teeb: servicios de los ecosistemas
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"We use it because it's
valuable,
we lose it because it's free.“
Pavan Sukhdev. TEEB Study Leader
Chair of the Advisory Board
1. What´s TEEB?
Beginning: March 2007 Postdam
G8+5.
• Drawing attention to the economic benefits
of biodiversity
• Growing cost of biodiversity loss and
ecosystem degradation.
TEEB presents an approach that can help decision-makers
recognize, demonstrate and capture the values of ecosystem
services & biodiversity. In order to size the global problem of
biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation
The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a
global initiative focused on:
1. W
ha
t´s
TEEB
?
Main goals:
Recognizing, demonstrating, and capturing the values of
ecosystem services
The importance of wetlands:
• In Water cycle
• Adressing water objetives (Rio+20, MDG and 2015
SDG)
TEEB FOR WETLANDS
In order to…
• better informed,
• more efficient,
• fairer decision making
1. W
ha
t´s
TEEB
?
• Benefits and risks of loss
Role of wetlands and their values
What does TEEB try to answer?
1. W
ha
t´s
TEEB
?
• Measuring to manage
Measure helps to manage
• Integrating the values into decision making
improve the consideration of the values and
benefits
• Transforming TEEB approach
Scales
Ecosystem
2.
Ec
osy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s
• Goal:
Ecosystem
Function
Ecosystem
Services
Understanding and comunicating:
- Economic value
- Social value
- Cultural value
In order to foster:
- Restoration, conservation and
management and “wise use” of wetlands
(1)
(1) Adaptado de Martínez Anguita et al. 2010
2.
Ec
osy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s
1. Provisioning
services genetic resources,
biochemical, natural
medicines and
pharmaceuticals
MA (2005)
2. Regulating services erosion regulation, water
purification, waste regulation,
climate regulation
and natural hazard regulation
(e.g. droughts, floods, storms).
4. Supporting services those that are necessary for
the production of all other
ecosystem services
3. Cultural services cognitive development,
reflection,
recreation, and aesthetic
experiences
What is the value of wetlands?
2.
Ec
osy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s
Carbon storage Organic carbon stored per unit area of seagrass
meadows is similar to that of forests
(2) Scholz et al., 2012)
Data:
Surface Inland wetlands cover at least 9.5 million km2 (6.5% of
the Earth’s)
Peatlands 3% sup 30% C of the land 75% CO2 atmospheric
twice carbon stock in the global forest biomass.
Inactive floodplains in Germany €267 billion (nitrogen retention, carbon sequestration…
(2)
2.
Ec
osy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s 1. Inland wetlands: services and value Inland wetlands other than rivers and lakes (floodplains,
swamps/ marshes and peatlands)
TEEB (2010); de Groot et al. (2010); See also Brander et al. (2006, 2011), Ghermandi et al. (2011), Barbier 2011 and TEEB (2010)
provisioning services 34 2 9,709
regulating services 30 321 23,018
habitat services 9 10 3,471
cultural services 13 648 8,399
Total 86 981 44,597
(Int.$/ha/year – 2007 values)
2.
Ec
osy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s …but:
- Relation between wetlands landscape
- Ecosystem services not synergistic
- Interconnectivity
- People
- Value ≠ Price
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
sme
nt
Measurement & Assesment:
Adapted from Braat and ten Brink et al (2008)
The values of nature:
• Qualitative analysis based on non-numerical
information.
• Quantitative data represent state, changes in
the ecosystems and the services they provide
using numerical units of measurement
• Geospatial mapping allows the quantitative
data to be linked with geographical information
• Monetary valuation can build on biophysical
information on the services provided by
ecosystems to derive values
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Indicators:
• Natural capital information
• Ecosystem services flows
i.e. Cultural & social services
Landscape & amenity values:
amenity of the ecosystem, cultural
diversity and identity, spiritual
values, cultural heritage values etc.
Ecotourism & recreation: hiking,
camping, nature walks, jogging,
skiing, recreational fishing, diving,
animal watching etc.
