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State of art and perspectives of biogas production from
organic materials in Germany
Jan Liebetrau
DBFZ – Overview
2
Development:
• The Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ) was founded on 28 February 2008 in
Berlin as a non-profit LLC (gGmbH).
• The Federal German Government represented by the Federal Ministry of Food and
Agriculture (BMEL) is the sole shareholder of the DBFZ.
Mission:
• The scientific task of the DBFZ is to comprehensively support the efficient establishment of
biomass as a valuable resource for sustainable energy supply within the scope of applied
research and to drive it forward, both theoretically and practically.
Structure:
• Around 220 employees in12/2013 (administration &
• research).
Management:
• Prof. Dr. mont. Michael Nelles (Scientific Managing Director)
• Daniel Mayer (Administrative Managing Director)
Abb.: DBFZ
Agricultural Biogas Plants
4
Electricity Generation from Biogas (2000-
2013)
DBFZ, Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 5/2014 5
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Insta
llie
rte
ele
ktr
ische
An
lag
en
leis
tung [M
Wel]
An
lag
en
za
hl [-
]
> 1000 kWel 501 - 1000 kWel
> 500 kWel 151 - 500 kWel
70 - 500 kWel 70 - 150 kWel
≤ 70 kWel install. el. Leistung [MWel]
© DBFZ, Stand 05/2014
Nu
mb
er
of
Pla
nts
Insta
lle
d E
lectr
ica
l C
ap
acit
y
Composition of Substrates Biogas I
6 Source: DBFZ, Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 5/2014
o The substrate composition in biogas plants is dominated by animal manure and
renewable materials (over 90%)
o Energy-specific manure plays a minor role (13%) due to the low biogas potential
animal
manure/dung
44%
Energy crops
48%
industrial/
agricultural
organic
residues
6%
bio-waste
2% animal
manure/dung
13%
Energy crops
77%
industrial/
agricultural
organic
residues
7%
bio-waste
3%
Mass-specific substrate composition Energy-specific substrate composition
n=707
Heat Use I
Verteilung der Nennungen (Anzahl) nach Anteilen externer Wärmenutzung (nach Abzug des
Eigenwärmebedarfs) (DBFZ-Betreiberbefragung 2014)
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
≤ 10 11 - 25 26 - 50 51 - 75 76 - 90 91 - 100
Nennungen [
Anzahl]
Anteil extern genutzter Wärme [%] n=292
keine externe Wärmenutzung
100 % externe Wärmenutzung
o Around 85 % of responders use heat for external purposes (excluding own heat requirements
o On average 51 % of excess heat is used for external purposes
DBFZ, Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 5/2014
No external heat use
100% external heat use
Share of external heat use
Nu
mb
er
of
Re
sp
on
de
rs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sozialgebäude
Trocknungsprozesse
Stallbeheizung
Nahwärmeversorgung
Fernwärme
öffentliche Gebäude
Gärtnerei/ Gewächshaus
Gewerbe/ Industrie
sonstige Wärmenutzung
relative Häufigkeit [%] n=531
Sommer
Winter
Heat Use II
Externe Wärmenutzung differenziert nach Sommer und Winter, relative Häufigkeit bezogen auf
Stichprobe (n=531) (DBFZ-Betreiberbefragung 2014) 8
o Mostly no difference in seasonal utilization given
o Drying plays a greater role in summer compared to winter season
Others
Commercial/
industrial
Horticultural
Public buildings
District heating
Local heating grid
Barn heating
Drying
Social buildings
Summer
Winter
Relative frequency
Bio-waste Plants
9
Fermentation of Bio-waste
(Bio-)Abfallvergärungsanlagen in Deutschland differenziert nach
Betriebsstatus und Substratinput (Datenbank DBFZ, Stand 11/2013)
o Around 130 plants (mainly or exclusively)
for the fermentation of organic wastes
(2013)
o 962 plants with permission to use bio-
waste and organic residues; 443 plants
utilize bio-waste (2012: Federal Statistics
Office)
o Statistics for bio-waste biogas plants are
not clear due to the problem of different
definitions of” bio-waste/waste”
o 76 plants use bio-waste and organic
residues from separate collection
o 62 plants use bio-waste according to §
27a EEG 2012
11
Conditioning Sanitation Plug-flow fermenter Plug-flow fermenter Separation
Box
fermentation
Torch CHP
Biofilter
Composting (closed) Composting (open) Process water
Technology Differentiation Agricultural and
Bio-waste Plants
12
• Aim of treatment (reduction of waste vs. energy generation, type of
end product(s)
• Legal frame
• Especially 150 day rule of the EEG
• Enclosure of construction parts incl. exhaust gas capture and treatment
• Large share in dry fermentation
• Large share of plants with post-composting facilities – open air
handling of digestates necessary
• Sanitation, biofilter, acid scrubber
• Used substrates
• Modes of operation
Composition of Substrates Bio-waste Plants
13
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8
34 37 40 42 44 45 48 48 50
14 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 162126
3236
4046
5361
76
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
Ve
rgä
run
gsan
lage
n [A
nza
hl]
*inkl. in Bau und Planung
Bioabfall
Bioabfall, Speisereste
Speisereste, gewerbl./industr. Reststoffe
keine Angabe
DBFZ 2014
Bio-waste (collected)
Biowaste from Industry
Organic waste
No response
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Treatment Technology Bio-waste plants
14
14 14 14 14 15 17 18 18
44 48 50 52 54 54 56 56
1416
19 2122 24
26 32
35
810
1318
2325
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ve
rgäru
ngsan
lage
n [A
nza
hl]
Trockenfermentation diskont.(Boxen)
Trockenfermentation kont.(Pfropfenstrom)
Nassfermentation
kombiniert Nass- undTrockenfermentation
keine Angabe
DBFZ 2014
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Dry – Box, discont.
