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Technology & Progression in IFM
The use of technology for environmental monitoring Alastair Leake GWCT Allerton Project
Technology for Wildlife Management “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it”
– Radio tracking (Pheasants and fish) – Satellite/ GPS tracking (Woodcock and
foxes) – Nest sensors – Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
(Squirrels)
Breeding season songbird numbers are correlated with wild pheasant numbers the previous autumn.
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Autumn pheasant count
Radiotracking is very useful for studying nes4ng ecology
Radiotracking – Habitat use/preference
Study the survival of pheasants (tags have a mortality switch so we can accurately determine when a bird has died)
Cause of death - Fox predation
Cause of death - Disease
Radiotracking is very useful for studying nes4ng ecology
Pheasant nest loca4ons on an arable farm in Norfolk
Woodcock
W Satellite-tracked woodcock 2013
www.woodcockwatch.com
Avoidance of sea crossings
Flight stage distances
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Distance flown (km)
Spring migration, between two consecutive Argos transmissions
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Cum
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Timing of spring departure
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Terr
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Wood
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Spotted flycatcher breeding abundance
Tagscost£0.40each
Readers/loggerscost£45eachincomponents
RFIDreader/loggerscost£45each
tota
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untagged tagged Hopper use
TAG
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cum
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Squirrels killed alltagged
hoppers first available
WoodB,4.69ha Feb-Jun201638squirrelskilled
=8.5/ha
Waders are in decline nationally
• BTO Breeding Bird Survey, UK 1995-2011
• Lapwing -41% • Redshank -42% • Snipe +8%
Lapwing populations
Annual adult survival = 75% First-year survival = 60% For a stable population, each pair needs to fledge on average 0.7 young Decline driven by reduced breeding success
Lapwing productivity, Avon Valley
Effects of lapwing and carrion crow density on nest survival
Clutch predation
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4/1/2015 0:00 4/6/2015 0:00 4/11/2015 0:00 4/16/2015 0:00 4/21/2015 0:00 4/26/2015 0:00
Nest predated at 22:39
46% daylight, 4% twilight, 50% night
Temperature loggers:
Avon Valley 85% of clutch loss is due to predation (10% flooding, 5% trampling)
Chick monitoring
0.4 g radio-tags with 30 day life
Chick ranges and survival 2015 and 2016
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Predator monitoring Camera trapping: 45 cameras set in 179 different locations 1.15 million images in 2015
Chick fates n = 208 dead chicks
Predated 83% Starved 14% Machinery/drowned 3%
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Bird Mammal Unknown
% o
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GWCT breakaway snare
x
The AIHTS Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (1998)
Ø TradeagreementbetweenEU,Canada,RussiaandUSA
Ø TrapstomeetcertainwelfarestandardsØ 80%capturestoshownopoorwelfareindicators
Ø Speciesincludesstoat(butnotredfoxormink)
Ø Deadlineis22ndJuly2016
Ø AbenchmarkfortesXngtraps
GWCT breakaway snare
1996
GPS tracking of foxes
• How do foxes use wet grassland habitats? • Can we disrupt their foraging patterns by habitat manipulation? • Where should we create better chick-foraging habitats? • Does electrified fencing to exclude foxes work?
