teeptecge.#g-vei ce e jburnal, teaching basic collocations
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The Association for Teaching English through Movies
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The Association forTeaching English through Movies
Teaching Basic
Teeptecge.#g-veI ce 16 e A7:EM Jburnal, XloL16, pp. 33-44,
Collocations for Japanese Learners of English
Through Popular Movies
Naoki FURUHI (Tsuyama National College ofTechnology)
Abstract Leaming cellocations is a eruciaL concern in the development of English
cornrnunications skilis. However, learners often feel that collocations are difficult to memorize.
Hence, providing more user-friendly learning material fbr students is necessary. The possibilityofteaching basic colloeations for Japanese students through movies is investigated using 1,572basic collocations and a database of movie quotes fbr 77 famous movies, Three hundred and
sixty-two collocations have been included in the database. The movies containing the maximurn
numbers of cellocations are Erin Broekevich, Gosford Park, Anne of Green Gables, lackieBrown, and Super Size Mla, These movies have maximum 31 and minimum 26 kinds of basiccollocations, respectively. The collocations appearing in several movies, having been observed in
22 to S4 works, are take care, dlo thing, take look, do favor, and teli truth. This indicates that
using movies does not ensure that there will be a sufficient number of collocations to be
presented. Consequently, merely through using movies, teachers cannot present sufficient volume
of cellocations te be learried, Thus, rnovies rnust be used in combination of other teaching
materials and learning methods such as word lists and textbooks.
1. I"troduction
The purpose of this study is to discover a better method to teach English collocations fbr Japanese
learners through the use of movies. In recent times, English communication skills are becoming
increasingly important for Japanese people, and the need to become proficient in English is spreading. For
example, Rakuten Inc., the largest online mail order shopping company in 'Japan, has decided to make
English their othcial language by 2012 (Matsutani, 201O). Having a good command efEnglish is related
with the ability to read, which in turn is related with an increased knowledge of werds (Kadota, 2003,
p.104; Nassaji, 2006; Nation, 2001, p. 144),
The fo11owing methods fbr word learning have been presented. Rodriguez and Sadoki (2000) and
Sagara and Alba (2006) fbeus en the keywerd method, Lee (2007), Min (2008), and Rett (2007) address the
effects of enhancements, for example, through the use of bold or italic fonts or through adding the
translation of the first language to words. Brouwer (2003) studies the acquisitien of vocabulary through
conversations, while Barcroft (2002) and Barcroft (2003) employ pictures. Furuhi (2009) and Uematsu
(2004) note the effectiveness ofusing movies fbr word learning,
In addition to word learning, gaining expertise in the combination of words, or the cellocatien, has
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been considered crucial in improving one's command of English. Bahns and Eldaw (1993) emphasizes the
importanee of collocation from a pedagogical viewpoint, In Japan, Koya (2005) wrote the first doctoral
dissertation en the basic collocations for English learmers in Japan.
The current study aims to specify a method of learning cellecations by using movies. Little research
has been conducted in this area, Because movies can present images and audio, they effectively capture the
vicwer's attention and are one of the most effective teaching optiens. In addition, the seeming authenticity
of colloquial Ianguage in movies promotes the acquisition ofcollocations in English learners.
2. Research Qllestions
The section above has initially pointed out the importance of acquiring basic cellocatiens, Next, the
method for teaching neeessary collocations through motion pictures will be clarified. In order to specify the
method, the fo11owing research questions wM be answered first:
(a) How many basic collecations are used in rnovies?
(b) Which colloeations are employed in each movie?
(c) How many times do basic eollocations appear in various mevies?
After clarifying these research questions, effective teaching methods will be considered.
3. Material and Procedure
In this section, the fbllowing questions will be clarifiedi
(a) What materials were used for analyses?
(b) How were the analyses executed?・
First, I show the collocations and the subtitle database with the reason for choice, Then, I describe
the results of these analyses. In order to condnct this research, the basic collocations that must be learned
need to be determined. Although the variety ofcollocation lists renders it dithcult to select them, the 1,572
interim verb-noun collocations oflered by Koya (2005) is the most appropriate list for the purpose of this
study. Although Koya ultimateLy reduced the list to 61 basic collocations, the smalL data the author thereby
offered makes that nurnber too small for the purposes of the analyses thatIwill conduct in this research.
