soc 204 goldberg chapter 1

Drugs & Society

SOC 204

Chapter 1 Drugs in Perspective

Happy first day! How are you?

27%

0%

18%

55% A. I feel great! I’m ready!

B. I feel nervous.

C. I feel overwhelmed.

D. I feel blah.

Why are you taking this class?

A. Going into criminal justice.

B. Going into social service (psychology, social work, counseling)

C. I have personal experience with addiction

D. My advisor told me to.

Going in

to cr

imin

al just

ice.

Going in

to so

cial s

ervice

...

I have p

ersonal e

xperie

n..

My advis

or told

me to

.

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Introductions

Fill out your answers to the questions.

Partner up with someone.

Discuss the first three questions.

Find someone new and discuss the

next three questions.

Find someone new and discuss the

last four questions.

In your last partnership, prepare to:

Introduce yourselves to the group.

Share one insight you had from discussing

the questions.

Which superpower would you like to have?

A. Invisibility

B. Power to heal

C. Ability to fly

D. Ability to read

minds

Invis

ibili

ty

Power t

o heal

Ability

to fl

y

Ability

to re

ad min

ds

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15%

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What do you hope to learn in this class?

Expectations

Syllabus

Writing Assignments

Discussion Assignments

Attendance

Group Project

Extra Credit

Quizzes

Confidentiality

Canvas

Clickers

In this class, late homework:

0%

100%

0% A. Is penalized 10%

B. Gets a zero

C. Is turned in via Canvas

Michelle’s office hours are:

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100%

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B. 8:30-9:30 am

C. 10:30-11:30 am

D. Whenever she’s in

For class discussions:

A. I participate on

Canvas

B. I must do written

prep work and

participate

C. I participate during

class

I part

icipate

on C

anvas

I must

do w

ritte

n pre

p wo..

I part

icipate

durin

g class

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20%

80%

If 80% of the class gets a clicker question

right, each person earns an extra credit

point.

A. True

B. False

True

False

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10%

Definitions

We define a drug as any substance that alters

one’s ability to function emotionally, physically,

intellectually, financially, or socially

A psychoactive drug is a substance that has the

capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior

Definitions

Misuse

Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or

over-the-counter drugs

Which of these is not an example of drug

misuse?

A. Mixing drugs

B. Taking medication with

food

C. Taking double the

prescribed dose

D. Saving or using old

medications

Mixi

ng dru

gs

Taking m

edicatio

n with

...

Taking d

ouble th

e pre

scr..

.

Savin

g or u

sing o

ld m

edic...

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Definitions

Abuse

Intentional and

inappropriate use of a

drug resulting in

physical, emotional,

financial, social or

intellectual

consequences.

Socially Acceptable vs

Deviant

Which of these is NOT an example of drug

abuse?

A. Taking medication in the morning

B. Crushing pills to smoke them

C. Buying someoneelse’s prescription medication

D. Taking a drink in the morning to cure a hangover

Taking m

edicatio

n in th

...

Crush

ing p

ills t

o smoke

...

Buying s

omeone e

lse’s

pr...

Taking a d

rink in

the m

o...

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Definitions

Addiction/Dependency

Physical Dependence

Tolerance

Withdrawal

Psychological Dependence

Cravings

Preoccupation

OLD LANGUAGE

New: Substance Use Disorder (mild, moderate, severe)

Which of these is NOT a sign of

dependency?

96%

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B. Withdrawal

C. Cravings

D. Drunkenness

Definitions

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

V

Substance Use Disorder

Mild

Moderate

Severe

A psychiatrist can diagnose someone with

addiction according to the DSM-5.

21%

79% A. True

B. False

Definitions

Any definition is limited and is influenced by one’s

experiences and background – and is arbitrary

Drugs Around the World in 80 Minutes

Historical Perspective

A historical perspective on drugs provides insight

into the role that drugs have played over time

The problem with drugs/alcohol….

The problem with the previous slide is:

A. There are no

statistics

B. It doesn’t say

where the info

came from

C. Correlation does

not equal

causation

D. All of the above There a

re n

o statis

tics

It doesn

’t sa

y where

the ..

