solid waste management
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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By
Kanchan Deoli Bahukahndi
College of Engineering
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
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DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE
Any unwanted or discarded material fromresidential, commercial, industrial, mining andagricultural activities that are normally solid andcauses environmental problems may be termedas solid waste.
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as solid waste.
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CONTENTS Definitions of Solid Waste. Need for Solid Waste Management. Sources of Wastes. Definition of Solid Waste Management.
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Definition of Solid Waste Management. Elements of Solid Waste Management. Role of Citizens.
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DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE
Solid waste comprise all the waste arising fromhuman and animal activities that are normallysolid and that are discarded as useless orunwanted.
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Discarded material judged to be of no value forordinary or normal use is termed as solid waste.
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POLLUTION CAUSED BY SOLID WASTES
Solid WASTE POLLUTION:
Human activities produce large quantities of
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Human activities produce large quantities of wastes .solid wastes can be broadly categorized in to two main categories:
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
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1. BIODEGRADABLE WASTES:
These pollutants are natural organic compounds which are degraded by biological and microbial action, eg. sewage.
2. NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTES:
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These pollutants are not acted by microbes eg.Glass, plastics.
These wastes can also be classified in to two broad terms
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These wastes can also be classified in to two broad terms
A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES B. COMMERCIAL WASTES
A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES: Generally solid wastes from the house hold is collected
locally and the amount depends upon the size and
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locally and the amount depends upon the size and consumption habits of the populations. it is disposed on either public property or private contractors site.
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B. COMMERCIAL WASTES:
Commercial wastes are generated by commercial establishments but are usually disposed off by public facilities.
Industrial wastes are those wastes that are generated by manufacturing firms.
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CLASSIFICATION OF REFUSE MATERIALS:
a. GARBAGE: These are the wastes that are generated from the
kitchen , slaughter houses, canning and freezing industries.
b. RUBBISH: Rubbish includes two types of wastes i.e.
combustible and Non-combustible wastes.
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combustible and Non-combustible wastes. Combustible wastes are mainly leaves, grasses and
plants . Non-combustibles wastes such as bottles, crockery
and plastic materials.
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c. ASHES: Residue from fires used for cooking and for
heating buildings, cinders.
d. BULKY WASTES: Large auto parts , tyres, stoves, refrigerators.
e. DEAD ANIMALS: Like dead bodies of cats, dogs, poultry , horses,
cows etc.
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cows etc.
f. SLUDGE: Settled solid components of sewage wastes.
g. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES: Chemicals , paints and sand etc
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MINING WASTES:
These contains wastes from coal mine.
AGRICULTURAL WASTES:
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Such as farm animal wastes, manure crop residue, pesticides , insecticides and so on.
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NEED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
To create awareness of the system of solidwaste management.
To maintain hygienic conditions in theenvironment.
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environment.
To create wealth from waste.
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SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
Sources of Solid Waste
Muncipal Waste Industrial Waste Agricultural Waste Special Waste
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ResidentialWaste
CommercialWaste
Non - ProcessWaste
ProcessWaste
MineralWaste
Radio Active Waste
Toxic Waste
Hospital Waste
Miscellaneous Waste
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MUNICIPAL WASTE
These include waste from commercial andresidential areas, which includes garbage andrubbish.
Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.
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Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.
Eg: Food waste, paper, cardboard etc.
Rubbish consists of non biodegradable waste.Eg: Metal Cans, Glass etc.
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE
These include waste Like process, non-processand mineral wastes.
Non Process waste like cafeteria waste,packing wastes, etc.
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packing wastes, etc.
Processing waste depends on type of theproduct being produces.
Eg: Tannery waste, plastic waste, metal scrapsetc.
Mineral waste from mineral and mineralprocessing units.
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AGRICULTURAL WASTE
These waste results from farms, feed lots andlive stock yards.
Eg: Paddy husk, bagasse from sugar cane andtobacco, corn residue etc.
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tobacco, corn residue etc.
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SPECIAL WASTE
These include waste like: Radio Active from nuclear plants, laboratories. Toxic wastes such as heavy metal sludge, pesticides
etc.
Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,
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Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,drugs, anatomical waste etc.
Miscellaneous products such as inflammable,corrosive, explosive, security wastes etc.
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DEFINTION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management comprises ofpurposeful and systematic control of thegeneration, storage, collection, transportation,separation, processing, recycling, recovery anddisposal of solid waste.
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disposal of solid waste.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste - generation
Storage
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Collection
Process and RecoveryTransfer and Transport
Disposal
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE GENERATION
Waste generation involves reduction in volumeof the waste and reuse, i.e. an article should bedisposed of only when it of no use.
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disposed of only when it of no use.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
STORAGE
Storage involves the activityassociated with managementof wastes until they are placedin storage containers for
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in storage containers forcollection.
Different components shouldbe stored in differentcontainers, so that the processof solid waste managementbecomes effective and easy.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION
Collection involves the use of large containerswhich can be emptied mechanically with acontainer pickup mechanism or manually.
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container pickup mechanism or manually.
It is normally accomplished by a fleet of trucksand crew that operates together as collectionsystem.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION
Based on mode of operation, collection systemsare classified as:
Hauled Container system.
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Hauled Container system. Stationary container system. Door to door collection system. Collection of waste from storage bins.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
HAULED CONTAINER SYSTEM
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
COLLECTION OF WASTE (05:36)
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATION
The transportation of MSW in open trucksshould be prohibited.