Thus, 1 will utilize the original list, adopting all 1,572 collocations for my use. At this amount, once the
data has been processed, I can perform the analyses appropriately. In addition, it is important not to ignore
the collocations that are usefu1 specifically for Japanese people. Hori (2009) notes that Koya (2005) is the
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first docteral dissertation en the collocatiens that are helpfu1 to Japanese people, whi ¢ h serves as an
additional reason why the list is the most appropriate for my use.
The methods Koya (2005) used to compile the list are as fbllows. First, the author limited the list to
only verb-noun collocations, claiming three reasons for this decision. One is that this is the type of
collocation that is most frequently used. The second is that this type is considered indispensable for
producing sentences or phrases. The third reason is that verb-noun combinations are the type that has been
used most often in previous studies. For similar reasons, verb"noun collocations are also appropriate for
use in this study. '
The next step is to select which verb-noun collocations will be used. The JACET List of 8,OOO Basic
Words, .IA CET8000, which was compiled by Japan Association of College English Teachers, or JACET, is
used as a source ofnodes fbr learners. Although this word list contains 8,OOO words consisting of all parts
of speech, Koya (2005) adopts only nouns as nodes. Node is a technical term in the study of cellocations,
In the case of a frequently used phrase such as take place, place is the node and take is the collocate, which
is another technical term in this field. The study designates the neuns in collecations as nodes and the verbs
that are attached to them as collocates. Koya took all the nouns used in JL4(]ET 8000, which are 4,986 in
total. Next, using four major collocation dictionaries including COBUllLD English CbUocations on
CD-ROM (1995), Ostbrd Collocations Dictionar:y for Students of English (2002), the BBI Dictionary of
English Pfont CZ)mbinations (1997), and the lk enlyusha Dictiona,IJ ofEngtish Collocations (1995), Koya
identified collocates according to the fbllowing condition. The study regarded the collocations for the
nouns from the .L4CET8000 word list that were included in verb-noun pairs in all four of the dictionaries '
as needed collocations. Using this procedure, the study extracted 1,572 verb-noun collocations from the
.L4CET8eOO list and four ¢ ollocation dictionaries.
Thus, I identified the collocations that were to be tested to check whether or not they are used in the
moyies. Next, the movies in which the collecations qppear were to be determined. For this, I employ the
Eigo-kensaku datal)ase (Screenplay, 2010) for the fo11owing reason. It can be utilized on the Web. By
typing a word or phrase into the search window, the results appear instantly on your computer screen.
Using a iarge amount of recorded movie dialogue is an ideal way to determine whether the basic
cellocatiens were actually spoken by the actors. However, for an individual researcher, this method cannot
be perfbrrned because gathering the necessary amount of movie quotes that include target nodes, for
example, more than one hundred is almost impossible. So what method should be employed? The answer is
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to use Eigo−kensaku, a database provided by a Nagoya−based publishing company that publishes several
books that contain entire dialogues of farnous movies . This database’s reliability and accuracy exceeds that
of an individual researcher . It consists of 77 famous moVies, which might not be considered a large number
fbr a database. However, cons {dering its user −friendliness, this Web −based program has certainly helped
researchers a lot. In addition to 77 movies in the database, approximately 300,000 to 400,000 words are
stored in the database in total, assuming that there are about 5
,000 words on average per movie . Kennedy
(1998)indicates that a corpus containing l OO,OOO to l million words is suitable fbr various types of
research . Therefbre,300,000 to 400 ,000 words is a sufflcient amount . For some of the words that are typed
into the search window of the database, the names of the movies and the dialogue that matches the typed
phlase come up immediately.
How to prooeed with the analyses is as fbllows. First, the user manually types one of the l,572
collocations , such as take care or do thing , into the search window ofthe Web −based databa§e. The relevant
section ofthe monochrome screenshot is shown in Figure 1.
