silver threads among the gold continuing development
Post on 15-Dec-2015
221 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Silver Threads Among the Gold
Continuing Development
Growing As We Age
Age distribution of U.S population,1980, 1990, and 2002
Data source: The Bureau of the Census
Year 1980 Year 1990 Year 2002
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
0% 5 % 10% 0% 5 % 10% 0% 5 % 10%
Our Aging Populace
The most rapidly growing age group worldwide is that over the age of 85 years.
In the United States there are currently about 4 million persons over the age of 85; by 2050, nearly 19 million are projected.
Thornton Wilder
1897-1975
THE EIGHTH DAY, 1967
THE DRUNKEN SISTERS, 1970
THEOPHILUS NORTH, 1973
The Chicago Picasso
1967
Pablo Ruiz Picasso 1881-1973
Alberta Hunter (1895-1984)
Legendary blues singer, lyricist, and actress Alberta Hunter, a distinctive stylist and one of the top recording artists in the 1920s and 1930s, experienced a dramatic comeback in her old age.
Bertrand Arthur William Russell1872 - 1970
• (1949) The Philosophy of Logical Atomism • (1954) Human Society in Ethics and Politics • (1955) Russell-Einstein Manifesto• (1957) Organizes the first Pugwash Conference• (1958) Founding President of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament• (1961) Imprisoned for one week in connection with anti-nuclear protests
Just a few examples of Russell’s late life (age 75-97) work
Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959
• Price Company Tower (1952)• Beth Sholom Synagogue (1954)• Guggenheim Museum, (1956)• Marin County Civic Center (1957)
AGING
Healthy Aging
Pathologies of Aging
How to Age Successfully
Genes
Diet/Nutrition Stay Healthy
Reduce Stress EXERCISE
Body Brain
Study Approaches
Micro-approaches
Macro-approaches
Brain Aging
Structural Brain Changes
Functional Changes in Brain and Behavior
Changes in Brain Structure
Brain Aging is Selective– Regions– Tissue Type
Gray Matter White Matter
Timing– Last in – First out
Nature of Change
Courchesne, E., et al Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers, Radiology, 216 (2000) 672-682.
Gray Matter Volume White Matter Volume
Courchesne, E., et al Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers, Radiology, 216 (2000) 672-682.
MRI Postmortem
White Matter Hyperintensities
Changes in Brain Function
Patterns of Brain Activation– Compensatory Plasticity– Non-selective Recruitment
Inhibitory Control of Attention & Behavior– Evidence from EEG– Evidence from PET/FMRI– Animal Models (Center Surround)
Models of Cognitive Aging
Generalized Slowing Working Memory Dedifferentiation Inhibition
Cognitive Aging
Sensory
Motor
Memory
Attention
Aging Attention
Selectivity Sustained Attention Divided Attention Shifting Attention Spatial Attention Consequences of Degraded Attention
Shifting Attention Summary
Speed of attention deployment does not change with healthy aging
The ability to gate (inhibit) irrelevant sensory information diminishes with normal aging
This effect may be modality-specific Decline of gating is most apparent over frontal
regions suggesting age-related changes in frontal inhibitory functions
Memory & Pathologies of Aging
Aging & Memory
Most common complaint of aging is declining memory ability
Overview– Memory
Short-term memory, Long-term memory
– Memory in normal aging– Memory in pathological (abnormal) aging
Common “forms” of memory
Short-term (Immediate or Working) memory– Limited storage capacity– Limited duration (seconds, minutes)– Linked to attention
Long-term memory– Unlimited capacity– Long duration (minutes to decades)– multifaceted
Forms of “long-term” memory
Normal Aging and Memory
Anna Thompson of South Boston employed as a cook in a school cafeteria reported at the City Hall Station that she had been held up on State Street the night before and robbed $56. She had four small children the rent was due and they had not eaten for two days. The police, touched by the woman‘s story took up a collection for her.
Memory across adulthood
Memory ability in the elderly is highly variable
Memory and medial temporal lobeH.M.
Memory and medial temporal lobenormal aging
Aging and dementia
Dementia is leading cause of cognitive disability in elderly
Definition: The loss of intellectual functions (such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning) of sufficient severity to interfere with a person’s daily functioning.
– Memory + one other area of functioning ~50% of people > 85 years have cognitive
impairment or dementia Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the leading cause of
dementia
AD and brain: pathology
AD and the brain: gross pathology
AD and the brain: imaging
PET: Metabolism
Memory & aging summary
Aging changes most pronounced in long-term memory
– Decline is inevitable, but highly variable Memory changes linked to medial temporal lobe
changes Many elderly people (>85 years) develop severe
cognitive disability (e.g., dementia) limiting everyday functioning
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia
– AD is NOT accelerated aging
Additional References
Baltes, P.B. and Lindenberger, U., Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: a new window to the study of cognitive aging?, Psychology and Aging, 12 (1997) 12-21.
Birren, J.E. and Fisher, L.M., Aging and speed of behavior: possible consequences for psychological functioning, Annual Review of Psychology, 46 (1995) 329-53.
Chao, L.L. and Knight, R.T., Prefrontal deficits in attention and inhibitory control with aging, Cerebral Cortex, 7 (1997) 63-69.
Craik, F.I.M. and T.A. Salthouse, eds. The handbook of aging and cognition. Second ed. 2000, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ.
Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 22, 193-225.
Polich, J., EEG and ERP assessment of normal aging, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 104 (1997) 244-256.
Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F.M., Head, D., Dupuis, J.H. and Acker, J.D., Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging, Neuropsychology, 12 (1998).
Salthouse, T.A., Independence of age-related influences on cognitive abilities across the life span, Developmental Psychology, 34 (1998) 851-64.
top related