stp183 eb/jan. 1956 - astm international · gohn , guerard and freynik on phosphor bronze reduction...

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGS. 1 to 22—Mechanical Properties of Various Phosphor Bronze Alloy StripsFIGS. 23 to 44—S-N Diagram of Various Phosphor Bronze Alloy StripsFIGS. 45 to 54—Summary of S-N Diagrams, Minimum CurvesFIGS. 55 to 70—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on Various Mechanical Prop-

ertiesFIGS. 71 to 82—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on Mechanical Properties of

Various Tempers of Phosphor Bronze StripsFIGS. 83 to 85—-Effect of Variation in Phosphorus Content on Mechanical Prop-

erties of 3, 4, and 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze StripsFIGS. 86 to 95—Effect of Variation in Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of

Phosphor Bronze Strips

STP183-EB/Jan. 1956

Copyright© 1956 by ASTM International www.astm.org

20

FIG. 1.—Mechanical Properties of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Strip.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

21

FIG. 2.—Mechanical Properties of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Strip.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

22 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

FIG. 3.—Mechanical Properties of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

FIG. 4.—Mechanical Properties of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

23

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

24 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

FIG. 5.—Mechanical Properties of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 25

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 6.—Mechanical Properties of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

26 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 7.—Mechanical Properties of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 27

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 8.—Mechanical Properties of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

28 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 9.—Mechanical Properties of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRON 29

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 10.—Mechanical Properties of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

30 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

10,4

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 11.—Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 31

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 12.—Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

32

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG, 13.—Mechanical Properties of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

GOHN, GTJERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 33

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 14.—Mechanical Properties of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 15.—Mechanical Properties of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

34

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 35

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 16.—Mechanical Properties of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

36 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 17.—Mechanical Properties of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 18.—Mechanical Properties of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 37

38 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 19.—Mechanical Properties of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 39

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 20.—Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

40 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 21.—Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.075 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 22.—Mechanical Properties of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 41

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 23.—Fatigue Characteristics of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Strip.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FoilureFIG. 24.—Fatigue Characteristics of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Strip.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FailureFIG. 25.—Fatigue Characteristics of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-fmish gram gize—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 26.—Fatigue Characteristics of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 27.—Fatigue Characteristics of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal Phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 28.—Fatigue Characteristics of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 29.—Fatigue Characteristics of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mmNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FoilureFIG. 30.—Fatigue Characteristics of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FoilureFIG. 31.—Fatigue Characteristics of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 32.—Fatigue Characteristics of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 33.—Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FallureFIG. 34.—Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure

FIG. 35.—Fatigue Characteristics of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cyc les—to —Failure

FIG. 36.—Fatigue Characteristics of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FailureFIG. 37.—Fatigue Characteristics of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FailureFIG. 38.—Fatigue Characteristics of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 39.—Fatigue Characteristic of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to—FailureFIG. 40.—Fatigue Characteristics of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FoilureFIG. 41.—Fatigue Characteristics of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-FailureFIG. 42.—Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Fai lure

FIG. 43.—Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.075 mm

Nominal thickness—0'040 in.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

FIG. 44.—Fatigue Characteristics of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

64 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Number of Cycles-ro-Foilure(a)

FIG. 45.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper Strip.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(b)

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 65

Number of Cycles-to—Failure(a)

FIG. 46.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal thickness—0.040 in.

(a) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure

(b)

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

(a)

FIG. 47.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND pREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE66

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(b)

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure

(a)

FIG. 48.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0-035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 67

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure

(b)

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(b)

FIG. 49.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

(a) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.(5) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent,(c) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per cent.

68

Number of Cycles -•to- Failure(a)

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(C)

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 69

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure(a)

FIG. 50.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

(b)

70 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

FIG. 51.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.075 mm.

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure

(a)

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

(b)

GOHN, GtJERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 71

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(a) .

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(b)

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(C)

FIG. 52.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.(b) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.(c) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm, Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per cent.

72 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(a)

Number of Cycles-to-Failure

(b)FIG. 53.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

(a) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Number of Cycles-to-Failure(a)

Number of Cycles-to-Foilure(b)

FIG. 54.—Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-fiinsh grain size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-fiinsh gram szie—0.015 mm.

