scales on perceived urban residential quality indicators and neighbourhood attachment: a...
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SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT: INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT:
A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
Marino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, Mirilia BonnesMarino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, Mirilia Bonnes
University of Rome “La Sapienza”University of Rome “La Sapienza”Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e
SocializzazioneSocializzazione
18th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 200418th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 2004
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - Iof Environmental Quality - I
Expert EvaluationExpert Evaluation: also defined as “objective” or : also defined as “objective” or “technical” (Gifford, 2002)“technical” (Gifford, 2002)
It involves tools and “hard” measures such as It involves tools and “hard” measures such as mechanical monitoring or objective indexes and mechanical monitoring or objective indexes and estimates (e.g.: building density) to quantify EQestimates (e.g.: building density) to quantify EQ
EvaluationEvaluation as by-product of as by-product of processes of analytic processes of analytic measuremeasure elicited from coded systems in the realm elicited from coded systems in the realm of technical-scientific knowledgeof technical-scientific knowledge
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IIof Environmental Quality - II
Layperson EvaluationLayperson Evaluation: also defined as : also defined as “subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002)“subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002)
It relies on self-report tools through which people It relies on self-report tools through which people express their judgment on EQ (i.e.: the quality of express their judgment on EQ (i.e.: the quality of an environmental object as it is experienced)an environmental object as it is experienced)
EvaluationEvaluation as by-product of as by-product of daily psycho-social daily psycho-social processesprocesses of knowledge, interpretation and use of of knowledge, interpretation and use of the environment by the persons who experience it.the environment by the persons who experience it.
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IIIof Environmental Quality - III
Both kinds of environmental evaluation Both kinds of environmental evaluation aspire to aspire to objectivityobjectivity by getting reproducible measures by getting reproducible measures which are valid, reliable, sensible and usefulwhich are valid, reliable, sensible and useful
As well, both As well, both share subjectivityshare subjectivity, since also , since also expert evaluation relies on choice about which expert evaluation relies on choice about which environmental dimensions and elements to assess, environmental dimensions and elements to assess, which sample of place and time to select (Uzzell, which sample of place and time to select (Uzzell, 1989)1989)
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IVof Environmental Quality - IV
Different values, ideas and goals about the Different values, ideas and goals about the environment underlie expert and lay evaluation: environment underlie expert and lay evaluation: this can produce discordance between the two this can produce discordance between the two kinds (e.g., the evaluation of urban green areas: kinds (e.g., the evaluation of urban green areas: wilderness wilderness vs.vs. usability; see Bonnes & Bonaiuto, usability; see Bonnes & Bonaiuto, 1995)1995)
For that, it is important to compare and integrate For that, it is important to compare and integrate expert and lay evaluation data for improving expert and lay evaluation data for improving environmental design and managementenvironmental design and management
Perceived Environmental Quality Perceived Environmental Quality Indicators (PEQIs) - IIndicators (PEQIs) - I
What are PEQIs?What are PEQIs?……a standard set of (perceived) indicators for a a standard set of (perceived) indicators for a specific environmental object or place (e.g.: specific environmental object or place (e.g.: residential PEQIs), which can also be used for residential PEQIs), which can also be used for policy and monitoring functions (Bonaiuto, in policy and monitoring functions (Bonaiuto, in press)press)