Cultural values: e.g. education, art
and research
Changes in the number of residents and real
estate values
Nº of visitors to sites per year
Amount of nature tourism
Total number of educational excursions at a
site
Nº of TV programmes, studies, books etc.
featuring sites and the surrounding area
Number of scientific publications and patents
(TEEB Wetlands 2013)
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Indicators
(SCBD 2011, MRC 2003)
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Monetary valuation:
• Indication of the society preferences
• Easily understandable
• Easily communicable
• Help to reflect hidden cost (externalities)
• Provisioning services vs. other less visible
ecosystem services
(Zavestoski, 2004)
CONTRIBUTE TO CHANGE THE WAY IN WHICH SOCIETY MANAGE WETLANDS
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Monetary valuation:
• Choice of valuation methods: Socio-
cultural context
• Methods (categories) • Based on markets. Market prices, avoided
cost, mitigation o restoration options
• Based on revealed preferences. Travel cost
method, Hedonic Pricing method…
• Based on stated preferences: Contingence
Valuation
(Zavestoski, 2004)
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Monetary valuation: Limitations
• A range of methodologies are needed
• Both biophysical and monetary
approaches
• Ethical values, cultural needs, ancestral
rights?
• Anthropocentric focus (ignores ecosystem
that do not provide directs benefits to people or
economy Based )
IGNORE ECONOMIC VALUE IS REDUCE THE ABILITY TO MAKE ROBUST ARGUMENTS FOR THE CHANGE
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
TEEB 6-step approach (I)
Step 1: Problem with stakeholders
Step 2: Most relevant ecosystem services
most relevant
Step 3: Identify information needs:
• Methods
• Information
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
TEEB 6-step approach (II)
Step 4: Assess expected changes in
ecosystem services: • availability
• Distribution
Step 5: Identify and appraise policy options
Step 6: Assess social and environmental
impacts of policy options
3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Summary • Complexity of the processes
Information helps to manage. Indicators for
wetlands management
• Interactions not well known enough. Transparent
assessment
What cover and what dos not cover.
Appreciate hydrological function to understand benefit for people and economy
• Economic value of ecosystem services when
possible.
Single not enough, combine • Contribution to social and economic
development
Identify opportunities on wetland degradation. 3. M
ea
sure
me
nt
& A
sse
ssm
en
t
Choice among a lot of tools that:
- Let understand the value of wetlands
- Multi-objetive management
(ecosystem services)
- Synergies (policy making)
- Combination of tools
- Property rights
- Local people
- Communication
4. T
oo
ls
Tools (I):
- Site management
- Land planning & Regulation - Regulation of water discharges
- Regulation of products
- Spatial planning
- Liability
- Property rights
4. T
oo
ls
Tools (II): Market Based Instruments (MBI)
- Price influencing in people
- Externalities (price not always takes account
all costs)
- MBI as a way for integrating loss of
value into cost
- Taxes, subsidies…
- Tradable permits (markets)
- PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services)
4. T
oo
ls
Tools (III): Market Based Instruments (MBI)
- Flexibility (choice)
- Effective when cause degradation is
mainly economic
- Questioned (right to pollute)
- Lack of genuine incentives (ethics,
culture…)
4. T
oo
ls
Which are the main goals of the TEEB approach? (I)
- Knowledge of the critical role of
ecosystem services (in this case wetland
ecosystem)
- Multi-objetive management (do not
focus in biodiversity or single ecosystem
services (ES))
- Involve and engage local communities
- Value of restored ES more than
restoration cost
5.
“N
ee
d f
or
Ac
tio
n”
Which are the main goals of the TEEB approach? (II)
- Sustainability (all sustainability vectors:
social, economical and natural)
- Traditional knowledge and practices
- Manage transition (evaluate the way for
the transition among winner and losers)
- Education, communication,
(communication and more communication)
5.
“N
ee
d f
or
Ac
tio
n”
davidalvarez@ecoacsa.com
Ecoacsa Reserva de Biodiversidad, S.L. Tlf: 911252203
info@ecoacsa.com
www.ecoacsa.com
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