science – 8w welcome. what is science? science is an organized study of the world around us...

Science – 8WScience – 8W

WelcomeWelcome

What is science?What is science?

science is an organized study of the world science is an organized study of the world around usaround us

What is science?What is science?

Science can be divided into three partsScience can be divided into three parts

– Life ScienceLife Science– Earth ScienceEarth Science– Physical SciencePhysical Science

What is science?What is science?

Life Science – the study of living thingsLife Science – the study of living things

– Includes:Includes: Biology – the study of living thingsBiology – the study of living things Zoology – the study of animalsZoology – the study of animals Botany – the study of plantsBotany – the study of plants

What is science?What is science?

Earth Science – the study of the earth and Earth Science – the study of the earth and its historyits history

– Includes:Includes: Geology – the study of the earth’s structure, Geology – the study of the earth’s structure,

formation, and changeformation, and change Oceanography – study of oceans and their contentsOceanography – study of oceans and their contents Meteorology – study of the air, weather, and climateMeteorology – study of the air, weather, and climate Space Science – study of outer space and the things Space Science – study of outer space and the things

in itin it

What is science?What is science?

Physical Science – the study of matter and Physical Science – the study of matter and energyenergy

– Includes:Includes: Physics – study of energy and changes among forms Physics – study of energy and changes among forms

of energyof energy Chemistry – study of all forms of matter and changes Chemistry – study of all forms of matter and changes

in matterin matter

The Importance of Earth ScienceThe Importance of Earth Science

Earth science is a part of everyday lifeEarth science is a part of everyday life

– weatherweather– fuelfuel– pollutionpollution– cell phonescell phones

The Importance of Physical ScienceThe Importance of Physical Science

Physical Science is also a part of daily lifePhysical Science is also a part of daily life

– seat beltsseat belts– nuclear energynuclear energy

What is science?What is science?

specialization – studying or working in one specialization – studying or working in one part of a subjectpart of a subject

Science SkillsScience Skills

scientists use certain skills to solve scientists use certain skills to solve problemsproblems– most of these skills involve the use of the five most of these skills involve the use of the five

sensessenses seeingseeing hearinghearing touchingtouching smellingsmelling tastingtasting

Science SkillsScience Skills

there are nine main science skillsthere are nine main science skills– ObservingObserving– MeasuringMeasuring– InferringInferring– ClassifyingClassifying– OrganizingOrganizing– PredictingPredicting– HypothesizingHypothesizing– ModelingModeling– AnalyzingAnalyzing

Science SkillsScience Skills

ObservingObserving

– When you observe, you use your senses. You When you observe, you use your senses. You must pat close attention to everything that must pat close attention to everything that happens.happens.

Science SkillsScience Skills

MeasuringMeasuring

– When you measure, you compare an unknown When you measure, you compare an unknown value with a known value. Measuring makes value with a known value. Measuring makes observations more exact.observations more exact.

Science SkillsScience Skills

InferringInferring

– When you infer, you form a conclusion based When you infer, you form a conclusion based upon facts without making observations.upon facts without making observations.

Science SkillsScience Skills

ClassifyingClassifying

– When you classify, you group things based on When you classify, you group things based on how they are alike.how they are alike.

Science SkillsScience Skills

OrganizingOrganizing

– When you organize, you work in an orderly way. When you organize, you work in an orderly way. You put your information in order. You put your information in order.

Science SkillsScience Skills

PredictingPredicting

– When you predict, you state ahead of time what When you predict, you state ahead of time what you think will happen based upon what you you think will happen based upon what you already know.already know.

Science SkillsScience Skills

HypothesizingHypothesizing

– When you hypothesize, you state or suggest a When you hypothesize, you state or suggest a solution to a problem. A solution to a problem. A hypothesishypothesis is a is a suggested solution to a problem based upon suggested solution to a problem based upon what is already known about the problem.what is already known about the problem.

Science SkillsScience Skills

ModelingModeling

– When you model, you use a copy of what you When you model, you use a copy of what you are studying to help explain it. A model can be are studying to help explain it. A model can be a three-dimensional copy, a drawing, or a a three-dimensional copy, a drawing, or a diagram. The model can be larger or smaller diagram. The model can be larger or smaller than the original.than the original.

Science SkillsScience Skills

AnalyzingAnalyzing

– When you analyze, you study information When you analyze, you study information carefully.carefully.