Initial goal (Craik & Zube, 1976): to set valid and Initial goal (Craik & Zube, 1976): to set valid and general standards of perceived environmental general standards of perceived environmental quality for environmental elements such as air, quality for environmental elements such as air, water and lightwater and light
Perceived Environmental Quality Perceived Environmental Quality Indicators (PEQIs) - IIIndicators (PEQIs) - II
Limits of the earliest approach:Limits of the earliest approach:
- no focus on contextual specificity of person-- no focus on contextual specificity of person-environment relationshipenvironment relationship
- ignoring social construction processes which - ignoring social construction processes which influence lay evaluationinfluence lay evaluation
- molecolar units of analysis- molecolar units of analysis
Residential Satisfaction (RS) - IResidential Satisfaction (RS) - I
What is RS?What is RS?……an evaluative response which regards the an evaluative response which regards the experience of pleasure or gratification deriving experience of pleasure or gratification deriving from living in a specific place (Amerigo, 2002)from living in a specific place (Amerigo, 2002)
RS is a construct of multidimensional nature which RS is a construct of multidimensional nature which include cognitive, affective and behavioural include cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects (Francescato, 2002) aspects (Francescato, 2002)
Residential Satisfaction (RS) - IIResidential Satisfaction (RS) - II
Focus on cognitive aspectsFocus on cognitive aspects- - PEQIs of urban neighbourhoodsPEQIs of urban neighbourhoods::residents’ evaluation of the degree of quality possessed residents’ evaluation of the degree of quality possessed by salient attributes of residential environmentby salient attributes of residential environment
Focus on affective aspectsFocus on affective aspects- - Neighbourhood Attachment Neighbourhood Attachment (refers to the broader (refers to the broader construct of Place Attachment , see Giuliani, 2003):construct of Place Attachment , see Giuliani, 2003):feelings and emotions that people develop over time feelings and emotions that people develop over time and come to experience with reference to home and and come to experience with reference to home and their neighbourhood their neighbourhood
PEQIs of urban neighbourhoodsPEQIs of urban neighbourhoods
Canter (1983), Guest e Lee (1984), Bonnes et al. (1991):Canter (1983), Guest e Lee (1984), Bonnes et al. (1991): SpatialSpatial features (architectural and town- features (architectural and town-
planning)planning)
Human-socialHuman-social features (kind of neighbours and features (kind of neighbours and neighbourhood life)neighbourhood life)
FunctionalFunctional features (services and facilities) features (services and facilities)
In addition (Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonaiuto et al., 1999):In addition (Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonaiuto et al., 1999):
Contextual Contextual featuresfeatures (pace of life; pollution; (pace of life; pollution; environmental maintenance)environmental maintenance)
PREQ and NA indicators for urban PREQ and NA indicators for urban placesplaces
Setting up scales measuring indicators of Setting up scales measuring indicators of Perceived Perceived Residential Environment Quality (PREQ) Residential Environment Quality (PREQ) and and Neighbourhood Attachment (NA)Neighbourhood Attachment (NA)
A long period of a step-by-step research process, A long period of a step-by-step research process, including the consequential phases of:including the consequential phases of:- scales’ creation- scales’ creation- empirical verification- empirical verification- scales’ refinement- scales’ refinement- new empirical verification- new empirical verification
Data have been gathered mainly in Data have been gathered mainly in neighbourhoods of a neighbourhoods of a great city (i.e., Rome).great city (i.e., Rome).
Length of residence in Rome
Presence of socialrelationship r²=0.02
Buildings’s aestheticPleasantness r²=0.02
Quietr²=0.01
Lack of opportunities
r²=0.02
Lack of green areas r²=0.05
Length of residence inthe neighborhood
Estimated socio-economic level
Number of persons living together
NeighbourhoodAttachment
r²=30
Inadequacy of cultural activitiesand meeting places r²=0.01
0.15
-0.15
0.20-0.25
0.20
-0.08-0.08
-0.08
0.08
-0.13
-0.23
0.15
-0.12
0.17
0.15
Final path analysis model including the best predictors (>0.15) from each one of the four content areas and neighbourhood attachment as criterion. Χ2 = 25,91 (20), p=0.17, GFI =0.99, AGFI=0.97, CFI =0.99.