IniXalcapture…
AZeraweek…
AZeramonth…
01020304050607080
Curlew GoldenPlover Lapwing
Pairswith
chicks(%)
Predatorcontrol Nopredatorcontrol
The Upland Predation Experiment Otterburn (2000 - 2008)
TheGWCTSalmon&TroutResearch
Centre
Assessing Atlan4c salmon popula4ons
The Main River Fish Counter
102cm Salmon
Electrodes
Side view camera - Salmon
Counter verifica4on
Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging
BAFF
Adult Fish Counter and RAPID
Fluvarium and Smolt Counters
FBA River Laboratory
East Stoke infrastructure
Bio Acoustic Fish Fence (BAFF) Deflect smolts from main river
PITdetectorsmeasuredeflecXonefficiency
BAFF
FlowdirecXon
Bio Acoustic Fish Fence (BAFF)
Electric Fishing - Methods • Classical (wading) fishing - Upstream
Electric Fishing - Methods • Boom-Boat
• Dacewithradiotag
Radiotracking
Manual Tracking
• FixedStaXons
Using technology for soil/ cover crop recording
Using “Apps” to assess GAI
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AppGAIAverage
hcp://www.agricentre.basf.co.uk/agroportal/uk/en/tools/website_tools/gai_cereals_cat_online/cat_online.html
Green Area Index– 01/12/15 Mix1 Mix2 Mix3 Mix4
ConvTill NIT
Rainfall simulation
Water infiltration measurements • Double ring
infiltrometer measures speed water moves into soil
• Using double ring prevents side flow
• Calibrated so drop in water levels equates to known amount of water
Resistance to Penetration - Example
• Penetrometer records each reading to a depth of 45cm
• Download the data back in the office
Resistance to Penetration - Example
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Force(kPa)
Farm1
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Moredifficulttopenetrate
Farm1=Difficulttopenetratesoilfrom20cmonwards–impactonrootgrowthFarm2=obviousploughpanat20cmFarm3=limitedsoilstructure
Mapping trees- Agro-forestry project • Collector app for
ArcGIS • Download base map • Can then add data
points in field • Each dot here
represents a different tree – colour represents a different species
Recording habitat on a Landscape scale • Dedicated dairy supply chain in Cumbria and South West Scotland
• 100 farmers who all supply through First Milk.
What were the results? • 478,839metresofhedge(473km).
• 390haofwoodland–42haASNW.
• 222,207metresofstonewall.
• 197,068metresofwatercourse.
• Thereare59pondson41farms.
• 71farmshavelowinputpermanentgrass.
• Only11farmsareinanagri-environmentscheme.
Songbird populations in response to winter feeding
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No feeding
Feeder filmed by night vision CCTV
The proportion of time spent by different wildlife groups foraging at game feeders during separate studies in 2004 and 2008.
2004 2008
Gamebirds
Corvids
Small Birds
Mammals
Pigeons/Dove
Figure1.Gamefeederlocationsandhabitatdetails.
FeedhoppersitehabitatdetailsA Inmatureashdominateddeciduouswoodland.20mfromlargewoodlandride.Largedrumgrainfeederwithin100m.
B Againstthin,1.2mtallhawthornhedgerowwithadjacentmaizebasedcovercrop.Wintercerealsinsurroundingfields.
C Bymoderatelydense,3mtallmixedspecieshedge.Maizebasedcovercropwithin50m.Wintercerealsinsurroundingfields.
D In15yearold,predominantlydeciduousplantation.Hoppersited10mfromwoodedge.Wintercerealsinsurroundingfields.
E Bymoderatelydense,1.4mhawthorndominatedhedge.Adjacentmaizebasedcovercrop(failed).Wintercerealsinsurroundingfields.
F Ingrassfieldmargin,5mfromhedgerow.Beneath2matureoaksgrowingonmargin.Winterrape,andpastureinadjacentfields.
G Against2mtall,thinsectionofreplantedhedgerow.Sparselyvegetatedmargin.Winterrapeandpermanentpastureinadjacentfields.
H Against1.5m,moderatelydensehedgerowborderinga25yearoldstripofmixedwoodland.2yroldKalebasedcovercroponfieldside.Wintercerealinsurroundingfields.
I Againstthin,1.4mtallhedgebygrasstrack.Adjacentmaizebasedcovercrop(failed).<10yearoldNorwaySpruceplantationonoppositesideofhedge.Wintercerealinadjacentfield.Matureashwoodland150maway.
J Below5mtall,predominantlyBlackthornhedge.Severalmaturehedgerowtreesnearby.Deepditchbelowhedge.Adjacentgrasstrackandmaizebasedcovercrop(failed).Wintercerealinsurroundingfields.Matureashwoodland150maway.
Game feeder locations & habitat details
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A B C D E F G H I J
Feeder
The proportion of time spent by the major foraging species at different feeders.
Others Yellowhammer Chaffinch Rook Pheasant Squirrel Mouse Rat
Yellowhammers feeding
• 28th June 2017 10.30 – 15.30
• www.gwct.org.uk/allerton25
Agricology www.agricology.co.uk
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