section 1_ecology of individual
Post on 04-Jun-2018
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
1/30
Temperature RelationsTemperature RelationsChapter 4Chapter 4
1
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
2/30
OutlineOutline MicroclimatesMicroclimatesAquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures
Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and PhotosynthesisExtreme Temperature and Photosynthesis
2
Balancing eat !ain Against eat "ossBalancing eat !ain Against eat "oss
Body Temperature #egulationBody Temperature #egulation PlantsPlants Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals
Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
3/30
MicroclimatesMicroclimates MacroclimateMacroclimate$ "arge scale %eather$ "arge scale %eather
variation&variation&
MicroclimateMicroclimate$ 'mall scale %eather variation($ 'mall scale %eather variation(usually measured over shorter time period&usually measured over shorter time period&
3
u eu e igher altitudeigher altitude )) lo%er temperature&lo%er temperature&
AspectAspect
*ffers contrasting environments&*ffers contrasting environments&+egetation+egetation Ecologically importantEcologically important
microclimatesµclimates&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
4/30
MicroclimatesMicroclimates !round Color!round Color
,ar-er colors absorb more visible light&,ar-er colors absorb more visible light& Boulders . Burro%sBoulders . Burro%s Create shaded( coolerCreate shaded( cooler
environments&environments&
4
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
5/30
Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures 'pecific eat'pecific eat
Absorbs heat %ithout changing temperature&Absorbs heat %ithout changing temperature& / cal energy to heat / cm/ cal energy to heat / cm00 of %ater /of %ater /oo C&C&
AirAir )) &1110 cal&1110 cal
5
a en ea o vapora ona en ea o vapora on / cal can cool 231 g of %ater&/ cal can cool 231 g of %ater&
"atent eat of usion"atent eat of usion
/ g of %ater gives off 31 cal as it free5es&/ g of %ater gives off 31 cal as it free5es&
#iparian Areas#iparian Areas
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
6/30
Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures #iparian vegetation influences stream#iparian vegetation influences streamtemperature by providing shade&temperature by providing shade&
6
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
7/30
Temperature and AnimalTemperature and AnimalPerformancePerformance
BioBio))molecular "evelmolecular "evel Most en5ymes have rigid( predictableMost en5ymes have rigid( predictable
shape at lo% temperaturesshape at lo% temperatures
7
"o% temperatures cause o% reaction rates("o% temperatures cause o% reaction rates(%hile excessively high temperatures destroy%hile excessively high temperatures destroythe shape&the shape& Bald%in and ochach-a studied the influence ofBald%in and ochach-a studied the influence of
temperature on performance oftemperature on performance ofacetylcholinesterase in rainbo% troutacetylcholinesterase in rainbo% trout66*ncorhynchus my-iss*ncorhynchus my-iss7&7&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
8/30
Extreme Temperatures andExtreme Temperatures and
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
8C*8C*99 : /9: /999** CC88/9/9**88 : 8*: 8*99 : 8: 89911
Extreme temperatures usually reduce rateExtreme temperatures usually reduce rate
8
o p o osyn es s&o p o osyn es s& ,ifferent plants have different optimal,ifferent plants have different optimal
temperatures&temperatures&
Acclimation$ Physiological changes inAcclimation$ Physiological changes inresponse to temperature&response to temperature&
Acclimati5ationAcclimati5ation
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
9/30
Optimal PhotosyntheticOptimal Photosynthetic
TemperaturesTemperatures
9
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
10/30
Temperature and MicrobialTemperature and Microbial
ActivityActivity Morita studied the effect of temperature onMorita studied the effect of temperature on
population gro%th amongpopulation gro%th among psychrophilicpsychrophilicmarine bacteria around Antarctica&marine bacteria around Antarctica&
10
&&
'ome gro%th recorded in temperatures as cold'ome gro%th recorded in temperatures as coldasas )) 2&22&2oo C&C&
'ome'ome thermophilicthermophilic microbes have beenmicrobes have beenfound to gro% best in temperatures as hotfound to gro% best in temperatures as hotas //1as //1oo C&C&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
11/30
Optimal Growth TemperaturesOptimal Growth Temperatures
11
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
12/30
Balancing Heat Gain AgainstBalancing Heat Gain Against
Heat LossHeat Loss
'' ; ; mm : : cdcd : : cvcv : : rr )) ee
12
'' ; Total heat stored in an organism; Total heat stored in an organism mm ; !ained via; !ained via metabolismmetabolism
cdcd ; !ained . lost via; !ained . lost via conductionconduction
cvcv ; !ained . lost via; !ained . lost via convectionconvection
rr ; !ained . lost via electromag&; !ained . lost via electromag& radiationradiation
ee ; "ost via; "ost via evaporationevaporation
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
13/30