Source: Bonaiuto et al., 1999
0.12
Research objectiveResearch objective
Validation of the factorial structure of theValidation of the factorial structure of the most most
recent recent version of PREQ and NA scales in middle- version of PREQ and NA scales in middle- and low-and low- extension urban environmentsextension urban environments
Research hypothesisResearch hypothesis A Confirmatory Factor Analysis will confirm the A Confirmatory Factor Analysis will confirm the
scales’ scales’ factorial structure and the reliability of factorial structure and the reliability of PREQ and PREQ and NA NA indicators emerged in a previous indicators emerged in a previous Exploratory Factor Exploratory Factor Analysis on the same data (see Analysis on the same data (see Bonaiuto et al., in press)Bonaiuto et al., in press)
ToolsTools
The 4 Generative Criteria and The 4 Generative Criteria and the 11 PREQ Scales (items = 150) and 1 NA Scale (items = 8)the 11 PREQ Scales (items = 150) and 1 NA Scale (items = 8)
Architectural/town-planning Architectural/town-planning featuresfeatures(3 scales):(3 scales):
- Architectural and town-planning space - Architectural and town-planning space (22 items)(22 items)
- Organization of accessibility and roads- Organization of accessibility and roads(14 items)(14 items)
- Green spaces (10 items)- Green spaces (10 items)
Social relations featuresSocial relations features (1 scale): (1 scale):- People and social relations (24 items)People and social relations (24 items)
Context featuresContext features (3 scales): (3 scales):- Pace of life (16 items)- Pace of life (16 items)- Environmental health (8 items) - Environmental health (8 items) - Maintenance and care (12 items)- Maintenance and care (12 items)
Punctual and in-network Punctual and in-network servicesservices (4 scales):(4 scales):
- Welfare services (12 items)- Welfare services (12 items)- Cultural-recreational services - Cultural-recreational services
(16 items)(16 items)- Commercial services (8 items)- Commercial services (8 items)- Transportation services (8 Transportation services (8
items)items)
Place AttachmentPlace Attachment (1 scale):(1 scale):
- Neighbourhood Attachment Neighbourhood Attachment (8 items)(8 items)
SampleSample1488 residents in different neighbourhoods of 11 1488 residents in different neighbourhoods of 11
Italian Italian medium- and low-estension urban contexts medium- and low-estension urban contexts (i.e. (i.e. Palermo, Latina, Cesena, Pescara, L’Aquila, Palermo, Latina, Cesena, Pescara, L’Aquila, Grosseto, Grosseto, Agrigento, Firenze, Bologna, Matera, Agrigento, Firenze, Bologna, Matera, Salerno)Salerno)
Data analysisData analysis
Exploratory FA: Principal Component AnalysisExploratory FA: Principal Component AnalysisConfirmatory Factor Analysis on each PREQ and Confirmatory Factor Analysis on each PREQ and
NA scale:NA scale:- - 3 (multi-factorial scales) or 4 (mono-factorial 3 (multi-factorial scales) or 4 (mono-factorial
scales) scales) item aggregates were created for running item aggregates were created for running CFACFA
- - Sample split (males vs. females) in order to get a Sample split (males vs. females) in order to get a cross-cross- sectional validation of structuressectional validation of structures
- - Comparison of nested models in order to choose Comparison of nested models in order to choose the the best fitting solution (Test best fitting solution (Test ΧΧ22 , , =.05)=.05)
Results of Principal Component Analysis on PREQ and NA Results of Principal Component Analysis on PREQ and NA indexes:indexes:number of items and Cronach’s Alfa number of items and Cronach’s Alfa (Source: Bonaiuto et al., (Source: Bonaiuto et al., in press)in press)GenerativGenerative criterione criterion
ScaleScale FactorFactor N N ItemItem
ss
AlfAlfaa
ArchitecturaArchitectural/l/town-town-planningplanningfeaturesfeatures
Architectural Architectural andandtown-planning town-planning spacesspaces
1. Building density1. Building density 77 .88.882. Building 2. Building aestheticsaesthetics
88 .90.90
3. Building volume3. Building volume 66 .89.89Organization ofOrganization ofaccessibility and accessibility and roadsroads
1. Internal 1. Internal practicabilitypracticability
88 .83.83
2. External 2. External connectionsconnections
66 .77.77
Green spacesGreen spaces 1. Green areas1. Green areas 1010 .92.92Social Social relations relations featuresfeatures
People and People and socialsocialrelationsrelations
1. Safety and 1. Safety and tolerancetolerance
66 .85.85
2. Discretion 2. Discretion 55 .86.863. Sociability and 3. Sociability and cordialitycordiality
77 .81.81
GenerativGenerative e
criterioncriterion
ScaleScale FactorFactor N N IteItemm
AlfaAlfa
Punctual Punctual andandIn-networkIn-networkServicesServices
Welfare servicesWelfare services 1. Education services1. Education services 66 .85.852. Social-health 2. Social-health servicesservices
55 .71.71
Cultural-recreational Cultural-recreational servicesservices
1. Sport services1. Sport services 88 .88.882. Socio-cultural 2. Socio-cultural activitiesactivities
88 .84.84
Commercial servicesCommercial services 1. Commercial 1. Commercial servicesservices
88 .90.90
Transportation Transportation servicesservices
1. Public transport1. Public transport 77 .89.89
ContextContextFeaturesFeatures
Pace of lifePace of life 1. Relaxing vs. 1. Relaxing vs. distressingdistressing
88 .89.89
2. Stimulating vs. 2. Stimulating vs. boringboring
88 .84.84
Environmental healthEnvironmental health 1.Cleanness/1.Cleanness/noiselessness noiselessness
88 .91.91
Maintenance and Maintenance and carecare
1.Macro- and 1.Macro- and micro-upkeepmicro-upkeep
1212 .85.85
Place Place AttachmenAttachmentt
Neighbourhood Neighbourhood attach.attach.
