session one: to · 2019-11-12 · canada from 2005 to 2011 • average income has increased for...

11/12/2019

SessionOne:

IndigenousNation‐BuildingRenaissance:

Keysto

Success

Let’sLookatTheWorldEconomicStageToday

Detroit:In2013filedformunicipalbankruptcy

• Owed$18‐20billion

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PuertoRico

FilesforthelargestU.S.municipalbankruptcy,usingspecialTitleIIIprocesssimilartoChapter9bankruptcyprovision

Owes$123billionindebtandpensionobligations

“PuertoRico's'unpayable'debt:isthistheGreeceofthewesternhemisphere?”

Hugebudgetdeficit,inflation,publicdebt,foodandsupply

shortages,corruption

Onlyhas$10billioninthecentralbank,withapopulationofabout32millionpeople

Venezuela

Greece

$326billionwasowedtotheInternationalMonetaryFund.

FirstdevelopedcountrytofailtomakeanIMFloanrepayment.

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Sweden,Finland,Denmark,&Norway

• LowLevelsofNationalDebt

• LowandStableInflation

• LowCrimeRate

• LongLifespanofthePeople

• LowChildMortalityRate

WhyisGreeceworseoffthantheseNordic

countries?

Greecestruckapreliminaryrescuedealwithitscreditorsbutalsoguaranteesyearsmorehardshipandsacrificeforitspeople.

$326billionwasowedtotheInternationalMonetaryFund

Whydidthishappen?

TheSituationWithGreece

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Ranked155outof183countriesininvestorprotection,Greecestrugglesto

stimulatedomesticinvestmentandattractforeigninvestors.

(WorldBankGroup,p.58)

Greeceisranked100outof183economiesfortheoveralleaseofdoing

business.(WorldBankGroup,p.7)

WHY?

Sweden,Finland,Denmark,&Norway

• LowLevelsofNationalDebt

• LowandStableInflation

• LowCrimeRate

• LongLifespanofthePeople

• LowChildMortalityRate WHY?

Becauseof…

NotOverspendingMoney SavingMoney GoodGovernance

ExcellentLegalStructure StableEconomicPolicies

InnovationandanOpenApproachToTrade PublicTrustinInstitutions

RuleofLaw LowCorruption

RegulatoryEfficiency HonestyandTransparencyinGovernment

InvestmentinEducation

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ResultsfromVariousDemographicFactors’EffectonOddsofAmericanIndiansbeingEmployed,Ages25‐54,2009‐2011

A.Austin,EPIBriefingPaper,“NativeAmericansandJobs:TheChallengeandthePromise”,EconomicPolicyInstitute,December17,2013.

HumanCapital Percentincrease/decreaseinoddsofemployment,relativeto

referencecategory

GED 50%

HighSchoolDiploma 108%

SomeCollege 192%

AssociateDegree 269%

Bachelor’sDegree 427%

AdvancedDegree 607%

58%

84%

77%

158%

180%

Withlessthanhighschool,employmentrateitis35%.

Withahighschooldegreeitis66%.

Withauniversitydegreetheemploymentrateis80%.

DavidBruce,AmandaMarlinandMaryBethDoucette,TheAtlanticAboriginalEconomicDevelopment,IntegratedResearchProgram,AAEDIRP,TheAtlanticAboriginalPost‐SecondaryLabour Force,December2010.Sharpeetal.(2007),Richards(2008)

ThePowerofEducationinAboriginalEmploymentinCanada

AQuickLookBackatFederalPolicyandIndigenousPeopleinNorthAmerica…

Before:

Wheredidwecomefrom?

