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IBM Power Systems and IBM Storage Technical University
New Generation of
Storage Tiering:Simpler Management, Lower Costs and Increased Performance
Tony PearsonMaster Inventor and Senior IT Architect,IBM Corporation
Abstract
Confused on how to implement storage tiering between Flash, Disk, Tape storage system resources?
This session will cover the various techniques and technologies available.
2
This week with Tony Pearson
Day Time Topic
Monday 10:15amBusiness Continuity – The seven tiers of business continuity and disaster recovery
1:45pm IBM’s Cloud Storage Options
4:30pmIntroduction to IBM Cloud Object Storage System and its Applications (powered by Cleversafe)
Tuesday 10:15amThe Pendulum Swings Back – Understanding Converged and Hyperconverged Environments
11:30amNew generation of storage tiering: Simpler management, Lower costs and Increased performance
3:15pmIntroduction to IBM Cloud Object Storage System and its Applications (powered by Cleversafe)
Wednesday9:00am
IBM Spectrum Scale for Volume, File and Object Storage
3
Is your data on the right storage tier?
• Requirements change over time
• Data owners are risk averse
• Users don’t see the total cost
• Rationing resources is unpopular
… but the biggest challenge has been:
• No objective way to determine what the ‘right tier’should be!
…so data stays on top tier storage (expensive)
• Resources that should be spent on innovation are wasted on infrastructure inefficiencies
50-60%
Optimal Storage Tier Distribution
�Tier 0
�Tier 2
�Tier 3
�Tier 1
20-25%
15-20%
1-5%
�-�0 �-�1%
Typical Storage Tier Distribution
70%
�Tier 0
�Tier 2
�Tier 3
�Tier 1
4
Too Many Critical Storage Projects and…No Budget to Implement
Top Storage Pain Points Top Storage Projects
How do I fix these problems? How do I fund
these projects?
5
Storage Tiers –A trade-off between performance and cost
Server
Cache, Flashand Solid-State Drives
Hard Disk Drives
Automated Tape
Manual Tape
FasterPerformance
LowerCost
Technologies allow us to place and move data to the
appropriate storage tier to balance between
performance and cost
6
Four Fundamental Truths of Storage Tiering
• All data is not created equal
• Information changes in business value and in service level requirements over time
• IT resources should be allocated according to the value of information
• Information must be managed throughout its entire lifespan … data outlives media
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 w 2 w 3 w 4 w 3 m 6 m 9 m 1 yr 2 yr 5 yr 10 yr
Da
ta V
alu
e
Age of Data
Machine data
EMR
Database
Surveillance Video
7
Tiered Information Environment
A tiered information environment aligns IT resources with Business Value and Service Levels required
Best Practices
1. Align information with business requirements to determine 3-5 Information Classes
2. Establish policies to map information to a Class of Service
• Initial placement• Subsequent movement• Backups, archives, mirroring• Disposal, destruction, deletion
3. Establish well differentiated tiers of information infrastructure associated with each service level
Mission Critical
Business Critical
Business Operational
General Business
app/data type
Platinum Gold Silver BronzeInfrastructure Classes
of Service
InformationManagement
Characteristics
Client SW: Backup, Compliance, SRM, Storage Access, Replication
Device Mgmt SW: SAN hardware, Storage Arrays
Storage Virtualization
Storage Hardware: Disk, Tape, Storage Networking
Infrastructure / Tactical Components
Policies & Governance
app/data type
app/data type
app/data type
app/data type
app/data type
Policies / ISSC / Information Management
8
Introducing I/O Density – Performance measurement
9
• For each LUN, the amount of IOPS is divided by
the amount of resident data
• IOPS = I/O (read/write) per second
• IO Density = IOPS per Terabyte of data for a given
volume
• What is I/O Density?
• I/O Density (IOPS/TB) provides a level-set view of
performance regardless of volume size allowing a
uniform unit of measurement for analysis
• IOPS and TB tend to grow at similar rates, keeping
IO Density constant for each application
• The I/O Density value is the peak value of the averages
taken for the hour or day, depending on the sampling
chosen (Daily, Hourly or Sample Average).
