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Automated Terminals on the Pacific RimPPCAC
Los Angeles Feb 22, 2012Mark Sisson, PE
Overview
• Review of characteristics of terminals in Asia vs. US West Coast
• Asian Automation Examples• US automation plans• How to decide the best plan for a particular terminal
Page 2
Characteristics of Asian Terminals
• Expensive land encourages high density operations• Moderate/high levels of transhipment, either barge or
mainline• Low level of rail• Relatively low labor cost • Relatively low concern over environmental impact
Page 3
Asian Terminals Have Historically used Aggressive Conventional Means to Achieve Industry Leading Statistics
• Tall RTGs and empty handlers• 24/7 operations• Mid-harbor barge/ship work• Multi-pick spreaders• Off-terminal container depots• High number of cranes per vessel
Page 4
Port of Singapore
Page 5
TEU per Hectare (1 Ha = 2.47 acres)
Page 6
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Shan
ghai
Sing
apor
e
Hon
g K
ong
Shen
zhen
Dub
ai
Rot
terd
am
Port
Kla
ng
Antw
erp
Ham
burg
Los
Ange
les,
CA
Tanj
ung
Pele
pas
Long
Bea
ch, C
A
Vanc
ouve
r
2010
TEU
/Ha
in T
hous
ands
* Includes 6M TEUs performed midstreams and at other wharves not included in total container terminal area
Lifts per Meter of Berth
Page 7
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Shan
ghai
Sing
apor
e
Hon
g Ko
ng
Shen
zhen
Dub
ai
Rott
erda
m
Port
Kla
ng
Antw
erp
Ham
burg
Los A
ngel
es, C
A
Tanj
ung
Pele
pas
Long
Bea
ch, C
A
Vanc
ouve
r
2010
TEU
/ B
erth
m
Containers Being Handled without a Berth or Container Yard!
Page 8
Ten Cranes on One Ship in China!
Page 9
Asian Innovation and Automation
• Historically density driven: very tall RMGs or Bridge cranes• Recently aided by advanced in crane control and sensors• High fuel cost is driving switch to electric yard cranes• Medium/low labor cost has kept horizontal transport
manual
Page 10
Example Automated Terminals in Asia
Page 11
Tokyo
Pusan
Kaohsiung
Singapore
Pusan Newport, Korea
Evergreen Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Truck Positioning Guide on RMG in Pusan
Page 14
1-over-8 Bridge Cranes in Singapore
Page 15
Bridge Crane Operating Room
Page 16
Stacking frame for Reefers in Japan w Solar Panels on Roof Oct 2011 World Cargo News
Page 17
Characteristics of US West Coast Terminals
• Expensive labor encourages low density operations• Historic abundance of land
– Ocean fill– Conversion of breakbulk or military terminals
• Very little transhipment• High level of rail• Relatively low concern over environmental impact prior to
early 2000s• High current level of environmental concern• Powerful unions have delayed implementation of
automation
Page 18
APMT Pier 400 Los Angeles
Page 19
USWC Automation Issues
• Mix of greenfield and retrofit projects• Phasing is important• Ultra high density is not necessarily critical• High labor costs make end-loaded systems appealing
because horizontal transport can be automated
Page 20
AMPT Norfolk Landside Operation
APMT Norfolk WharfManned shuttles are used for transport
Euromax Rotterdam
AGVs
TraPac Los Angeles Layout
ASCs either parallel or perpendicular to wharf2 ASCs per row
Terminal Planning and Analysis Goals
• Match berth and backland capacity and landside transfer capacity
• Understand equipment cost vs. productivity• Compare overall costs of options considered• Compare emissions and other environmental impacts of
options considered • Communicate planning process to decision makers via
drawings and simulation animations
Page 26
Thank You
Page 27
Contact Information
• Mark Sisson, PEAECOM2101 Webster Suite 1900Oakland CA, 94612Phone: 510-844-0549Email: mark.sisson@aecom.comWeb www.aecom.com
Page 28
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