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Status Chronology Distribution

InternationalSovereign c.1534… Militaryalliances,conflict,landacquisition

TheRoyalProclamation c.1763 Landacquisition;landsoldcouldonlybetransferthroughtheCrown

Law,Treaties,Land(andMilitaryExpansion) c.1764… Militaryalliances,conflict,landdispossession

CivilizingtheIndian,treaties,IndianAct c.1876‐1951

Reinforcedassimilationandenfranchisement–prohibitionofsecretceremonies,removalofpeoplefromreservesneartownsof8,000+people,expropriationoflandforpublicroads

IndianActamended c.1951‐1968FederalgovernmentdefinedIndianstatusandbandmembership;policyofassimilationmaintained:integrateintoCanadiansociety

WhitePapers 1969…ProposedtoabolishIndianAct;therejectionoflandclaims,andcontinuedassimilationofAboriginals.Itwasultimatelyrejected.

IndianActamendments c.1970…

Righttoequalityforwomen;Bandshadrightstodeterminemembershipandcreaterules;Bandshadgreaterpowertotaxlandinterestsontheirreserves;abolishedenfranchisement.

James BayandNorthernQuebec,Nunuvat andLabradorInuitLandClaims,Sect.35,Haida decision,Nisga’aFinalAgreementAct

c.1975,1982,1993,2000,2004,2005,

Moderndaytreaties,“recognizedandaffirm”Aboriginalrights,comprehensiveland

settlements,dutytoconsult,self‐government

SiouxValleyDakotaNationGovernanceAgreement c.2014

34th Self‐governinggroupinCanada;self‐rulemovement

AQuickHistoryOfFederalIndianPolicyInCanada

16

Now:Wherearewe?

FromSelf‐DeterminationTo

Nation‐(re)Building(RecoveryPeriod)

Let’sLookatHealthStatistics

intheCanada

Now:Wherearewe?

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DefinitionofInfantMortalityRate

Thedeathofaninfantatanytimefrombirthupto,butnotincluding,

thefirstyearoflife.

SignificanceofInfantMortalityRate

Theinfantmortalityrateisthe

singlemostcomprehensiveindicatorofthelevelofhealthinasociety.

Itmeasuresthewell‐beingofinfants,children,andtheirfamilies.

“FirstNationsinfants’mortalityrateistwiceashighastherestofCanada.ForInuitinfants,therateisfourtimes

higher.”

InfantMortalityRates,Canada

Dr.JanetSmylie,afamilyphysicianandresearchscientistatSt.Michael’sHospitalinToronto,2014

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InfantMortalityRate,StatusIndians,BritishColumbia,2013

StatusIndians8.12

FiveTopCausesofInfantDeaths,RegisteredFirstNations,WesternCanada,2001‐2002

ICD‐10Chapter

1. CertainConditionsOriginatinginthePerinatalPeriod

2. CongenitalMalformations,DeformationsandChromosomalAbnormalities

3. Symptoms,SignsAbnormalClinicalLaboratoryFindings

4. DiseaseofthetheRespiratorySystem

5. ExternalCausesofMorbidityandMortality

InfantMortalityRateComparison

CountriesSimilartoBritishColumbiaIndians(8.12)

Argentina– 9.8Grenada9.7Thailand9.2Ukraine– 8.00

PuertoRico– 7.40Russia– 6.8Chile– 6.6

BosniaandHerzegovina– 5.5

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Now – ComparisonBetweenBritishColumbiaIndiansandSimilarCountries

IndicatorsofHealth

BC Macedonia Lebanon Ukraine Cyprus CostaRica

InfantMortalityRate

8.12per1,000

7.90per1,000

7.98per1,000

8.10per1,000

8.10Per1,000

8.30per1,000

LifeExpectancy

Rate

76years

75years 79 years 71years

81years

80years

UnemploymentRate

47.8% 22.9% 6.8% 10.5% 11.0% 9.10%

InternationalReportCard

CountrieswiththeHighestInfantMortalityRate(2016)

1. Afghanistan– 112.80

2. Mali– 100.00

3. Somalia– 96.60

4. CentralAfricanRepublic– 88.40

5. Guinea‐Bissau– 87.50

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LeadingCausesofDeathofIndigenousPeople

intheCanadaandBritishColumbia

Now:Wherearewe?