Heat Exchange PathwaysHeat Exchange Pathways
13
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
14/30
Body Temperature RegulationBody Temperature Regulation Poi-ilothermsPoi-ilotherms
Body temperature varies directly %ithBody temperature varies directly %ithenvironmental temperature&environmental temperature&
14
#ely mainly on external energy sourcesely mainly on external energy sources&
EndothermsEndotherms
#ely heavily on metabolic energyely heavily on metabolic energy& omeothermsomeotherms maintain a relatively constantmaintain a relatively constant
internal environment&internal environment&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
15/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation by
PlantsPlants ,esert Plants$ Must reduce heat storage&,esert Plants$ Must reduce heat storage&
ss ; ; cdcd : : cvcv : : rr To avoid heating( plants have 607 options$To avoid heating( plants have 607 options$
15
cdcd &&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
16/30
Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants
16
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
17/30
Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants
Arctic and Alpine PlantsArctic and Alpine Plants
T%o main options to stay %arm$T%o main options to stay %arm$
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
18/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation by
Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals "iolaemus "i5ards"iolaemus "i5ards
Thrive in cold environments&Thrive in cold environments& Burro%sBurro%s
18
'un Bas-ing'un Bas-ing
!rasshoppers!rasshoppers
'ome species can ad=ust for radiative heating'ome species can ad=ust for radiative heatingby varying intensity of pigmentation duringby varying intensity of pigmentation duringdevelopment&development&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
19/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation byEndothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals
Thermal neutral 5oneThermal neutral 5one is the range ofis the range ofenvironmental temperatures over %hichenvironmental temperatures over %hichthe metabolic rate of a homeothermicthe metabolic rate of a homeothermic
19
animal does not change&animal does not change& Breadth varies among endothermic species&Breadth varies among endothermic species&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
20/30
Thermal Neutral ZonesThermal Neutral Zones
20
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
21/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation by
Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals
'%imming Muscles of "arge Marine ish'%imming Muscles of "arge Marine ish
"ateral s%imming muscles of many fish"ateral s%imming muscles of many fish6Mac-erel( 'har-s( Tuna7 are %ell supplied6Mac-erel( 'har-s( Tuna7 are %ell supplied
21
countercurrent heatcountercurrent heat))exchangersexchangers&&
>eep body temperature above that of surrounding>eep body temperature above that of surrounding%ater&%ater&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
22/30
Countercurrent Heat ExchangeCountercurrent Heat Exchange
22
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
23/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation by
Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals
?arming
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
24/30
Moth Circulation and ThermoregulationMoth Circulation and Thermoregulation
24
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
25/30
Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation byThermogenic PlantsThermogenic Plants
Almost all plants are poi-ilothermicAlmost all plants are poi-ilothermicectotherms&ectotherms&
Plants in family Araceae use metabolic energyPlants in family Araceae use metabolic energy
25
to heat flo%ers&to heat flo%ers& '-un- Cabbage 6'-un- Cabbage 6'ymplocarpus foetidus'ymplocarpus foetidus77
stores large quantities of starch in large root(stores large quantities of starch in large root(
and then translocate it to the inflorescenceand then translocate it to the inflorescence%here it is metaboli5ed thus generating heat&%here it is metaboli5ed thus generating heat&
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
26/30
Eastern Skunk CabbageEastern Skunk Cabbage
26
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
27/30
Surviving ExtremeSurviving ExtremeTemperaturesTemperatures
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
28/30
ReviewReview MicroclimatesMicroclimates
Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance
Extreme Temperature and PhotosynthesisExtreme Temperature and Photosynthesis
28
Temperature and Microbial ActivityTemperature and Microbial Activity Balancing eat !ain Against eat "ossBalancing eat !ain Against eat "oss
Body Temperature #egulationBody Temperature #egulation PlantsPlants Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals
Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
29/30
29
-
8/13/2019 Section 1_Ecology of Individual
30/30
0n the net0n the net Biological structure and functionBiological structure and function
Temperature regulationTemperature regulation
Thermal relationsThermal relations
30
top related