singaporean flu

SINGAPOREAN FLU

Ayu Rahmi Mutmainah

03009038

DEFINITION

o known as hand, foot and mouth diseaseo acute viral illness that usually begins in the

throat

Causes

Most common is coxsackie A16 Less common but more serious Enterovirus 17

Epidemiology

no sexual predilection Children younger than 10 years are most

commonly outbreaks among family members and close

contacts Coxsackievirus infections occur worldwide,

primally in the summer and fall.

Incubation/Infectivity

Incubation 3-5 days Infectious <7 days Transmission via

– Direct contact of secretions or fluid in blisters– Faeco-oral– Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a

cough or sneeze.

Pathophysiology

Fecal-oral routeContact with skin lesions

Oral secretions

Enterovirus

Viremia

Replication in oropharynx and

gastrointestinal tract

Signs/Symptoms

Prodrome – 12-36 hours Sore throat Fever Mouth

– 2-8mm macules and papules progressing to vesicles

Skin– Macules and papules on

hands and feet– Buttocks and groin may also

be affected

Treatment

Fluid intake Antipyretics/analgesics Topical anesthetics Antihistamines Prevention of transmission School exclusion

– Until symptoms resolve, blisters dried

Complications

Dehydration Secondary bacterial infection EV17

– Encephalitis– Aseptic meningitis– Acute flaccid paralysis– Fatal neurogenic pulmonary oedema

Referral

Dehydration Urgently if neurological complications

– Severe headache, persistent fever, myoclonic jerks

Persistent oral ulcers– Unexplained oral ulcers >3 weeks

Prognosis

Coxsackie A16– Nearly always resolve 5-10 days

Immunity to further infection but can recur with different virus

Conclusion

Singaporean flu is disease that the world of medicine known as hand, foot and mouth disease is an acute viral illness that usually begins in the throat. Usually seen in children under 10 years old and generally

caused by Coxsackievirus A16. This manifest it self with a typical clinical pattern. Incubation periode is 3-7 days. The clinical

symptomps manifest themselves with faver, cough, malaise, sore mouth and throat. Lesions usually diasappeat within 10-14 days. The

exanthemas are first in maculopapular form and changes to vesicules. They are found in mouth, hand and foot. The treatment of this disease is symptomatic. It is very important to extablish the right

diagnosis to avoid epidemics.

Referrences

– Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, et al. Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in children during an epidemic in Singapore. Pediatrics. Jun 2003; 109(6):e88.

– Levinson Warren, Ernest Jawetz. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Examination & Board Review. 6th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill International 2000. p.235-38.

– Chen KT, Chang HL, Wang ST, Cheng YT, Yang JY. Epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 in Taiwan, 1998-2005. Pediatrics. Aug 2007;120(2):e244-52.

– Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. Jan 2003;9(1):78-85.

– Chong CY, Chan KP, Shah VA, Ng WY, Lau G, Teo TE, et al. Hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore: a comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases. Acta Paediatr. Oct 2003;92(10):1163-9. 

– Chen TC, Chen GW, Hsiung CA, Yang JY, Shih SR, Lai YK, et al. Combining multiplex reverse transcription-PCR and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. J Clin Microbiol. Jun 2006;44(6):2212-9.

– Toida M, Watanabe F, Goto K, Shibata T. Usefulness of low-level laser for control of painful stomatitis in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Clin Laser Med Surg. Dec 2003;21(6):363-7.