Science SkillsScience Skills

researching means to look for or to find out researching means to look for or to find out something againsomething again

– researching includes:researching includes: reading books, magazines, newspapers, reports, etc.reading books, magazines, newspapers, reports, etc. doing experimentsdoing experiments

Science SkillsScience Skills

communicating is sharing informationcommunicating is sharing information

– scientists communicate by teaching, talking, scientists communicate by teaching, talking, and writing about their workand writing about their work

– communication is very important to the progress communication is very important to the progress of scienceof science

Scientific MethodScientific Method

scientific method – model or guide used to scientific method – model or guide used to gather information and solve problemsgather information and solve problems

Scientific MethodScientific Method

the scientific method includes:the scientific method includes:– Identify and State the ProblemIdentify and State the Problem– Gather InformationGather Information– State a HypothesisState a Hypothesis– Design an ExperimentDesign an Experiment– Make Observations and Record DataMake Observations and Record Data– Organize and Analyze DataOrganize and Analyze Data– State a ConclusionState a Conclusion

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Identify and State the ProblemIdentify and State the Problem

– scientists often state the problem as a questionscientists often state the problem as a question

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Gather InformationGather Information

– scientists read and communicate with one scientists read and communicate with one anotheranother

– they learn about work that has already been they learn about work that has already been donedone

– a student may do library research to find out a student may do library research to find out more about a problemmore about a problem

Scientific MethodScientific Method

State a HypothesisState a Hypothesis

– scientists state clearly a hypothesis, which is a scientists state clearly a hypothesis, which is a suggested solution to a problemsuggested solution to a problem

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Design an ExperimentDesign an Experiment

– scientists design an experiment to test a scientists design an experiment to test a hypothesishypothesis

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Make Observations and Record DataMake Observations and Record Data

– scientists make careful observations during an scientists make careful observations during an experimentexperiment

– datadata is the information that they get is the information that they get– scientists keep careful records of datascientists keep careful records of data

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Organize and Analyze DataOrganize and Analyze Data

– scientists organize their datascientists organize their data– scientists often use graphs, charts, tables, and scientists often use graphs, charts, tables, and

diagrams to organize datadiagrams to organize data– data can then be analyzed, or studieddata can then be analyzed, or studied

Scientific MethodScientific Method

State a ConclusionState a Conclusion

– a conclusion is a summary that explains the a conclusion is a summary that explains the datadata

– it states whether or not the data support the it states whether or not the data support the hypothesishypothesis

– it answers the question stated in the problemit answers the question stated in the problem

SI and the Metric SystemSI and the Metric System

the metric system is an international system the metric system is an international system of measurementof measurement

the metric system and SI (International the metric system and SI (International System) are based on units of 10System) are based on units of 10

scientists use SIscientists use SI

SI and the Metric SystemSI and the Metric System

Prefixes and Their MeaningsPrefixes and Their Meanings

– kilo-kilo- one thousand (1000)one thousand (1000)– hecto-hecto- one hundred (100)one hundred (100)– deca-deca- ten (10)ten (10)– deci-deci- one tenth (1/10 or 0.1)one tenth (1/10 or 0.1)– centi-centi- one hundredth (1/100 or 0.01)one hundredth (1/100 or 0.01)– milli-milli- one thousandth (1/1000 or 0.001)one thousandth (1/1000 or 0.001)

LengthLength

the the metermeter is the basic unit of length in the is the basic unit of length in the metric system and SImetric system and SI

a meter stick is used to measure lengtha meter stick is used to measure length

AreaArea

the area of a rectangle is found by the area of a rectangle is found by multiplying its length times its widthmultiplying its length times its width

area = length X widtharea = length X width

a = l X wa = l X w

Mass and WeightMass and Weight

massmass is the amount of matter in an object is the amount of matter in an object

the the kilogramkilogram is the basic unit of mass in the is the basic unit of mass in the metric systemmetric system– the gram is too small of a unitthe gram is too small of a unit

Mass and WeightMass and Weight

weightweight is the measure of the pull of gravity is the measure of the pull of gravity on an objecton an object

– the weight of an object can change, but its mass the weight of an object can change, but its mass remains the sameremains the same

Mass and WeightMass and Weight

a balance is used to measure massa balance is used to measure mass

VolumeVolume

volumevolume is the amount of space an object is the amount of space an object takes uptakes up

VolumeVolume

a graduated cylinder is used to measure the a graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of a liquidvolume of a liquid

– a a meniscusmeniscus is the name of the curved surface of is the name of the curved surface of a liquida liquid

VolumeVolume

the the literliter is the basic metric unit of volume is the basic metric unit of volume

volume can also be measured in cubic volume can also be measured in cubic centimeterscentimeters

TemperatureTemperature

temperaturetemperature is a measure of how hot or cold is a measure of how hot or cold something issomething is

– temperature is measured with a thermometertemperature is measured with a thermometer

TemperatureTemperature

temperatures usually are measured on the temperatures usually are measured on the Fahrenheit scale or the Celsius scaleFahrenheit scale or the Celsius scale

scientists working with very low scientists working with very low temperatures us the Kelvin scaletemperatures us the Kelvin scale– absolute zero (the lowest possible temperature) absolute zero (the lowest possible temperature)

is equal to 0 K (zero Kelvin)is equal to 0 K (zero Kelvin)

TemperatureTemperature

degreedegree CelsiusCelsius is the metric unit of is the metric unit of temperaturetemperature

– water freezes at 0water freezes at 0ooC (zero degrees Celsius)C (zero degrees Celsius)

– water boils at 100water boils at 100ooC C (one hundred degrees Celsius)(one hundred degrees Celsius)