In commercial areas collection should be done
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In commercial areas collection should be donedaily and at night times.
In residential areas collection is done once ortwice a weak and it should be collected duringday time.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATION
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATION
The Methods of Transportation: Direct Method.
Source of Generation Disposal site.
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Source of Generation Disposal site. Indirect Method.
Source of Generation Transfer station Disposal site.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SALVAGING, PROCESSING AND RECOVERY
Components of waste which are havingeconomical value can be salvaged for recycling.
Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc.
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Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc. Separation of bulk items, ferrous metals. Manual separation of waste components. Volume and Size reduction by shredding,
compaction and combustion.
Transformation processes are used to recoverproducts and energy.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SEGREGATION AND RECOVERY (00:47)
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROCESSING AND RECOVERY (01:23)
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEDisposal of Solid Waste
Open Dumping
Dumping into Sea
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Hog Feeding
Incineration
Composting
Sanitary Land Fills
Vermi Composting
Discharge into Sewers
Salvaging
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
OPEN DUMPING
Components suitable are street sweeping, ashesand non combustible.
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and non combustible.
Serious nuisance result if garbage is disposed inthis manner.
This method is not the best method for disposalhence it should not be selected.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
OPEN DUMPING
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
DUMPING INTO SEA
This method is possible in coastal areas. Waste should be taken 2 3km away from the
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Waste should be taken 2 3km away from theshore and dumped there.
Tides are to be considered to avoid the wastefrom coming back.
It is costly method and is not adopted in INDIA.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
HOG FEEDING
It is estimated 25% of total quantity of garbage isused for hog feeding.
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used for hog feeding.
Garbage from restaurants and hotels are used forhog feeding.
Every day each hog consumer 10 kg of waste andgains a weight by 0.5 Kg.
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ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
HOG FEEDING
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEINCINERATION
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
INCINERATION
Incineration is the process of burning the wasteat high temperatures, there by reducing itsweight and volume.
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weight and volume.
The temperature in the furnace should bemaintained at 6000 C to 11000 C and 8000 C isthe optimum temperature.
Incineration is best method to dispose municipalsolid waste and bio medical waste.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
INCINERATION Merits:
Ashes produced can be disposed of by sanitaryland fill.
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land fill.
No land pollution.
Less land area is required and central locationis possible.
Climate does not affect the process.
Waste heat can be used for power generation.
Gasses and particulate can be removed by airpollution control equipments.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
INCINERATION
Demerits: High initial cost and maintenance cost.
P.V.C Containing wastes should not be
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P.V.C Containing wastes should not beincinerated as they produce toxic gasses.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Composting isbiological processbrought by
COMPOSTING
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brought bymicroorganisms,which convert organicmatter into bio-fertilizers and soiladditives.
The End Product iscalled Compost.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEPROCESS OF COMPOSTING (01:15)
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Composting aided by earthworms is calledVermin composting.
The end products formed is known as Vermin
VERMI - COMPOSTING
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The end products formed is known as Vermin Castings.
The worms used for Vermin Composting areRed Worms called as Red Winglers.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
SANITARY LANDFILLS
In sanitary land fill there is a sanitary control overthe process.
Factors to be considered for selection of sight.
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Factors to be considered for selection of sight.Land requirements.
Land use restrictions.
Haul distance.
Hydrological investigation.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
METHODS OF SANITARY LANDFILL Trench Method (6 to 10ft deep and 10 to 40 ft width). Area Ramp Method (moderately sloppy terrains). Area Fill Method (low lying areas).
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PROCESS In either of the methods slope of 300 is to be
maintained. Dumped waste is compacted and 6 inches of soil is
covered and after each days work 2ft thichcompacted soil is laid on the site.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
ADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL
The initial cost is low as compared to otherdisposal methods.
Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solid
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Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solidwaste eliminating the necessity of separatecollections.
Sub-marginal lands may be reclaimed for useas parking lots, play grounds, golf courses,airports etc.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
DISADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL
Toxic gasses are produced like methane,carbon dioxide etc.
Breeding of rats and flies in case of improper
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Breeding of rats and flies in case of impropermanagement.
Leachate from the land fill pollutes groundwater.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEPOLLUTIONOF GROUND WATER BY LECHATE
REFUSE DUMP
PERMEABLE WELL WHICH IS
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LECHATE
IMPERMEABLE STRATA
PERMEABLESOIL
WELL WHICH ISLIKELY TO GET
POLLUTED
GROUND WATER TABLE
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
CONTROL MEASURES OF SANITARY LANDFILL
Landfill liners, leachate and gas collection andextraction systems should be provided.
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extraction systems should be provided.
Daily cover should properly laid andcompacted.
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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
DISCHARGES INTO SEWERS
This method is usually adopted in developingcountries.
Waste is shredded into small pieces and
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Waste is shredded into small pieces anddischarged into sewers.
This method ultimately increases the load onthe treatment plant.
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ROLE OF CITIZENTO MAKE
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE
We should not discard the waste until it is of nouse.
We should take care that waste is collectedperiodically and disposed off by the concernedauthorities.
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authorities. Media programs should be shown, to educate the
people about the problems arising from improperdisposal and to train them about how to disposetheir waste.
The authorities should levy fine if the waste isdiscarded improperly.
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Thank you
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