.

Correlatio

n does n

ot equ..

All of t

he above

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Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants

Suppress CNS

Alcohol, benzodiazepines, inhalants

Stimulants

Accelerate CNS

Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine

Narcotics

Relieve pain,

induce

euphoria

Heroin,

OxyContin

Hallucinogens

Distort the senses

LSD, peyote,

psilocybin

Marijuana

Crosses several categories

Often classified as hallucinogen or depressant

Psychotherapeutic drugs

Control symptoms of mental disorders

Antidepressants, antipsychotics

Alcohol

Beverages may have been fermented intentionally as early as about 10,000 BC

Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greek, and Romans were fond of alcohol

Egyptians developed distillation, which produces a higher alcohol content than fermentation

The Irish, Scots, Dutch, Russians, and French all developed characteristic alcoholic beverages

Alcohol

Alcohol played a significant role in early US history:

Alcohol was used as a preservative

Yeast in beer and wine supplied important nutrients

Rum was a central commodity in the slave trade

Farmers made more money from whiskey than from grain

Excise tax on whiskey sparked the

Whiskey Rebellion

Temperance Movement developed

in the 1830s

1919: national prohibition legislation

went into effect; repealed in 1933

Alcohol

Marijuana

Marijuana has been cultivated for its fiber since 8000 BC

Chinese Emperor Shen Nungprescribed marijuana for many aliments 4,700 years ago

Marijuana was used in India for festive and religious purposes by the 2nd century BC

Greeks, Romans, Persians and Assyrians all used marijuana for medical purposes

Marijuana

In the 13th century, Marco Polo recounted how hashishiyyaterrorized people while under the influence of hashish

Marijuana seeds and leaves dating back to 500 BC were found near Berlin, Germany

Napoleon’s troops returned to France with hashish, and soon after other Europeans began using marijuana

Marijuana

Use of marijuana was noted in the

Americas in 1545

English settlers grew marijuana

(hemp) to make clothing, rope, linens,

and blankets

By the late 1800s numerous reports

detailed cannabis use for many medical

reasons

In the early 1900s, marijuana was used

primarily by Hispanics in the Southwest

and by Blacks in ghettos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbjHO

BJzhb0

Marijuana has been used in all of the

following ways except:

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B. Religious use

C. To treat

depression

D. For its fibers

Narcotics

The term narcotics is used interchangeably with the terms opiates or opioids

Opiate refers to opium and the derivatives of opium

1500 BC: Egyptians used opium for medical purposes

Narcotics

The Poppy Papavar

somniferum

A 6,000 year old

Sumerian tablet

referred to the

opium poppy as the

“joy plant”

https://www.youtube

.com/watch?v=r1md

n-5E-Ao

Narcotics - Opium

Opium was a staple in ancient Greece and Rome

In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbids alcohol use

Opium was the central factor in a war between the Chinese and the British governments

Medical uses of opium became widespread in Europe in the 16th century, when laudanum was developed

Narcotics – Morphine & Heroin In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and

called morphine

During the Civil War, morphine dependency was so common that it was called soldier’s disease

An estimated 1 million Americans were dependent on morphine and other narcotics by the end of the 19th century

In 1874 a “wonder drug” was developed to relieve pain and treat morphine dependency – it was called heroin

Opium was once legal and readily available

over-the-counter.

A. True

B. False

True

False

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Which of these is a naturally occurring part

of the opium plant?

0%

0%

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0% A. Morphine

B. Codeine

C. Heroin

D. OxyContin

Opinion: Is caffeine a drug?