73

74 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 55.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Tensile Strength of Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 75

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 56.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Tensile Strength of Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

76 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 57.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Proportional Limit of Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 77

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 58.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Proportional Limit of Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

78 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 59.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Yield Strength at 0.01 per cent Offset ofPhosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 79

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 60.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Yield Strength at 0.01 per cent Offset ofPhosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

80 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 61.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Yield Strength at 0.2 per cent Offset ofPhosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—-0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness 0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 81

Reduction bv Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 62.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Yield Strength at 0.2 per cent Offset ofPhosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

82 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per CentFIG. 63.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Ductility of Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 83

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 64.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Ductility of Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

84 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 65.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Rockwell "B" Hardness of Phosphor BronzeStrip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 85

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 66.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Rockwell "B" Hardness of Phosphor BronzeStrip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

86 GOHN, GUERAKD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FiG. 67.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Rockwell "30T" Hardness of PhosphorBronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 87

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per Cent

FIG. 68.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Rockwell "30T" Hardness of PhosphorBronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE88

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

(b)FIG. 69.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Modulus of Elasticity of Phosphor Bronze

Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm.(b) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 89

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per Cent

(b)FIG. 70.—Effect of Variation in Tin Content on the Bending Fatigue Properties of Phosphor

Bronze Strip at 10s Cycles of Reversed Stress.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.(a) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.(6) Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

90

Tin, Per Cent

FIG. 71.—Mechanical Properties of Annealed Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 91

Tin, Per CentFIG. 72.—Mechanical Properties of Annealed Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

92 GOHN, GTJERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin,Per CentFIG. 73.—Mechanical Properties of Half-Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 93

Tin, Per CentFIG. 74.—Mechanical Properties of Half-Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

94 GOHN, GTTERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin, Per Cent

FIG. 75.—Mechanical Properties of Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 95

Tin, Per Cent

FIG. 76.—Mechanical Properties of Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

96 GOHN, GTJERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin, Per Cent

FIG. 77.—Mechanical Properties of Extra-Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

97

Tin, Per CentFIG. 78.—Mechanical Properties of Extra-Hard Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish gram size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in'.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

98 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin, Per CentFIG. 79.—Mechanical Properties of Spring Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin. Per CentFIG. 80.—Mechanical Properties of Spring Phosphor Bronze Strip.

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

99

100 GOHN. GUERARD. AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin, Per Cent

FIG. 81.—Mechanical Properties of Extra-Spring Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

GOHN, GTJERARD, AND FBEYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Tin, Per Ctrrt

FIG. 82.—Mechanical Properties of Extra-Spring Phosphor Bronze Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.015 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

101

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per Cent

FIG. 83.—Effect of Phosphorus Content on the Mechanical Properties of 3 per cent Tin PhosphorBronze Strip.

GOHN, GUERARD, AND PREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE102

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal phosphorus content [0.05 per cent,[0.40 per cent,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 103

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 84.—Effect of Phosphorus Content on the Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin PhosphorBronze Strip.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal phosphorus content 0.40 per cent.00.06 per cent

104 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 85.—Effect of Phosphorus Content on the Mechanical Properties of 5 per cent Tin PhosphorBronze Strip.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.035 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal phosphorus content (0.05 per cent,0.40 per cent,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 105

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 86.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of Electrolytic Tough Pitch CopperStrip.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size—0.030 mm.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

0.015 mm,

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 87.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 0.5 per cent Tin Phosphor BronzeStrip.

106 GOHN. GTJERARD. AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per centNominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm,0.015 mm,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 107

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 88.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 1 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze

Strip.Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm,0.015 mm,

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 89.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 2 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze

Strip.

108 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 10.035 mm,[0.015 mm,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZ

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per Cent

FIG. 90.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 3 per cent Tin Phosphor BronzeStrip.

Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 10.035 mm,L0.015 mm,

109

110 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 91.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor BronzeStrip.

Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm,0.015 mm,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNJK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 111

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per Cent

FIG. 92.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 5 per cent Tin Phosphor BronzeStrip.

Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 0.036 mm,0.015 mm,

112 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 93.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 8 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze

Strip.Nominal phosphorous content—0.05 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 10.035 mm,

10.015 mm,

GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE 113

Reduction by Cold-Rolling, Per CentFIG. 94.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 10 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze

Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.05 per cent.

Nominal thickness—0.040 in.

Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 10.035 mm,10.010 mm,

114 GOHN, GUERARD, AND FREYNIK ON PHOSPHOR BRONZE

Reduction by Cold-Rolling,Per CentFIG. 95.—Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of 4 per cent Tin Phosphor Bronze

Strip.Nominal phosphorus content—0.40 per cent.

Nominal thickness, 0.040 in.Nominal ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm,

0.075 mm,