1. ExternalInjury(accidentalpoisoning,vehicle accidents,andintentionalself‐harm)

2. Diseasesofthecirculatorysystem(hypertension, cardiovasculardisease)3. Neoplasms(varioustypesofcancer)

4. Respiratorydisease5. Disorderslinkedtoalcoholanddrugabuse

Suicideandself‐inflicted injuriesweretheleadingcausesofdeathforIndigenouspeoplebelow45years

ofage.

LeadingCausesofDeathAmongRegisteredFirstNations,2002,2016

1. MotorVehicleAccidents

2.AccidentalPoisoning

3.Suicides

4.IschemicHeartDisease

5.ChronicLiverDisease/Cirrhosis

LeadingCausesofDeathAmongStatusIndiansinBritishColumbia,2004

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SomeGoodNews!

Now:Wherearewe?

PositiveEconomicChangesforAboriginalsinCanadafrom2005to2011

• AverageincomehasincreasedforFirstNationslivingonreservesby$2,600to

$18,600in2010.

• UnemploymentforInuitdeclinedfrom20.3%in2006to19.5%in2011.

• Metis’hasclosedthegapinfiveyearswithnon‐aboriginalsby6.7percentagepointandreceivedonaverage$35,000inincomein

2010.

“Maybeashighas72%andforCanada,76%.”

Sharpeetalin AtlanticCanadainDavidBruce,AmandaMarlinandMaryBethDoucette,TheAtlanticAboriginalEconomicDevelopmentIntegratedResearchProgram,AAEDIRP,TheAtlanticAboriginalPost‐SecondaryLabour Force,December2010

AboriginalCanadiansintheAtlantic

EmploymentRateProjectionsfrom2001to2017

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66,100 Aboriginalindividualswithauniversitydegree:

65%werefemalecompared

to

54%forthenon‐Aboriginalpopulation.

AboriginalWomen(aged25‐64)2011

FactSheet‐ 2011NationalHouseholdSurveyAboriginalDemographics,EducationalAttainmentandLabourMarketOutcomes

AboriginalIncomeGrowthandImpactCanada

Aboriginalpeoplegeneratemorethan$32billiondollarsayearincombined

income– whichismorethanNewfoundlandandPrinceEdwards

combined.

AboriginalParticipationinEconomicOpportunitiesinCanada

1. ShipbuildingcontractsinNovaScotia

2. Constructionofthefirston‐reservecorrectionscenterinCanadaonOsoyoos IndianBandland

3. SecondlargestmallinCanadabuiltbytheTsawwassen FirstNation

4. Tsleil‐Waututh NationisaleaderinFirstNationdevelopment,withmultiplebusinesses,

partnershipsandstrategies,andmanagewealth.

5. MORE

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NATION‐BUILDINGOVERVIEW–

SomeStories

NATION‐BUILDING:STORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiBandofChoctawIndians

MississippiChoctaw

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ResultsProvidesover6,000permanent,full‐timejobsfortribalcitizensandothers(over50%ofitsworkforceisnon‐Indian)

Hasanannualpayrollofover$100million

OneofthetenlargestprivateemployersinMississippi

Tribalrevenueshavehelpedreinvestmorethan$500millionineconomicdevelopmentprojectsinMississippi

NATION‐BUILDING:STORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiBandofChoctawIndiansWinnebagoTribeofNebraska

WINNEBAGOTRIBEOFNEBRASKA

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http://www.allnativemanagedservices.com/

Results

Has24subsidiaries,includinghotels,gasolineretailingandwholesaling,groceryandconveniencestores,marketing,telecommunications,media,construction,etc.

Netrevenuerosefrom$600,000in1995(firstyearofoperation)toover$200million.

Unemploymentwas cutbymorethanhalfoverfirstfiveyears.Now,hasover1,000employees.

Hasgeneratedmore$126.6millioninwagesandsalaries

Hasbusinessesorpassiveinvestmentsin24statesand10foreigncountries.