• Daily Average has thus far proven the most reliable
indicator of future re-tiering results
• Hourly Average useful for brief but intense high-demand
workloads
*
Note:I/O Density can be represented per TB or per GB
700 IOPS/TB = 0.7 IOPS/GB
The Many Forms of Tiering – Single System Optimization
Low-latency DRAM and Flash
Solid State Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk(7200 RPM)
Automated TapeLibraries
FlashSystem V9000with External Disk
DS8000 Disk System
SAN Volume Controller
Storwize
$$$
10
I/O Density for Different Disk Technologies
1000
700
500
100
10
1
146GB15K
300GB15K
600GB10K
900GB10K
3 TB7200
4 TB7200
73GB15K
I/O Density(IOPS / TB)
Spinning disks get larger in capacity, but the overall IOPS per spindle remains
constant, causing lower I/O density
* Typical values, drives may vary
RPM IOPS/drive
15K 175-210
10K 125-150
7200 75-100
11
Automated Sub-LUN Tiering within Storage Array
Flash andSolid-State Drives
Enterprise HDD15K and 10K rpm
Nearline HDD7200 rpm
Problem:
� SSDs appear more expensive than traditional disks (per GB)
� Without optimization tools, clients have been over-provisioning them
� Administrators spend too much time monitoring, reporting, and tuning tiers
Solution:
� Three data relocation functions that enable smart data placement and movement to optimize SSD deployments with minimal costs
– Entire-LUN Relocation
– Sub-LUN Automatic Movement
– Re-balancing Intra-Tier Extent Pool
12
IBM Easy Tier®• Pools can have mixed media
– Tier 0 (High Performance) Flash
– Tier 1 (High Capacity, Read-Intensive) Flash
– Enterprise HDD (15K and 10K RPM)
– Nearline HDD (7200 RPM)
• Easy Tier measures and manages activity
– 24 hour learning period
– Every five minutes: up to 8 extents moved
• Hottest Extents moved up to faster tiers
• Coldest Extents moved down to slowest tiers
– New allocations placed initially on fastest HDD
• A small amount of Flash (as little as 2-3%) can dramatically reduce response times and increase IOPS throughput
• Storage Tier Advisory Tool can estimate benefits of adding Flash before purchase!
Flash and SSD
Enterprise HDD
Nearline HDD
13
Flash and Solid State Drive Options – Tier 0 vs Tier 1
Tier 0 (High performance)
• Due to repetitive ‘write-erase’ cycles, flash drives have a life span or ‘write-endurance’
• Most current “write intensive" flash drives have endurance that allows up to 10-25 Drive Writes per Day (DWPD)
• For example, with a 700GB flash drive, you can write up to 7 TB on that one drive in a day and maintain the usable capacity for 5 years
Tier 1 (High Capacity, Read-Intensive)
• Flash drive vendors have engineered a lower cost drive, qualified for up to 1-5 DWPD
• Often called “read intensive” (RI) flash drives
• One DWPD drives can meet the vast majority of workload demands
• IBM and competitors are aggressively moving to all-flash arrays with extensive use of read intensive drives for competitive reasons
Original (1050 GB)
Tier 0 – Sold as 700GB with extra … ���� 350GB for 10 DWPD
Tier 1 – Sold as 1000GB …with only 50GB extra for 1 DWPD����
14
Workload skew from different client environments
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of extents
Co
mu
lati
ve P
erc
en
tag
e o
f A
cti
vit
y
Mainframe1 - Small IOs Mainframe1 - MB Mainframe2 - Small IOs Mainframe2 - MBMainframe 3 - Small IOs Mainframe3 - MB Open1 - Small IOs Open1 - MBOpen2 - Small IOs Open2 - MB Open3 - Small IOs Open3 - MB
Nearline
Enterprise
SSD
Source: Internal IBM lab tests
15
Easy Tier Application Transaction Improvement
16
Application
Transactions
Easy Tier
Learning
Easy Tier
In Action
240% from
Original
brokerage
transaction
� No change to the database or application
� No work required to identify active indexes or I/O profiles
� No manual movement of files or volumes
� Just turn it on and let it work!
