the dredged area.
Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation or other purposes (usually construction-related).
Dredging can create disturbance in aquatic ecosystems, often with adverse impacts.
Why?
Silt deposit reduced the water carrying capacity in river by 20-30%
There is a lot of illegal sand mining in the area. Law should be enforced.
There are several loaded trucks in the area which damage the roads.
Selling off river sands during winter Period from the deposits of check dams and the
river bed acts as the source of revenue for government.
River areas to be dredged:
Fig 56:Dredging Quantity
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 93
The above chart, shows the river areas to be dredged for
maintaining the defined river path in terms of 60m river
width. In Section 6, have to do maximum amount of
dredging works, because it forms the ‘S’ shape, so in the
curve portions of the river accumulate too much sand
settlements.
Authority - THE RIVERS DESILTATION AUTHORITY OF
INDIA & Local Bodies
5.3.4 Sewage Treatment Plants
New STP =
10 MLD
Fig 57:STP Locations
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 94
Schematic Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant
Location of Treatment Plant:
The Treatment Plant should be located as near to the point of disposal as possible. If the sewage
as to be disposed finally in to the river. The plant should be located near the river bank. Care should be
taken while locating the site that it should be on the downstream side of the city and sufficiently away
from intake works. If finally the sewage as to be applied on land, the treatment plant should be located
near the land as such a place from where the treated sewage can directly flow under gravitational forces
toward the disposal point. The plant should not be much far away from the town to reduce the length of
the sewer line.
Sewage Treatment Plant for 10 MLD Sewage Generations (In 2031) - Reference from currently running
plant at Yamuna nagar/Jagadhari in Haryana state
Sl.No. Treatment Unit Number/Size
1 Screen and Grit Channel 10 x 4m
2 UASB Reactors 2 Nos. 24 x 16 x 5.5m Each
3 Polishing Pond 120 x 79 x 1.2m
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 95
4 Sludge Drying Beds 12 Nos. 14m x 14m Each
Finance Details
Rs.0.70 / Kilo liter to run the STP
Approx. Construction cost for Sewage Treatment Plant
Option 1 Extended aeration plant (incl Civil & Mech) Rs. 70 Crores
Option 2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor plant (MBBR) Rs. 90 Crores
Benefits:
1. Improvements in the physical infrastructure: Improvements to physical infrastructure will consist of
roads, walkways, lawns, greeneries, etc as mandated by the Town and Country Planning Act in force
2. Improvements in the social infrastructure: Improvements in social infrastructure do not apply in this
case as the place is not meant for any social activity and in fact will be a restricted center.
3. Employment potential –skilled; semi-skilled and unskilled: Employment potential does arise for
skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled persons in the maintenance of the STP and this will come within
the realm of the contractor who is to do the O&M initially for 5 years and subsequently on
extendable basis.
4. Other tangible benefits: The single largest tangible benefit is that untreated sewage flowing all over
the collection zone will actually be converged and treated in a controlled center and a treated
effluent which can be a resource for farm forestry or cooling water for power plant is brought up.
Suggestion to solve River Pollution in Arkavathy
STP is planned at the downstream of Kanakapura town, but the river is polluted from upstream (waste
disposal from Bangalore). Another STP can be planned before Arkavathy’s entry into the town. The
treated waste water can be used for non-potable purposes (Like Irrigation & Industrial Purposes)
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 96
5.3.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Technique
Solutions to improver Solid Waste Management
The municipality is ill-equipped. Hence, provide solution to improve the collection, transportation and
disposal of solid waste can be planned. Door to Door collection through Self Help Groups (SHGs) is one
of the possible solutions for the segregation of waste at source.
At present, none of the areas in Kanakapura town and villages in the LPA possess any scientific or
systematic or garbage or solid waste disposal system. However, town and some large villages have
waste lands at the out skirts wherein al the waste is being dumped. With this present scenario, it is very
Solid Waste Processing Plant &
Dumping Yard
Riverfront Development – Kanakapura
Page | 97
much necessary that the villagers do not contaminate the natural tanks with any of the garbage or solid
waste that can cause serious health problems.
Care should be exercised that children are kept away from tampering and dumping waste into these
natural tanks. The tank bunds and the environs shall not be used for defecation.
The above Solid Waste Management Technique has to be implemented with the help state government
& Local Bodies.
5.3.5 Trees & Plants for Riverfront Area
Uses of Trees:
1. Trees help to prevent floods.
2. The roots of trees keep river banks firm and do not let them crumble.
3. Water is thus prevented from pouring out onto the fields and spoiling the farmers’ crops, or
entering villages and destroying houses and drowning people and animals.
Segregation at Source
Solid Waste Management
Waste Minimization
Waste Collection from Source to Segregation Centers
Waste Segregation into Degradable to non-Degradable Centers
Non Degradable Wastes
Degradable Wastes
Recycling Plants Organic Waste Reduction
Aerobic Composting
Agricultural Land, Gardens Etc.,
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4. Wherever there are groups of trees, or forests they attract rain. Trees send up water vapor into
the atmosphere through their leaves. When this vapor meets the cool air above it turns into
drops of water which then fall as rain.
5. They give us shade and protection from weather. More important, crops such as cocoa and
vanilla (Suggested as Sub plants in between coconut trees) are protected from strong winds,
rain, or too much sunshine by trees which grow around them.
6. They give us beauty, color and greenery. This is something which we often forget and fail to
appreciate.
7. They are the homes of many birds, animals and insects. Each of these is important in keeping up
a balance in nature.
Trees Suggested in the River Banks
1. DRUMSTICK TREE
- It grows best in the sandy beds of rivers and streams.
2. MAST TREE
- This tree is planted in many
parts of India along roads, by
rivers, around buildings and
temples. It grows well in
poor soil and its trunk is
strong enough to stand
against the monsoon winds.
3. PONGAM
- It grows all over India and is planted for its beauty,
by the sides of roads and in gardens. It is very hardy
and can thrive in the cold as well as the heat. It
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grows especially well on coasts and near streams and rivers.
4. QUEEN’S FLOWER
- This tree is found in many parts of India. It is very
common on river banks and in marshy places.
5. TEAK TREE
- This tree fairly adaptable but grows best inland
and loves a warm, moist tropical climate with
plenty of rain. Teak trees also need plenty of
space, light, and a good soil. They are often found
near rivers and can grow enormously tall.
5.3.6 River Cleaning Technology
Maintaining the river Quality
In river, Grow Aquatic Plants (Ex: Duckweed, Water Lilly, Indian lotus ) to maintain clean water in the
river, and maintain Ecological Balance.
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Duckweed Technology : Duckweed is an aquatic plant which can grow when temperature ranges
between 15 to 30 .
Bibliography 1. Reference Master Plan 2021 - Kanakapura Planning Authority
2. Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project (www.sabarmatiriverfront.com)
3. Project for Public Spaces – 9 Steps to Creating a Great Waterfront
4. Kanakapura Town Municipal Council
Fig 58:Duck weed Technology
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5. Kuching Waterfront – Proposed landscape redevelopment for commercial riverside marketplace
along jalan Gambier (Source: http:fabserver.utm.my)
6. Discovery Channel – Strip the City – London – Thames River Revitalization Project
7. “Trees for River & Creek Plantings” – Nimbin Plant Selection Guide – By David McMinn
8. Waterfront Strategy – Final Strategy, March 2006 – Thames Gateway South Essex Submitted by
GHK Consulting (www.ghkint.com)
9. Capital Investment Plan (CIP) – Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project – KUIDFC – Feedback
Venture Report
10. Three Rivers Park Design Handbook – by Riverlife Task force, Oct 2012
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