srucate distribution in batang sambas, sriaman...srucate distribution in batang sambas, sriaman...
Post on 27-Mar-2021
7 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
SruCATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SAmBAS SRIAMAN
Azizah binti Mustaffa
Bachelor of Science with Honours QD (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)181 2004S6 A995 2004
(XO
I ~9
Pusat_~ idmat Makfumat Akaden l j i SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA
Q4100 Kota Samarahan
SILICATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SARIBAS SRI AMAN
PKHIDMATMAKLUMA TAKADEMIK UIlIMAS
1111111111111111111111111 1000126481
AZIZAH BINTI MUSTAFFA
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree ofBachelor of Science with Honours
(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK
2004
~I c q
l c t ~
C 110 Idr I
Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan
Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme
Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004
ABSTRACT
A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The
silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the
silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate
concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells
chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature
Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature
ABSTRAK
Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat
dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan
bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga
tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu
Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu
10 INTRODUCTION
Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate
(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz
feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism
or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column
and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials
Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an
important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted
Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms
growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced
skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these
skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water
The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it
has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies
Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of
silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge
may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant
phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this
would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates
According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus
increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom
species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high
as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately
eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)
2
The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in
silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air
(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface
water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was
stable
Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities
when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of
silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester
1990)
The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to
determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the
number of diatoms cell at study site
20 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 Location
The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations
each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings
were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)
Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut
(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude
01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand
Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map
and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The
3
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
(XO
I ~9
Pusat_~ idmat Makfumat Akaden l j i SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA
Q4100 Kota Samarahan
SILICATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SARIBAS SRI AMAN
PKHIDMATMAKLUMA TAKADEMIK UIlIMAS
1111111111111111111111111 1000126481
AZIZAH BINTI MUSTAFFA
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree ofBachelor of Science with Honours
(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK
2004
~I c q
l c t ~
C 110 Idr I
Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan
Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme
Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004
ABSTRACT
A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The
silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the
silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate
concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells
chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature
Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature
ABSTRAK
Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat
dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan
bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga
tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu
Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu
10 INTRODUCTION
Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate
(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz
feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism
or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column
and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials
Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an
important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted
Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms
growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced
skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these
skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water
The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it
has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies
Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of
silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge
may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant
phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this
would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates
According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus
increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom
species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high
as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately
eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)
2
The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in
silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air
(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface
water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was
stable
Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities
when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of
silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester
1990)
The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to
determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the
number of diatoms cell at study site
20 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 Location
The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations
each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings
were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)
Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut
(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude
01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand
Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map
and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The
3
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan
Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme
Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004
ABSTRACT
A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The
silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the
silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate
concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells
chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature
Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature
ABSTRAK
Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat
dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan
bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga
tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu
Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu
10 INTRODUCTION
Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate
(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz
feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism
or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column
and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials
Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an
important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted
Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms
growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced
skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these
skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water
The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it
has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies
Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of
silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge
may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant
phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this
would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates
According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus
increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom
species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high
as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately
eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)
2
The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in
silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air
(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface
water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was
stable
Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities
when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of
silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester
1990)
The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to
determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the
number of diatoms cell at study site
20 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 Location
The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations
each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings
were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)
Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut
(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude
01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand
Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map
and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The
3
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
10 INTRODUCTION
Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate
(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz
feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism
or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column
and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials
Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an
important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted
Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms
growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced
skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these
skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water
The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it
has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies
Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of
silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge
may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant
phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this
would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates
According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus
increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom
species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high
as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately
eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)
2
The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in
silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air
(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface
water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was
stable
Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities
when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of
silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester
1990)
The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to
determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the
number of diatoms cell at study site
20 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 Location
The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations
each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings
were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)
Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut
(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude
01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand
Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map
and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The
3
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in
silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air
(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface
water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was
stable
Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities
when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of
silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester
1990)
The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to
determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the
number of diatoms cell at study site
20 MATERIALS AND METHODS
21 Location
The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations
each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings
were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)
Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut
(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude
01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand
Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map
and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The
3
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August
2003
22 Background of the study site
Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South
China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila
Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of
recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are
dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main
source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems
around the study area
Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon
sp which normally occur in July until September
4
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
SOUTH 0I8IA SEA
Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman
5
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
23 Field sampling
231 Silicate
Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and
bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling
stations
All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any
unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500
mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they
were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance
1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box
without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were
frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28
days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)
232 Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station
were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand
Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO
300310
24 Data analysis
The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at
each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and
temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences
6
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and
flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for
Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy
the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity
The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of
diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation
method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used
as a guideline
BOAT shy~
SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR
EACH DEPTH
MIDDLE
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
BOTIOM
VAN DORN SAMPLER
Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle
7
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
30 RESULTS
31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide
The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM
in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)
Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths
and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)
120
~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408
j 20
rJJ 0 -
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
1 2 3 4 5
Station
Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide
Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide
Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I
32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide
The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a
rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in
rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8
I
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA
Tukey Test pgt005)
120
100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~
2 60
8 c 0 40 lt)
J 20 CIl
0 1 2 3
Station
4
o Subsurface
bull Middle
bull Bottom
5
Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide
I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II
Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162
33 Correlation Analysis
331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the
number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
9
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters
-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate
-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom
0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a
Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102
Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II
Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)
332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide
There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of
diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the
number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity
e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T
Silicate
Diatom
Chlorophyll a
Salinity
Temperature
1000
-0009
0140
-0164
-0236
-0009
1000
0300
0586
-0230
0140
0300
1000
0434
-0398
-0164
0586
0434
1000
-0605
-0236
-0230
-0398
-0605
1000
Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)
10
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
40 DISCUSSION
Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has
become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally
come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of
sedimentations and siltations
The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between
subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also
not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and
salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with
diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell
walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)
The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy
11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment
of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate
concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of
Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general
the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different
in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study
The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged
approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s
(Benjamin 2002)
11
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
so CONCLUSION
The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However
there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations
temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate
concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous
The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species
composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future
should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in
estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity
60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the
completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for
his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty
of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr
Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En
Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed
trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my
beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life
REFERENCES
ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and
The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine
cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur
12
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard
Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton
Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring
Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London
Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston
Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London
Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of
Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc
Report
Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis
Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances
University of Otago Press Otago
Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and
species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560
Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of
phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50
Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy
Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)
487-496
Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc
United State
z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera
36 (2) 273-282
13
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida
Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry
John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York
Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in
Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University
Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report
Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability
in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos
Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17
Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological
Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York
Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA
Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved
Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9
(3) 172-178
Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London
Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of
The Genera Cambridge University Press New York
Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and
Techniques Routledge London
World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in
Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva
14
top related