seed: seed coat embryo storage tissue (endosperm) seed hormones ck-cytokinin cell division...
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Seed:Seed Coat
Embryo
Storage Tissue (Endosperm)
Seed HormonesCK-CytoKinin
cell division
GA-Gibberellic Acidcell expansion
AbA-Abscisic Aciddormancy
http://www.kyne.com.au/~mark/photos/flowers/cherry_blossum.jpg
http://www.jdandersen.com/Resource-231/fruit.jpg
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg
Aggregate Fruit
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/mor_alb_m.jpg
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/digitalflowers/picts/Moraceae/09-%20Morus%20alba%20fruits.jpg
Multiple Fruit
http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif
achenes
Fruit Origins: Simple Fruit
Fruit CompositionSuperior OvaryHypogynous FlowerTrue Fruit Only
Half-Superior OvaryPerigynous FlowerTrue + Accessory Fruit
Inferior OvaryEpigynous FlowerTrue + Accessory Fruit
Fleshy Fruits
Drupe: with pit
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/DRUPE.JPG
Berry: with seeds
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/TOMATO.JPG
Pome: with core
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/POME.JPG
Fruit Description:
Example: peach Example: tomato Example: apple
The Cherry flower is:
completeperfecthypogynous
The cherry fruit is a drupe with a both fleshy and pit wall layers.
Coffea arabica - coffee
Coffee fruits mature unevenly and so are hand-picked…by Juan Valdez? This leads to a social dilemma…to buy or to boycott or…?
Coffee originated in tropical Africa, but most of the crop is now grown in the South American tropics. Why?What South American native is produced mostly in Africa?
Chocolate
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http://www.all-creatures.org/pica/ftshl-grape-07.jpg
These grapes are a classic berry.What is the tiny scar on the end of each fruit?
The location of the style attachmentSo is the ovary superior or
inferior?
Here is a berry from an inferior ovary!
What is the difference between the flesh of the two berries shown here?
True vs Accessory
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http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio255/Cucurbita.jpg
Cucurbita female (pistillate, carpellate flower)
stigma
style
inferiorovary
pedicel
vestigialandroecium
fruit will have accessory
Are the flowers perfect or imperfect?Is the pistil simple or compound?
Is the ovary inferior or superior?Is the flower epigynous or hypogynous?
This is the true fruit.
What is the rest of the tissue?Is the placenta axile, radial, or parietal?This is a seed or an ovule?What is this stalk?funiculus
accessory
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http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/syncarpy-melon.jpg
placenta
placenta
placenta
funiculus
ovule/seed
Cucumis melo
rind = accessory
true fruit
parietal!
The flowers of apple have a half-inferior (half-superior) ovary.
So the fruit is going to be partially an accessory fruit.
The apple fruit is a pome, which has a cartilaginous core as the true fruit. The accessory is tasty!
The bottom of the fruit shows the remains of the five styles and stigmata.
There are also five triangular flaps that were the sepals,
Dry FruitsDehiscentFollicle-one side
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/FOLLICLE.JPG
Legume-two sides
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/LEGUME.JPGhttp://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CAPSULE.JPG
Capsule-multiple
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/ACHENE.JPG
Dry FruitsIndehiscentAchene - cypsela
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CORN.JPG
Grain - caryopsis
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/NUT.JPG
Nut with involucre
Fruit Description:
Example: milkweedExample: honey locustExample: hibiscus
Example: sunflower Example: corn Example: oak
Both Kapok and Milkweed have a fruit that splits along one side:
…a follicle.The seeds of both species have a fibrous pappus attached to the seeds.
Kapok was used for filling floatation devices.
In WW2, the US investigated using milkweed as a substitute to outfit the Navy.
It was found unsuitable.
Here are two fruits, dry at maturity, and splitting along both sides of the fruit to shed seeds.This makes the fruits legumes. The examples shown are lentil (left) and redbud (below).
Papaver orientale- oriental poppy
stigmata
ovary wall
sepal
stamen and petal scars
Wounding this fruit causes latex to bleed out. This is collected as raw opium. Morphine and codeine can be extracted from this. Heroin is synthesized by reactions with morphine as starting material.
Is this pistil simple or compound?
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg
Origin: Aggregate Fruit
http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif
Fragaria - Strawberry
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/fruit/images/
strawberry-achene.jpg
Descripton (true fruit!): Dry Indehiscent Achene
superior ovary
style + stigma
Composition: True + Accessory
flowerhypogynous
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http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/Fragaria2.jpg
Fragaria early fruit development shows clearly the carpels of the flower becoming the true fruit…
stigma
style
superiorovary
receptacle
true fruit
accessory to fruit
Nut!
involucre
ovary wall
stigmastyle
Cypsela
inferiorovary wall
scar of epigynous flower
Caryopsis - grain
pedicel scar hypogynous flower chaff
pedicel scar
scar of style
embryo
ovary wall
The most important fruit on earth!
daisy family!oak, filbert(hazelnut), chestnut
rice, corn, wheat, etc.
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http://www.tropicamente.it/immagini
%20sito/CATALOGO/T/Theobroma
%20cacao.jpg
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http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db50/FOTO_-_Archiv/Theobroma%20cacao%202.jpg
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http://www.mytho-fleurs.com/images/
fleurs_tropicales/theobroma_cacao_fleurs.JPG
Theobroma cacao
The ground-up interior of the seeds is used to make chocolate (after mixing with sugar and milk solids)
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