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Flash only pool
Easy Tier pool
HDD only pool
ERP
FlashSystemStorwize / XIV /
DS8000
Spectrum Virtualize
SCM SRM CRM BW
Production DB servers
Non-prod DB servers
ERP SCM … … …
• Put DB with a high IO/s per TB
ratio on Flash only
• Put Production DB
on Easy Tier™ tiered storage
• Put Non-production DBs
on HDD only
Spectrum Virtualize storage pools
Best Practices – Three Pools
17
The Many Forms of Tiering – Datacenter Optimization
Low-latency DRAM and Flash
Solid State Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk(7200 RPM)
Automated TapeLibraries
$$
$$$
IBM Spectrum Control
IBM Spectrum VirtualizeData
cen
ter
Op
tim
izati
on
18
Realize Cost-Savings through Right-Tiering of Data Storage
19
Problem:
� High-end disk arrays are expensive
� Difficult to identify which data should be moved
� Manually re-locating LUNs is time-consuming and disruptive
IBM Intelligent ILM Implementation Phases
1. Understand Client Data
2. Implement Tiering & Lifecycle Policies
TapeArchiveTier 3Tier 2Tier 1
3. Automate Lifecycle Management
• Analyze your data usage patterns and provides recommendations on how to cost-effectively store your data using storage tiers
• Define and implement storage tiers with policies on where to place your data initially and when to move it based on its changing business value
• Automate the movement of your data, without disruption or downtime, to lower cost storage tiers based on pre-defined policies and your business priorities
20
Where Does Your Data Belong?
1000
700
500
100
10
1
I/O Density(IOPS / TB)
Different data have different I/O densities
Intelligent Information Lifecycle Management (IILM) Identifies the I/O density of your existing
data to help relocate data to more cost effective storage
4%Tier 0>1000
2%Tier 1A
700-1000
3%Tier 1B500-700
20%Tier 2
100-500
42%Tier 310-100
24%Archive
<10
5%Inactive
* Typical percentages, client data may vary
21
1. Understand Your Data –
Intelligent Information Lifecycle Management (IILM) services
Intelligent Information Lifecycle Management (IILM) - simulates savings by analyzing historical data usage patterns in existing environment
•Using IBM Spectrum Control or similar tools, the IBM team can identify the volumes and TB that will be analyzed over period of 30 days
– IOPS average will be based on calculations using 96-288 samples taken for each volume throughout a 24-hour period.
– Often, IBM team finds volumes of data that were totally inactive during the analyzed period. This is not unknown access, but known zero access
•Based on this performance data collected from the storage environment, the analysis determines the average Indicative Tier Distribution for the volumes
Tier IOPS/
TBDaily TB
Daily %
Hourly TB
Hourly %
Tier 0 > 1000 17.61 1% 102.25 4%
Tier 1a 700-1000 11.31 0% 40.75 2%
Tier 1b 550-700 19.08 1% 61.87 3%
Tier 2 100-500 225.95 10% 473.55 20%
Tier 3 10-100 1147.23 50% 1010.86 42%
Archive <10 763.10 33% 579.83 24%
Inactive 0 120.42 5% 123.65 5%
Indicative Tier Distribution
Tier 0 Tier 1a
Tier 1b Tier 2
Tier 3 Nearline
Inactive
22
2. Implement Tiering & Lifecycle Policies
23
Purchase additional Tier 0(Cache, Flash, SSD) for most demanding I/O densities
Purchase additional Tier 2 and 3for less demanding I/O densities
IBM Virtual Storage Center (VSC)
Optimize Your ResourcesOptimize Your Resources
Automate Your Workloads Automate Your Workloads
Sim
plif
ied
M
an
ag
em
en
tS
imp
lifie
d