A. No, it’s legal

B. No, it’s harmless

C. I’m not sure

D. Yes

E. Yes, and I’m

addicted

No, it’s

lega

l

No, it’s

harm

less

I’m n

ot sure Yes

Yes, an

d I’m

addicted

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Coffee

One of the earliest written references to coffee dates back to 900 AD in Arabia

The Chinese used caffeine almost 5,000 years ago

The Koran condemned coffee and banned its use

In the 1600s coffeehouses – called “penny universities” –became centers for learning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sobkZZGeCh0

Cocaine

People were chewing coca

leaves prior to the rise of the

Incan Empire, as early as 3000 BC

The first verified use of coca has been traced to a

gravesite in Peru from around 500 AD

When Spaniards conquered the Incas, they realized

the importance of the coca leaves to the natives

In the 19th century, a French chemist developed a

popular red wine which included active ingredients

from coca leaves

Cocaine

Early proponents of cocaine included Sigmund Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Originally, Coca-Cola contained cocaine, and was promoted as a “Nerve Stimulant”

Cocaine became a popular recreational drug in the 1970s

Variations that were smoked emerged: first freebase, then inexpensive crack cocaine

The earliest known use of cocaine was:

A. In Coca-Cola as a

“nerve stimulant”

B. In ancient Greece

in red wine

C. By smoking it

D. Chewing coca

leaves by the

Incas

In C

oca-C

ola as a

“nerv

e ...

In ancie

nt Gre

ece in

red ..

.

By smokin

g it

Chewin

g coca

leaves b

y t..

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Amphetamines

Amphetamines, first synthesized in 1887, enlarge

nasal passages, raise blood pressure, and stimulate

the CNS

During World War II, troops used amphetamines to

overcome fatigue and increase their endurance

Benzedrine was available over-the-counter in 1932

for treating asthma and nasal congestion

Methamphetamines appeared

in the 1960s

Amphetamines are:

A. Depressants

B. Pain killers

C. Stimulants

D. Hallucinogens

Depress

ants

Pain ki

llers

Stimulan

ts

Hallucin

ogens

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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Barbiturates

Barbituric acid, a class of drugs that have

depressant effects

Barbital, a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat

anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate

Nonbarbiturate Sedatives

Bromides, sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions

Chloral hydrate, induces sleep

Paraldehyde, used with severely disturbed mental

patients

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Minor tranquilizers, or

antianxiety agents

Meprobamate, also used for

treating psychosomatic conditions

Benzodiazepines such as

Librium and Valium

Inhalants

Solvents, gases, and aerosols

Nitrous oxide (lauhing gas)

Ether, developed for medical

purposes

Medical uses of depressants include all of

the following EXCEPT:

A. Relieving anxiety

B. Inducing sleep

C. Increasing

attention

D. Controlling

seizures

Relievin

g anxiety

Inducin

g sleep

Incr

easing atte

ntion

Controllin

g seizu

res

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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - Inhalants

Inhalants are among

the first drugs used by

young children

Huffing

Sudden death

syndrome

https://www.youtube.c

om/watch?v=Avcz9Z1

ekcM

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that

induce perceived distortions in time and

space

LSD, derived from a fungus

Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms

Peyote, contains mescaline isolated from cactus

Over 6000 plants can alter consciousness

LSD originated from ergot fungus,

which grows on grain, and causes

the condition ergotism

Hallucinogens:

A. Distort the senses

B. Are usually

derived from

plants

C. Have been used to

access the

unconscious in

therapy

D. Are thought to

enhance creativity

Distort

the se

nses

Are u

suall

y deriv

ed from

...

Have been u

sed to

acc

ess...

Are th

ought to e

nhance ..

.

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Tobacco

Tobacco was first used by Mayas around 600 to 900

AD

Shortly after Columbus came to the New World,

tobacco was introduced into Europe

Portuguese sailors established tobacco trade with

China, Japan, Brazil, India, Africa, and Arabia

Sir Francis Bacon described the

addictive quality of tobacco

Tobacco

Smoking became popular in England, but was banned in many other parts of Europe

In China the penalty for anyone dealing tobacco was decapitation

Tobacco figured prominently when the US was colonized, and helped finance the Revolutionary War

In the early 1900s, smoking tobacco was less popular than chewing and snuffing it

Tobacco

The cigarette habit spread throughout Europe during the Crimean War

Cigarette use in the United States rose in the 1880s, when the cigarette-making machine was patented

Cigarette smoking was a man’s activity, and smoking was illegal for women and young people in many states