teaching-skills

Using Effective Teaching Techniques

Or, some more tools for your teaching toolbox

2

Objectives

Define EFFECTIVE teaching

List, explain, and give examples of

effective teaching skills

Demonstrate effective teaching skills in

actual teaching

3

Everything has led up to this.

Program planning leads to a curriculum Curriculum planning leads to teaching

calendar Teaching calendar leads to lessons Lesson planning leads to methods We use teaching skills to implement the

methods

4

What is effective teaching?

From perspective of PRODUCT:

– How much the students learn.

– Difficult to measure.

– Results may not be known for years.

– Results flavored by student ability.

5

What is effective teaching?

From perspective of PROCESS:

– Use of good procedures.

– Directly observable

– Results immediately visible

– Results may be flavored by available

resources

6

Effective Teaching Defined

“Patterns of classroom interactions that

consistently produce desirable student

outcomes in the form of higher test

scores, increased problem solving skills,

improved attitude toward subject, etc….”

– Borich. (1988). Effective Teaching Methods

7

Measuring Effective Teaching

Standardized test scores

– measured later and affected by all teachers

Accomplishment of SOLs

– measured later and affected by all teachers

Teacher-made tests

– unreliable, biased

8

Surrogate for Direct Measurement

Research tells us that Time on Task has

closest relationship to achievement

Time on task = time students are working

on appropriate, intended learning activities

9

Estimating Teaching Effectiveness

Degree to which:

– Task relates to curriculum

– Students are paying attention

– Students are following directions

– Students are working on assigned task

10

Effective Teachers Exhibit:

Clarity

Variety

Task Orientation

Engagement

Moderate-High Success Rate

11

Effective teachers Use:

Student Ideas Structuring Questioning Probing Enthusiasm

12

Four Major Effective Teacher Skills

Stimulus Variation

Repetition

Reinforcement

Examples and Non-Examples

13

Stimulus Variation

Kinesic Variation

Focusing

Shifting Interaction

Pausing

Shifting Senses

14

Kinesic Variation

Teacher Movement

Volume Variation

Get into Space

Move Behind

15

Focusing

Verbal

– This is Important, Write This Down, This

Will be on the Test

Gestural

– Point, bang on desk, point, gesture

Verbal-Gestural

– Point and “look at this!”

16

Shifting Interaction

Teacher to Student

Student to Teacher

Student to Student

Teacher to Student to Teacher to

Student

17

Pausing

Alert Students to Change

Promotes Thinking

Emphasize Key Point

Break Monotony

Regain Control

18

Shifting Senses

Hearing

Seeing

Smelling

Feeling

Tasting

19

Types of Stimulus Variation

Kinesic Variation

Focusing

Shifting Interaction

Pausing

Shifting Senses

20

Repetition -- Why Increase Level of Learning Prolong Retention

Repetitions/Time

Degree of Learning/ Retention

Ability to Recall

21

Repetition -- How

Restating another way Providing examples/non-examples to

illustrate Partial Reviews Massed Reviews Re-use skills in subsequent learning Practice, Practice, Practice

22

Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement– praise– grades– feedback– knowledge of results

Negative Reinforcement– constructive– suggests solutions, improvements

23

Examples & Non-Examples

Why?

Teacher Experiences

Student Experiences

Literature

“Made up”

24

Can We Talk?

What is Effective Teaching?

What is Time on Task

Why is Time on Task used as a

Surrogate for Effectiveness?

25

More Review

What Are Four Major Teaching Skills?

Why do we use Repetition?

Why is Reinforcement so Important?

What are Examples?

What are Non-Examples?

26

What is an Example of:

Kinesic Variation

Focusing

Shifting Interaction

Pausing

Shifting Senses

27

So What?

Program planning leads to a curriculum Curriculum planning leads to teaching

calendar Teaching calendar leads to lessons Lesson planning leads to methods We use teaching skills to implement the

methods