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
ComputeCompute StorageStorage NetworkNetwork
� APIs� Orchestration� Service Levels
� Standard Interfaces� Provisioning� Virtualization
ControlPlane
DataPlane
SANStorage Virtualization
IBM Spectrum Virtualize•IBM SAN Volume Controller •IBM Storwize V7000 / V5000•IBM FlashSystem V9000
Snapshot Data Protection
Storage Optimization, Provisioning andTransformation
Infrastructure Resource Management
IBM Spectrum Control•Data and storage management•Storage analytics engine
One or more
24
IBM Spectrum Control and Virtual Storage Center
IBM Virtual Storage Center
• Storage Analytics• Policy-based
Automation• Service level
provisioning
IBM Spectrum Control Advanced Edition
IBM Spectrum Control Base Edition• VMware
IBM Spectrum Virtualize
IBM Spectrum Control Standard Edition• Capacity Planning
and Provisioning• Performance
Monitoring and Alerts
IBM Copy Services Manager
Base Edition
IBM Spectrum Snapshot
StandardEdition
IBM Spectrum Snapshot
StandardEdition
IBM Spectrum Control Storage Insights
• Reclaim space• Optimize data
placement• Monitor capacity
and performance
On-premises
Off-premises
25
3. Automate Lifecycle Policies
SSD
Ent HDD
NL HDD
SSD
Ent HDD
NL HDD
NL HDD
SAN
Solution:
� IBM Spectrum Virtualize™ can manage hundreds of arrays (IBM and non-IBM)
� IBM Spectrum Control Advanced Edition recommends and performs up-tier and down-tier moves based on I/O Density and Age of the data
� Move LUNs non-disruptively within and acrossarrays
26
IBM Global Account (IGA)
�As part of a technology refresh, IBM internally transformed its heavily Tier 1 environment to a 4-tier cost-effective infrastructure
– IGA realized $17 million in USD cost savings in 2012, primarily through CAPEX avoidance
– IBM realized $90 million in savings over five years
– “We were able to reduce a multi-day complex process to a matter of 2-3 hours!”
— Kris Myers. Dir. Information TechnologyIBM Global Account Division
� IBM VSC managing the following tiers:
– Tier 1A = DS8000 w/ 15K RPM and SSD
– Tier 1B = XIV w/ 7200 RPM disk
– Tier 3 = V7000 w/ 2TB 7200 RPM
�Data that is most active remains on Tier 1, while data with lower activity is moved down to lower tiers, consuming less costly storage capacity on Tier 3
Case Study: IBM Global Account
USD $17M cost savings in 2012• Costs savings over $90M over 5 years
27
IBM Sweden Shared Environment
�Sweden has begun transforming its Tier 1 only environment to a 3-tier cost-effective infrastructure to deliver tiered solution to its existing and prospective clients
�Customer #1: IBM Sweden Internal Data
– Savings of 15M Swedish Krona (SEK) in estimated cost savings over next 5 years
�Customer #2: Large Fertilizer Business
– Savings of SEK 12M in estimated cost savings over next 5 years
�Estimated cost savings for existing shared clients
– Savings of SEK 50M in estimated cost savings over next 5 years for 12 existing shared clients
� IBM Sweden Shared Tiered Architecture
– Tier 1A = DS8K w/ 300GB 15K RPM drives
– Tier 1B = DS8K w/ 600GB 10K RPM
– Tier 3 = V7000 w/ 3TB 7.5K RPM
SEK 50M cost savings
estimated over 5 years
Case Study #2: IBM Sweden Shared Environment
28
The Many Forms of Tiering – Global Optimization
Low-latency DRAM and Flash
Solid State Drives (SSD)
Enterprise Disk(15K and 10K)
Nearline Disk(7200 RPM)
Automated TapeLibraries
$$$
$$
$
IBM Spectrum Scale
IBM Spectrum Archive
Glo
bal
Op
tim
izati
on
29
IBM Spectrum Scale – Flexible File and Object Storage
FS1 FS256. . .