(映語式 サ クの 使い 方〉
検 索キー
ワー
ド:
通常検 索:
or 検索 ;
teke care . 〔亜
(1.)1通常検索 短縮形・変化形につ いて
ノ’し
1、丿 1 :) L/上 の キー
ワー
ド’を2 む Cor検索)
入力したキー
ワー
ト’の 全てを告む 文章を検 素します 。キ
ーワード’間に半角スペ i・
スを入れてくだ8い 。
1, の フ レーズとして検紫すb場合は、フレ
ーズ’を”…n
(ダゴル クォーテーション)で固っ てくだ8い。
入 力したキー
ワー−H’の いずれか誣蕾む文 章を検索 します。キー
ワー
ド’間に 半角ス ベ ース を入れ てください,
映画タイトル : 日本 語弼 トJbti 示 発行 凾号 順で 喪示
図 全て選鈬 口 全てウリア (検 素すb 映 画タイトル をチ ェ・y クして くださLi) ※ ()内は スクU 一ンプレイ発 行番 号です。
匣] About a Boy (118) 匣]GDsford Park (11Z) 回 Sabrinaぐ75)
圉 Anestesie 旧日) 図 Guilty bソSuspicisn (41) 団 School of Ro:lt〔123) 一 一 一
Figure 1.Screenshot ofthe Eigo−kensaku search window ,
Second, the user pastes the results of the search into the text−editable software . Figure 2 shows the
screenshot that displays the result of the search for take care . The Web −based system displays the results of
the search , which include the name of the movie that the verb −no collocation is used in, the spoken
sentences 血 the dialog that the co ]location appears in, and the aotor who speaks the words . In addition, the
results indicate how often the collocation appears in each movie as well as in all of the movies in the
database. Then, the user can cGpy and paste the results into text−editable software for all the collecations .
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Third, a long text file containing the search resuits of 1 ,572 collocations appears on the screen. Then,
a table showing the distribution ofthe collocations used in the 77 moyies is manually created as shown in
[Ibble 1. This table is merely a part ofa larger table. For example,.find way appears in 7 movies and is used
8 times in tQtal, which means one movie uses the collocation twe times. About a Boy centains 17 kinds of
collocations out of the 1,572, and in total uses 25, which indicates that 8 collocations out of the 25 are
repeated in the movie. The number 1 listed under Anne of Green Gables in the db work column indicates
that this verb-neun collecation is used in the movie once. On the basis ofthe entire table, which is part of
the larger Table 1, some analyses are conducted, such as counting the number of basic collocations used,
and then the results are obtained as described in the next section,
+eemsim- (eAge.ttOenifU")
[take cnre]Ontptk:M:55 eMdiq -121 f# G}lieAdii)XD 121 ttop1 fu 15 i#EfiM )kO+:2 >
effFILifNIi v
[ E tsP.S・rF)le-eiM l HAdiES,ft.tCmapt 1
ANNE OF GREENGABIES, THE SEQUEL-g・ fig07) ,3 itl[tv}LSLk W.O.l:fi
ntao Eh]TiffplftEe Tnhene
C2taneE,-f35) 1///, . GILBERT . Teke the hundred dD[lers and
murite a reaj
story
about
the
people vou care ebout right
here
in Avon
C3/em ,15,Sfi t59) II//,,, DIANA / Don't veerry, -e'11 talte geed care of her et the statjon.
(4fmlE'zorsl ) 1//l, MtsS STAGY , The driver can teke cere ef your trunk
BACK TO THE FUTURE -)fv)' h' if'J- --f"-1 ,4 i#1:t・vFL2Uk W.".l:"
Figtire 2. Screenshot of the search results.
Table 1Distribution ofthe collocations
Number
V-N oftypcs
collocations of
mevles
Totalnumbei About
Anastasia ef aBay
MOVLCS
Anne of GreenGabies
Anne qfGreenGables,
theSe uet
Back to the
FutureBtackRain
do work 7 7 1
make wish 4 4
find way 7 8 1
Numbcr of
types ofcollocations
l7 13 27 12'1S
13
Totalnumber of
collocations
25 13 29 17 19 ]4
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4. Results and Discussioll
In this section, I will first describe how many basic collocations are used in each movie on the basis
of the entire Excel spreadsheet, which is the source for Table 1. Then, I will show which collocations
appear in what movies.