1. Neighbourhood 1. Neighbourhood attach.attach.
88 .91.91
Architectural/town planning featuresArchitectural/town planning features Architectural/town planning spaces – PREQ Architectural/town planning spaces – PREQ
Scale 1Scale 1
Building Building DensityDensity
Building Building VolumeVolume
Building Building AestheticsAesthetics
δ1
δ2
δ3
δ4
δ5
δ6
δ7
δ8
δ9
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.98CFI = 0.98RMSEA = 0.058N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
BD1
BD2
BD3
BA1
BA2
BA3
BV1
BV2
BV3
.86.81
.88.90.82
.84.90.89
.87
.43
.45
.66
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 202.18 (48), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 3.47 (9), NS
, invariant ΔΧ2 = 2.02 (3), NS Accepted
Architectural/town planning featuresArchitectural/town planning features Organization ofOrganization of accessibility and roads – PREQ accessibility and roads – PREQ
Scale 2Scale 2
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.045N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
InternalInternalPracticabilityPracticability
δ1
δ2
δ3
IP1
IP2
IP3
ExternalExternalConnectionsConnections
δ4
δ5
δ6
EC1
EC2
EC3
.86.82.70
.82.80.73
.31
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 48.14 (16), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 6.77 (6), NS
, invariant ΔΧ2 = 1.93 (1), NS Accepted
Architectural/town planning featuresArchitectural/town planning features Green areas – PREQ Scale 3Green areas – PREQ Scale 3
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.053N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
Green Green AreasAreas
δ1
δ2
δ3
GA2
GA3
GA4
GA1
δ4
.86
.88.89
.79
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 30.02 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 3.74 (4), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 3.29 (4), NSAccepted
Social relations featuresSocial relations features People and social relations – PREQ Scale 4People and social relations – PREQ Scale 4
Security andSecurity andToleranceTolerance
Sociability andSociability andCordialityCordiality
Discretion andDiscretion andCivilityCivility
ST1
ST2
ST3
DC1
DC2
DC3
SC1
SC2
SC3
δ1
δ2
δ3
δ4
δ5
δ6
δ7
δ8
δ9
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.97CFI = 0.97RMSEA = 0.059N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
.82.82.84
.86.83.76
.70.80.81
.41
.18
.44
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 214.18 (48), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 17.25 (9), S
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 10.68 (9), NS
, Өδ, invariantΔΧ2 = 5.97 (3), NS Accepted
Functional featuresFunctional features Welfare services – PREQ Scale 5Welfare services – PREQ Scale 5
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.054N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
School School ServicesServices
δ1
δ2
δ3
SS1
SS2
SS3
Social-CareSocial-Careservicesservices
δ4
δ5
δ6
SC1
SC2
SC3
.75.95.72
.75
.59
.56
.46
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 41.49 (16), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 8.79 (6), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 2.52 (6), NS
, Өδ, invariantΔΧ2 = 0.69 (1), NS Accepted
Functional featuresFunctional features Ricreational services – PREQ Scale 6Ricreational services – PREQ Scale 6
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.045N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
Sport Sport ServicesServices
δ1
δ2
δ3
SS1
SS2
SS3
Socio-culturalSocio-culturalActivitiesActivities
δ4
δ5
δ6
SA1
SA2
SA3
.85.88.86
.90.71.75
.41
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 60.11 (16), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 1.86 (6), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 10.63 (6), NS