Dry – Plug-flow, cont.
Wet
Combined dry/wet
No respond
Treatment Technology Bio-waste plants
15
14 14 14 14 15 17 18 18
44 48 50 52 54 54 56 56
1416
19 2122 24
26 32
35
810
1318
2325
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ve
rgäru
ngsan
lage
n [A
nza
hl]
Trockenfermentation diskont.(Boxen)
Trockenfermentation kont.(Pfropfenstrom)
Nassfermentation
kombiniert Nass- undTrockenfermentation
keine Angabe
DBFZ 2014
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Dry – Box, discont.
Dry – Plug-flow, cont.
Wet
Combined dry/wet
No respond
Treatment Technology Bio-waste plants
16
14 14 14 14 15 17 18 18
44 48 50 52 54 54 56 56
1416
19 2122 24
26 32
35
810
1318
2325
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ve
rgäru
ngsan
lage
n [A
nza
hl]
Trockenfermentation diskont.(Boxen)
Trockenfermentation kont.(Pfropfenstrom)
Nassfermentation
kombiniert Nass- undTrockenfermentation
keine Angabe
DBFZ 2014
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Dry – Box, discont.
Dry – Plug-flow, cont.
Wet
Combined dry/wet
No respond
Treatment Technology Bio-waste plants
17
14 14 14 14 15 17 18 18
44 48 50 52 54 54 56 56
1416
19 2122 24
26 32
35
810
1318
2325
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ve
rgäru
ngsan
lage
n [A
nza
hl]
Trockenfermentation diskont.(Boxen)
Trockenfermentation kont.(Pfropfenstrom)
Nassfermentation
kombiniert Nass- undTrockenfermentation
keine Angabe
DBFZ 2014
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Dry – Box, discont.
Dry – Plug-flow, cont.
Wet
Combined dry/wet
No respond
Biomethane
18
Biomethane Plants – Upgrading Facilities
19
o 31.12.2013:
o 144 Biogas upgrading facilities in
operation
o 24 new plants in 2013
o Most significant increase in
Sachsen-Anhalt (6 plants)
o m³ i.N./h Biomethane (2013) ca.
8,9 TWhHs(IWES)
DBFZ, Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 5/2014
Treatment Technologies I
20
Upgrading (raw) biogas towards natural gas quality (CO2-Separation):
o Mostly used technologies: Amin scrubber, DWW and PSA
o In comparison to the previous year membrane technologies increased its share (was 3 plants, is 7
plants)
DBFZ, Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse 5/2014
No response
Membrane process
Polyglycol wash
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
water scrubber (DWW)
Amin scrubber
N
um
be
r o
f P
lan
ts
Technical Description of Treatment Technologies
(2012)
21 Source: FNR (Hrsg.): Leitfaden Biogasaufbereitung und -nutzung, 2014
Carbotech Malmberg Greenlane Haase MT
Biomethan
Axiom
Technology PSA WS WS Absorption
with organic
solutions
Amin
scrubber
Membrane
Plant site in m³ i.N./h
biogas
400-2.800 350-2.000 400-2.800 250-2.800 400-2.000 400-700
Required space in m² 200-300 80-250 36-60 100-555 107-230 105-166
Required elec. energy in
kW/m³ i.N./h biogas
<0,19 0,2-0,23 0,17-0,22 0,23-0,27 0,09 0,24
Required therm. energy in
kW/m³ i.N./h biogas
0 0 0 Internal heat
use
0,6 0
Transfer pressure in bar 2 4,5-5,5 7-8 5-7 1,2 6
Max external heat usable
kWhth/m³ i.N./h biogas
<0,1 0,06-0,18 0,1-0,12 0,12-0,13 0,3 0,36
Methane losses <1,55 <1% <1%
<1%
<0,1% <5%
Specific Technology Cost
22
Specific
cost
Capacity in m³ i.N./h Biomethane
Membrane
technology just
entered the market
Specific Electricity Generation Cost –
Biomethane from Biomass
23
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Me
mb
ran
e
PSA
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Am
ine
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
Me
mb
ran
e
PSA
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Am
ine
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
PSA
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Am
ine
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
PSA
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Am
ine
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
PSA
Wat
er s
cru
bb
er
Ph
ys. A
bso
rpti
on
…
250 350 400 500 700 1400 2000 2800
Spec
ific
co
sts
[ct/
kWh
Hs]
Type of upgrading technology related to capacity [Nm³/h]
Biogas Production (from energy crops) Upgrading to Biomethane Feed-into the grid
Source: DBFZ, 2013
Summary
• Wide range of technologies for various substrates and conversion
paths for biogas are available
• Customized technology for each plant required
• State of the art technology is available
• Future flexible operation of electricity generation
Further developments :
• Small-scale plants for animal manure
• Optimized plants for bio-waste and composting
24
DBFZ Deutsches
Biomasseforschungszentrum
gemeinnützige GmbH
Torgauer Straße 116
D-04347 Leipzig
Tel.: +49 (0)341 2434 – 112
E-Mail: info@dbfz.de
www.dbfz.de
Researching the energy of the future –
come and join us!
Contact
Jan Liebetrau
Jan.Liebetrau@dbfz.de
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