Approximately 23 percent ofthe basic collocations, amounting to 362 collocations ofthe total 1,572,
appear in the 77 movies. First, the number ofbasic collocations appearing in the movies is shown. [Ibble 2
shows the top 5 rnovies in a descending order according to the variety ofcollocations. Table 3 shows them
in ascending order frem the bottom.
fab]e2
Number ofcollocations appearing in the movies in a descending order
accordinJtovarie fromtheto
The title ofthemovlesThe number of
collocations
The total number of
collocations
Erin Brockovich
GeoprdPark
Anne ofGreen Gables
.lackie Brown
Super Size Mkr
31
28
27
26
26
35
29
29
33
47
Tbble3Number
ofcollocations appearing in the movies inaccordin tovarie frornthebottom
an ascending order
The title of themevlesThe number of
collocations
The total number of
collocations
ne Miimnv]
Dances avith the PPblves
StuartLittle
Zerminator3
lbeAge
4
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
10
As shown in [[bble 2, Erin Brockovich contains 31 kinds of the 1,572 collocations and 35 collocations
in total. Some collocations are used repeatedly. Erin Biockovich is followed by Gosy2)rd Park, Anne of
Green Gables, .laekie Brown, and Super Size Mle. Clearly, even if Erin Brockovich, which is ranked at the
top for variety of collocations, is employed to educate about the basic collocations, only 2.0 percent of all
collocations will be presented to learners. On the other hand, as shown in Table 3, T7ie Mi!mnzy contains the
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fewest nuMber of collecations, with only 4 out ofthe total 1 ,572. Maximum 3 1 kinds and minimum 4 kinds
of collocations appear in the movies. Tlie average number of cellocations tbr all the movies according to
the variety ofcollocations is 14.3, while the average number in total is 19.4.
Ifwe arrange the table in the order oftotal numbers, Table 4 can be drawn up as fo11ows: Table 5 will
be to fable 3 what Table 4 is to Table 2. fable 5 is a table drawn up in ascending order with the total
numbers starting from the bottom.
[Ibble 4Number of collocations aearinin movies in a descendinorder ofthe total numbers
The title ofthe moviesThe number of
collocations
The total number of
collocations
Smpe" Size Me
Guiity by Suspicion
BultDurham
TVreIVegotiator
Rocky
26
22
17
23
20
47
41
41
40
36
Table 5Number ofcollocations aearinin movies in an ascendinorder ef the total numbers
The title ofthe meviesThe number of
collocatEons
The total numbcr of
collocations
ZVre Mutnnu'
Dances With the PFbives
StuartLittle
712rminator3
C7ialietsAngels
4
5
5
67
5
5
6
67
As [rbble 4 indicates, Super Size Me has the greatest amount of collocations with 47 in total. It also
contains 26 kinds of cellocatiens, This means that each collocation is used approximately twice in the
movie. On the other hand, flte Mumiay has merely 5 collocations out ofthe total 1 ,572.
On the basis of the observations made using fable 2 through Table 5, the number of collocations
ranges from 4 to 31 in variety, and from 5 to 35 in total. These findings indicate that one movie is not
enough to provide leamers with sufficient information on the basic collocations. Several rnovies need to be
employed in order te educate learners on the basic collocations, Assuming that Erin Brockovieh and
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Gosibrt7 Pat:k are presented to students, 53 kinds of collocations can be learned, while the total number is
64. The variety of collecations is reduced frem 59 (this number is ¢ alculated by adding Erin's 31 and
Go.slZ)nts 28) to 53 (this number is obtained by subtracting the number of duplications from 59, as some
collocations such as teil truth, take look, have ofect, take care, take break, and get ansiver appear in both
movies).
Next, l will reveal the collocations that are used individually in each movie. Table 6 lists the 5
collocations in a descending order according to the variety of collocations in the movies from the top.
Table6
Number ofcollocations a earin in mevies in a descendinJ order efvariety frem the top
CollocationsThe number ofmovies
usin thecollocation
The total nurnber of
the collocations
take care
do thingtaka
lookdo.fovortell
trttth
5432292422 11647484339
As shown in Table 6, take care is the most frequently used collocation among all I,572. This word
combination is seen in 54 movies with a total nurnber of occurrences of 1 16, which means it is spoken on
average approximately twice during a movie, and appears in over 70 percent of the 77 movies. Although
take care js more frequently used than the remaining 4 collocations in Tab]e 6, they appear frequently
enough to be observed in approximately 30 to 40 percent of the 77 movies. On the other hand, there are
also the least-used collocations spoken in only one movie. They aecount for 189 collocations or around half
of the total 362. They include, for example, accept apology give testimo"ol prove innoeenee, shovv
gratitude, get cteaFance, fite suit, build clam, win loitenyy wreak havoc, and bag forgiveness. The
collocations that appear in 2, 3, and 4 movies come to 65, 27, and 21, respectively,
Ifwe want to rearrange the sequence of the number of movies using the collocations in order ef the
total number, the 5 collocations remain as they are. The only differcnce is that db thing moves to third
position with take took rising to second.
