sph 107 ch 1

CHAPTER 1Communication and Ethical Public Speaking

Why are you here?

Public Speaking is often reported as people’s greatest fear.

To control this anxiety To help you organize your ideas

effectively. Help you present ideas convincingly.

What is Communication?

The process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages to create shared meaning.

What is Communication?

Communication is a dynamic process. Sent by one person (sender) and

interpreted by another (receiver) Meaning generation takes place between

communicators. Verbal Messages consist of the words we

use. Nonverbal messages are the signals we

send using body movements and vocal expressions.

What is Communication?

This much of the generated meaning in communication comes from cultural understanding.

Communication Contexts

Five Primary Contexts of Communication Intrapersonal, impersonal, interpersonal,

small group, and public.

Intrapersonal Communication

Def.- communication with yourself. Most occurs subconsciously. You use intrapersonal communication to

adjust your message to the ever changing needs of your audience.

Impersonal Communication

Communication between two people about general information.

More intentional than intrapersonal but still informal.

Done when you know little about the person and you exchange demographic and cultural information.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two people who already have and identifiable relationship with each other.

Ex. – talking with a friend, loved one, or one-on-one with anyone whom you have a preexisting relationship.

Small Group Communication Communication that occurs in groups of

three to ten. Ex. – Family, Friends, Management

Teams, etc.

Public Communication

Communication to groups of 10 or more Public Speaking is a sustained

presentation made by a speaker to an audience.

Ex. – Speaking to the class is considered Public Communication

Mass Communication

Is communication produced and transmitted by media organizations to large publics.

Ex.- Newspapers, Magazines, Television, etc.

Models of Communication

Linear Model of Communication Interactive Model of Communication Transactional Model of Communication

Linear Model of Communication A speaker encodes and sends a message to

a receiver who decodes the message. Encoding is the process of putting ideas into

words that the listener can understand Decoding is the process of attaching

meaning to the symbols we see or hear. Situation is the context in which the

communication occurs.

Interactive Model of Communication Based on the Linear Model. Includes the concept of feedback so that

both sender and receiver create meaning.

Feedback is the verbal and nonverbal messages receivers send back to senders.

The model also accounts for internal and external interference.

Transactional Model of Communication Expands both previous models by

accounting for the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages.

It also accounts for the numerous ways in which the communication situation might influence the interaction.

Seven Basic Elements of the Communication Process Situation Sender Message Receiver Channel Feedback Interference

Situation

Place, time occasion, and cultural context of the communication.

Can either help or hurt the communication, so it is important to tailor you speech to the situation.

Communication rules change according to situation. Ex.- Some things can be said in private that shouldn’t be said in public.

Sender

The person who initiates the communication.

Have the burden of credibility. Must convey credibility to be effective.

Message

Ideas the sender attempts to convey to the receiver

We use both verbal and nonverbal channels to convey message.

Nonverbal messages should reinforce your verbal message.

Receiver

The person to whom the sender is communicating.

They bring with them a frame of reference that the sender must consider.

A frame of reference is made up of one’s goals, knowledge, experiences, values, and attitudes.

Channel

Pathways through which messages are communicated.

A visual channel is what the receiver sees.

An auditory channel is what the receiver hears.

Feedback

Consists of those messages that listeners send back to a speaker about the clarity and acceptability of a message.

Interference

Anything that poses a barrier to one’s message.

External interference happens outside of the sender.

Internal interference may be physical or psychological and may occur within the speaker and listeners.

Ethical Public Speaking

Consider your Topic and Goals Acknowledge personal bias Choose evidence fairly Report sources of information Use inclusive and respectful language.