, Өδ, invariantΔΧ2 = 0 (1), NS Accepted
Functional featuresFunctional features Commercial services – PREQ Scale 7Commercial services – PREQ Scale 7
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.97CFI = 0.97RMSEA = 0.102N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
CommercialCommercial ServicesServices
δ1
δ2
δ3
CS2
CS3
CS4
CS1
δ4
.84
.89.83
.74
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 100.14 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 1.26 (4), NS
, ӨδinvariantΔΧ2 = 3.29 (4), NS Accepted
Functional featuresFunctional features Transport services – PREQ Scale 8Transport services – PREQ Scale 8
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 1.00CFI = 1.00RMSEA = 0.035N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
TransportTransportServicesServices
δ1
δ2
δ3
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS1
δ4
.79
.83
.84.86
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 9.60 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 4.07 (4), NSAccepted
Context featuresContext features Pace of life – PREQ Scale 9Pace of life – PREQ Scale 9
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 1.00CFI = 1.00RMSEA = 0.029N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
Relaxing vs.Relaxing vs.DistressingDistressing
δ1
δ2
δ3
RD1
RD2
RD3
StimulatingStimulatingvs. Boringvs. Boring
δ4
δ5
δ6
SB1
SB2
SB3
.87.88.77
.83.83.78
-.10
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 38.01 (16), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 2.96 (6), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 3.97 (6), NS
, Өδ, invariantΔΧ2 = 1.74 (1), NS Accepted
Context featuresContext features Environmental health – PREQ Scale 10Environmental health – PREQ Scale 10
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 1.00CFI = 1.00RMSEA = 0.037N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
Evironment.Evironment.HealthHealth
δ1
δ2
δ3
EH2
EH3
EH4
EH1
δ4
.80
.90
.88.90
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 14.32 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 2.02 (4), NSAccepted
Context featuresContext features Upkeep and care – PREQ Scale 11Upkeep and care – PREQ Scale 11
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.048N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
UpkeepUpkeepand Careand Care
δ1
δ2
δ3
UC2
UC3
UC4
UC1
δ4
.80
.79.80
.76
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 26.41 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 3.70 (4), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 2.59 (4), NSAccepted
Neighbourhood AttachmentNeighbourhood Attachment Neighbourhood attachment – NA Scale Neighbourhood attachment – NA Scale
FIT INDICES
NNFI = 0.99CFI = 0.99RMSEA = 0.065N males = 744, N females = 741N males = 744, N females = 741
Neighbourh. Neighbourh. AttachmentAttachment
δ1
δ2
δ3
NA2
NA3
NA4
NA1
δ4
.80
.88.86
.86
NESTED MODELS
BaselineΧ2 = 43.54 (4), S
invariantΔΧ2 = 0.17 (4), NS
, Өδ invariantΔΧ2 = 5.94 (4), NSAccepted
ConclusionsConclusions
CFA confirmedCFA confirmed- 19 Perceived Residential Environment - 19 Perceived Residential Environment Quality Quality
(PREQ) (PREQ) - 1 Neighbourhood Attachment (NA) - 1 Neighbourhood Attachment (NA)
Next validity developmentsNext validity developments- Comparison between PREQIs and expert - Comparison between PREQIs and expert
assessmentsassessments- Test PREQIs’ discriminant validity (different - Test PREQIs’ discriminant validity (different
neighbourhoods)neighbourhoods)- Test PREQIs in different countries- Test PREQIs in different countries- Test relationship between PREQIs, - Test relationship between PREQIs,
neighbourhood neighbourhood attachment and attachment and SatisfactionSatisfaction
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