Exabyte-Scale, Global Namespace
One big file system or divide into as many as 256 smaller file/object
systems
Each file system can be further divided into fileset containers
Network Shared Disk (NSD) refers to: • Flash and Disk
devices• Servers connected to
these devices• Protocol between
clients and serversMetadata can be separated to its own Pool or intermixed with
data
Files and objects can be migrated to Tape, Object store, or Cloud
30
IBM Spectrum Scale™ – Supported Topologies
Twin-tailed
FCP, iSCSI, IB
Internal, Direct-Attach
Shared PoolsShare-Nothing Pools
NSD Servers
� Access files on direct, twin-tailed or SAN attached disk
� OpenStack drivers
� Can be enabled as “Protocol Nodes”
File Placement Optimization (FPO) Servers
� For AIX, Linux-x86 and Linux on POWER
� Access files on direct attached disk
� Exports files to other FPO servers
� Hyperconverged
External Clients
� Access data via NAS, HDFS and object protocols over IP network
TCP/IP
NSD Clients
� For Linux, AIX, and Windows
� Access files via SAN, TCP/IP or RDMA
TCP/IP or RDMA network
31
IBM Spectrum Scale™ – More than just a file system!
Remote Office/Branch Office
Other NAS
Other Datacenters
Scale
Active File Management
(AFM) caches data to where it is
needed, can be used to migrate from
other NAS
Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) migrates
infrequently accessed files to tape or object-based cloud, automatically
recalls back when accessed
Local Read-Only Cache (LROC) and Highly Available Write Cache (HAWC) caches the busiest blocks of
files on local flash
Disaster Recovery (DR) remotely mirrors data
to remote locations
Active/active
Migrate/RecallTape
NSD Client
Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) moves data
across tiers of flash and disk
Object
Cloud
Cloud
32
I/O Density for Different Disk Technologies
AutomatedTape library
Shelf Tape (on-premises)
Shelf Tape (off-premises)
As data ages, it is accessed less frequently
It can be cost-effective to move older data to
physical tape media1000
700
500
100
10
1
I/O Density(IOPS / TB)
33
Library Edition
Linux or Windows Server
Tape Library
NFS / SMB
Linux Etc.ArchiveManagementSolutions
Application file access to tape
IBM Spectrum Scale
File system
Single Drive EditionLTFS Format EnablementSingle Drive Support
Library Edition Digital Archive EnablementTape Automation Support
Enterprise EditionIntegrated Tiered Storage Solutions
Application file access to tiered storage
Tape Library 1 Tape Library n
IBM Spectrum Archive – Implementations
…
NSDNFS/SMBObjectPOSIXHadoop
34
IBM Spectrum Archive™ Overview
IBM Spectrum Archive enables IBM tape libraries to read/write LTFS-format tapes in an IBM Spectrum Scale™ environment
–Based on the integration of IBM Spectrum Scale™ and LTFS format
–Supports LTFS-enabled libraries and drives•TS4500 and TS3500 Enterprise libraries•TS4300, TS3310, TS3200, TS3100, TS2900 libraries•TS1140 (or higher) Enterprise Drive•LTO5 (or higher) Ultrium drive
– Integrated functionality with IBM Spectrum Scale•Supports Policy based migrations•Seamless DMAPI usage•Data replication to multiple pools
–Supports scale-out for capacity and I/O•Seamless cache controls between IBM Spectrum Archive nodes
•Tape drive performance balancing•Multiple node performance balancing
Los Angeles London Tokyo
Clients
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Global Namespace
LTFS LTFS LTFS LTFS
35
Three ways to move cold data out of IBM Spectrum Scale
Migrate/Recall
LTFSTape
Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) moves data across tiers of flash and
disk
Migrate/Recall
Migrate/RecallTransparent Cloud Tiering
Other NAS
AFM
IBM Cloud Object Storage System
IBM Cloud
36
IBM Spectrum Storage and IBM Cloud Object Storage System
Unified file and object storage. Optimized for high performance, across flash, disk and object store
Flash
ObjectStore
15K
Object storage on disk( File, backup and archive interfaces available through variety of options )
IBM CloudAmazon Web Services
Microsoft AzureSwift S3 emulationOpenStack Swift
Unified file and object storage on tape
Transparent Cloud Tiering
Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) across tiers
Hig
hest
Perf
orm
ance �
Lowest cost �
Tape10K 7200
37
Session summary
Tiered storage helps to balance between performance and costs
• IBM Easy Tier can help optimize data placement within a single system of flash, enterprise and nearline disk
• IBM Spectrum Control and IBM Spectrum Virtualize can help optimize data placement across many different flash and disk arrays in the datacenter
• IBM Spectrum Scale and IBM Spectrum Archive can optimize data placement globally, across multiple datacenter locations, for data stored on flash, disk and tape
38
39
Your feedback about this session is very important to us.