Schoolenrollmenthasincreasedby32.5%

NATION‐BUILDING:STORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctawWinnebagoTribeofNebraskaMembertou FirstNation(NovaScotia)

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MEMBERTOU

Membertou StrategicAlliances

Mi'kmaw Kina'matnewey

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Membertou ResultsThirdlargestemployerintheCapeBretonregionwithover700employeeswhosetotalsalariesexceed$15million

From$4millionbudgettoabudgetofover$112million,and,only13%comesfromtransferpayments.

Openeda$19millionMembertou SportsandWellnessCentreandanewshoppingcentre isplanned

Fromhighunemploymentto90%employment.Fromhighnumberofschooldropoutsto100%highschoolgraduationrate.

FirstIndigenousnationintheworldtoreceiveISO:9001‐2008certification

NATION‐BUILDING:STORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw

WinnebagoTribe(Nebraska)

Membertou(NovaScotia)

OsoyoosIndianBand(BritishColumbia)

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OsoyoosIndianBandDevelopmentCorporation

NIK’MIP

ConstructionVineyards

Gas&ConvenienceStoresCampground&RVParkDesertCulturalCentre

CellarsDaycare

OliverRedi‐MixSpiritRidgeVineyardResort&Spa

MountBaldySkiCorporationSonoraDunesGolfCourse

CanyonDesertGolfCourseGolfCourse

Osoyoos IndianBand

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NK’MIPVINEYARDS

NK’MIPCELLARS

NorthAmerica’sfirstAboriginalownedand

operatedwinery

NK’MIPCORNER

BritishColumbia’slargestgasstationandconveniencestoreownedandoperatedbytheOsoyoos Indian

Band.

ResultsGeneratesmorerevenue($7.2million)thanitreceivesfromthefederalgovernment($4.5million).

Now,hasover700employeesNk’Mip Resortisa$100millionresort(accommodationsportion)

OkanaganlanguageisemployedthroughOsoyoosevenontrafficsigns

Nk’Mip CellarsconsideredthebestwineryinBritishColumbiaandsecondbestinCanada

Buildinga$193million,378cellprovincialprisonPlanningaplushclubandracetrackforcarenthusiasts

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NATION‐BUILDING:STORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw

WinnebagoTribe(Nebraska)

Membertou(NovaScotia)

Osoyoos IndianBand(BritishColumbia)

CitizenPotawatomiNation(Oklahoma)

CitizenPotawatomiNationTribalHeadquarters,1971

TribalAssets:thistrailer,afewacresofland,$550inthebank

CitizenPotawatomiNationTribalHeadquarters,2015

TribalAssets:over$522.3millionStatewideEconomicImpact:$513.5millionEmployees:over2,400

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Results Hascreated7ofever10jobsinthecityofShawnee

Spends30centsofeverydollarspentinShawnee Broughtover$260millionfederaldollarstothestateofOklahoma

Contributedmorethan$5.4milliontomorethan175civicandcharitableorganizationsinShawnee

Providesover$70millioninwagesandbenefits HasanewMBAprogramforCitizenPotawatomiecitizens

CPNclinicsservemorethan70,000patientvisits Providesmorethan4,000collegescholarships

NATION‐BUILDING:SOMESTORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw WinnebagoTribeofNebraska

Membertou(NovaScotia)

OsoyoosIndianBand(BritishColumbia)

CitizenPotawatomiNation(Oklahoma)

MeadowLakeTribalCouncil(Saskatchewan)

PrinceAlbertGrandCouncil(Saskatchewan)

WestWindAviation

Charterairservicewithaircraft,officesinStonyRapids,Saskatoon,LaRonge,andlocationsinnorthernSaskatchewan.Ownedby:

• AthabascaBasinDevelopment(65%)• PrinceAlbertGrandCouncil(22%)• Employees(23%)

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NATION‐BUILDING:SOMESTORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw CochitiPueblo(NM) Membertou(NovaScotia)

OsoyoosIndianBand(BritishColumbia)

CitizenPotawatomiNation(Oklahoma)

Ktunaxa Nation(BritishColumbia)

MeadowLakeTribalCouncil(Saskatchewan)

PrinceAlbertGrandCouncil(Saskatchewan)

SouthernUteIndianTribe(Colorado)

SouthernUteIndianTribeGrowthFundHeadquartersandBusinesses

SouthernUteTribeofColorado

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SouthernUteTribePermanentFund

Funds the cost of the government activitiesand services. This endowment fund operatesseparately from the business and investmentactivities that are managed by the Tribe’sGrowth Fund.