On the basis of the observations from Table 6 and its relevant descriptions above, the nurnber of
movies that use the respective colrocatiens ranges from 1 to 54 according to the variety of collocations, and
from 1 to 116 in total. These findings indicate that the frequently used collocations as those shown in Tbb]e
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6 can be taught by using most of the 77 movies. However, the seldom-used collocations can be taught by
using only a few ofthe movies, IC fbr example, we assume that accept apology is the target co]location fbr
teaching, Erin Brockovich is the only choice that can be made.
Then, considering the number of word repetitions that appear in a movie, the word needs to occur
approximately 5 or mere times fbr it to be acquired by learmers (Crothers & Suppes, 1967; Saragi et al,,
1978; Zahar et al., 2001), although the standard studies address word acquisition rather than cellocation
learning, In the present study, a repetition threshold of 5 is adopted based on them. The collocations and
movies that confbrm to this cendition are shown on the basis ofthe number ofrepetitions in Table 7.
Table 7
Collocationsa earin 5timesormoreinamovieinorderofre etition
Collocations The title ofthe moviesThe number ofreetition
answerquestton
dbfovor take care
take care
take shot
deink tea
glvestatus
open dbor
solveproblem
take shot
do fewor tell truth
catch breath
easepatn
eatfood
la'ball
Gtiitty by Suspicion Snatch
Rocky2
Sabrina
Tlie Negotiator
Tlie Sound qfMiisic
T7ielVlegotiator
SPeedT7ieSoundofMabsic
7bp Gun
Rocky Iam Sam Cblons
Field oj-Dreams Super Size Mli BullDurham
55555666667781014IS
There are a total of 16 movies that feature one type ofco]]ocation in the movie 5 times or more.
Among them, 711ie Sound oj' thisic and T7re IVlegotiator have 2 collocations such as cb'ink tea and soive
problems, and take shot and give status, respectively. However, besides these two works, each movie on the
list merely uses one collocation that is repeated 5 times or more.
5. Conclusion
On the basis ofthe above discussion in the previous section, the answers to the research questiens are
surnmarized as fo11owsi
(a) The number of collocations varies for each movie,
(b) Some basic collocations arc observed in most of the rnovies on the Eigo-kensaku database, Others,
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however, rarely appear.
(c) The total number ofmovies that use the sarne collocation 5 times or more is l6.
Thcrefore, when a movie containing several collocations is being evaluated, a carefu1 selection of
movies should be made. In addition, when a teacher identifies target collocatiens for students to learn,
selecting the right movie is crucial.
Although a carefu1 selection ofmovies must not be disregarded, teachers should also understand that
students carmot memorize collocations after merely one encounter. They ean only become familiar with
them after encountering them 5 times or more. Teachers must devise some methods of allowing their
students to encounter collocations several times.
As discussed, the amount ofcollocations that a single movie includes is generally limited to a small
number. Therefore, editing movies by deleting the unnecessary parts and screening only the necessary parts
will increase the basic collQcations that learners have the chance to enceunter, and thereby make movies
suitable educational material. Additionally, by shortening the movie's length, the same section can be
viewed repeatedly over a limited period of lessons.
Howeyer, the method described above also means that the pleasure of watching movies is eliminated.
Therefbre, the purpose of learning should be focused on before deciding which method should be employed.
If appreciating the story is one of the goals, movies rnust not be shortened merely te increase the learning
of cellocations. [Ib stress on the number ofencounter, preparing a shortened movie is one way teachers can
choose,
Although this study has attempted to present a usefitl way of utilizing movies fbr learning
collocations, a suencient amount ofbasic collocations cannot be acquired solely through watching metion
pictures. Therefore, movies should be used along with other teaching materials such as word lists and
textbooks.
References
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Brouwer, C. (2003). Werd searches in NNS-NS interaction: Opportunities fbr language learning? TVie
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Appendices
Appendix 1
AboutaBay
Anastasia
Anne of Green GabtesAnne ofGreen Gables, the SequelBack to the fitture
BiackRain
Bull Durham
CastAwayCharlie
's
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Appendix
54
32
29
24
22
21
19
18
17
17
15
12
2.
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Pay attention
tell,ytotT
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take change
have thought
takeplace
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