Submit a survey at:
ibmtechu.com
40
• http://www.ibm.com/training/events
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/
• http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/
• http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S4000935
• https://www-935.ibm.com/services/id/en/it-services/information-lifecycle-management-solution.html
• https://www-935.ibm.com/services/ch/gts/pdf/br-storage-ilm-factsheet-en.pdf
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/spectrum/suite/
• https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/spectrum/scale/
• http://www.ibm.com/systems/clientcenterdemonstrations
• https://ibm.biz/client-experience-portal
Session reference links
IBM Tucson Executive Briefing Center
• Tucson, Arizona is home for storage hardware and software design and development
• IBM Tucson Executive Briefing Center offers:– Technology
briefings– Product
demonstrations– Solution workshops
• Take a video tour!– http://youtu.be/CXr
poCZAazg
https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/services/client-centersccenter@us.ibm.com
42
About the Speaker
43
Tony Pearson is a Master Inventor and Senior IT Architect for the IBM Storage product line. Tony joined IBM Corporation in
1986 in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and has lived there ever since. In his current role, Tony presents briefings on storage topics
covering the entire IBM Storage product line, IBM Spectrum Storage software products, and topics related to Cloud Computing,
Analytics and Cognitive Solutions. He interacts with clients, speaks at conferences and events, and leads client workshops to
help clients with strategic planning for IBM’s integrated set of storage management software, hardware, and virtualization
solutions.
Tony writes the “Inside System Storage” blog, which is read by thousands of clients, IBM sales reps and IBM Business Partners
every week. This blog was rated one of the top 10 blogs for the IT storage industry by “Networking World” magazine, and #1
most read IBM blog on IBM’s developerWorks. The blog has been published in series of books, Inside System Storage: Volume
I through V.
Over the past years, Tony has worked in development, marketing and consulting for various storage hardware and software
products. Tony has a Bachelor of Science degree in Software Engineering, and a Master of Science degree in Electrical
Engineering, both from the University of Arizona. . Tony is an inventor or co-inventor of 19 patents in the field of electronic data
storage.
9000 S. Rita Road
Bldg 9032 Floor 1
Tucson, AZ 85744
+1 520-799-4309 (Office)
tpearson@us.ibm.com
Tony Pearson
Master Inventor
Senior IT Architect
IBM Storage
Email:tpearson@us.ibm.com
Twitter:twitter.com/az990tony
Blog: ibm.co/Pearson
Books:www.lulu.com/spotlight/990_tony
IBM Expert Network on Slideshare:www.slideshare.net/az990tony
Facebook:www.facebook.com/tony.pearson.16121
Linkedin:https://www.linkedin.com/in/az990tony
Additional Resources from Tony Pearson
44
Notice and disclaimers
• Copyright © 2017 by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). No part of this document may be reproduced or transmittedin any form without written permission from IBM.
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• IBM products are manufactured from new parts or new and used parts. In some cases, a product may not be new and may have been previously installed. Regardless, our warranty terms apply.”
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• Performance data contained herein was generally obtained in a controlled, isolated environments. Customer examples are presentedas illustrations of how those customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual performance, cost,savings or other results in other operating environments may vary.
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Notice and disclaimers continued
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products in connection with this publication and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. IBM does not warrant the quality of any third-party products, or the ability of any such third-party products to interoperate with IBM’s products. IBM expressly disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular, purpose.
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