The Fund invests energy royalties and profitsfrom the casino into securities, which fundgovernment and social services.

SouthernUteIndianTribeGrowthFund

OperatesandmanagestheTribe’sbusinessesandbusinessinvestments.Investsthemoneyintowhatisnowamyriadofcompaniesintheenergy,realestate

andprivateequitysectors.

Thatfundthendistributesdividendstotribalcitizensbetweentheagesof26and59,andpays

retirementbenefitstothoseover60.

Injustnineyears,thevalueoftheGrowthFund’sholdingshasgrown.Operationsandassetsarespread

outoverfourteenstatesandtheGulfofMexico.

SouthernUteTribalCouncil

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Results

• Retireat60yearsofage• Unemployment5‐7%• IncreaseuseofUtelanguage• Reducedsocialpathologies• AAAcreditrating• Tribes’networthisover$20billion• Reverseditssecond‐classcitizenstatus• Oneofthelargestemployersinthecountywithover1,500employees

But…WhatAbout…

…Big$GamingNativenationsandRecently

SuccessfulNativeNations

Results

• Retireat60yearsofage• Unemployment5‐7%• IncreaseuseofUtelanguage• Reducedsocialpathologies• AAA+creditrating• Tribes’networthisover$20billion• Reverseditssecond‐classcitizenstatus• Oneofthelargestemployersinthecountywithover1,500employees

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But…WhatAbout…

…Big$GamingNativenationsandRecently

SuccessfulNativeNations

MashantucketPequotNation(CT)

Thesearenation‐ownedenterprises.

Whataboutcitizenentrepreneursandthesmall‐

businesssector?

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NATION‐BUILDING:SOMESTORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw WinnebagoofNebraska

Membertou(NovaScotia)

CitizenPotawatomiNation(Oklahoma)

MeadowLakeTribalCouncil(Saskatchewan)

PrinceAlbertGrandCouncil(Saskatchewan)

SouthernUteIndianTribeColorado)

PineRidgeAreaChamberofCommerce(SouthDakota)

NATIONBUILDING:SOMESTORIESFROMNORTHAMERICA

MississippiChoctaw WinnebagoofNebraska Membertou(NovaScotia)

CitizenPotawatomiNation(Oklahoma)

MeadowLakeTribalCouncil(Saskatchewan)

PrinceAlbertGrandCouncil(Saskatchewan)

SouthernUteIndianTribe PineRidgeAreaChamberofCommerce(SouthDakota)

FirstNationandAboriginalEntrepreneurs

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FirstAir– MakivikCorp.SilverSpringsCountry

andWellness WindigoCateringLTD.

Sowhatarethekeystomakingthesethingshappen—andmakingthemlast?

Federalgrants?

Agreatlocation?

Education?

Hugeinfluxofcapital?

Pickingtherightleaders?

Communitysupport?

Luck?

Allthesethingshelp.

Butsomethingelsemattersmore.

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Itturnsoutthatthecriticalpieceofthepuzzleis…

Governance

It’showIndigenousnationsorganizethemselves,howtheymakedecisions,howtheyresolvedisputes,andwhetherthey

operateundertheruleoflaw.

It’sabouthowtheirnationworks.

WhyisGoverningSoImportant…

…BecauseofWhatGovernmentsDo…

Theyestablishandenforcetherules bywhichcommunitiesandtheircitizensorganizeaction,cooperate,andinteractwitheachotherandwithoutsiders.

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Inshort,thenation‐buildingchallengeisagovernance

challenge.