territoriaal cohesiebeleid 2014 2020

Regional PolicyRegional Policy

Territoriaal Cohesiebeleid in

2014-2020

Door Lewis Dijkstra, PhDDeputy Head of UnitAnalysis Unit, DG Regional Policy

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Main changes in Cohesion Policy

• Integrated, place-based policy• Functional geography• Soft and hard policies combined

• Linked to Europe 2020• Smart Growth• Sustainable Growth• Inclusive growth

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EU-OECD definition of a city in four steps

1. Select cells with 1 500 inhabitants per sq km2. Cluster cells, fill gaps and select those with more

than 50 000 inhabitants (urban centre)3. Select all LAU2s with at least 50% of their

inhabitants in the urban centre. 4. Adjust for political level if neededIMPORTANT! Cities are selected on the population

of their centre, not total population

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Creating a Greater City

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Commuting zone

• Check if cities/kernels are ‘connected’ i.e. have at least a one-way commuting intensity of 15%. If so combine cities into a single destination

• Identify all LAU2s that send 15% of their employed population to a city

• Drop exclaves and add enclaves• If needed approximate with area for which data is

available (LAU1, labour market area, NUTS3)

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Air quality

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Integrated policy

• Combination of hard and soft measures• Water infrastructure and water pricing• Transport infrastructure and transport pricing?

• But in more developed regions ERDF shall NOT support investments in infrastructure providing basic services to citizens in the areas of environment, transport and ICT

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Europe 2020

How is it linked to Cohesion Policy?

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SMART GROWTH

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National rates and 2020 targetsTertiary educational attainment age group 30-34 in 2010 and

Europe 2020 targets

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

EU

-27

Italy

Rom

ania

Hun

gary

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Gre

ece

Mal

ta

Latv

ia

Bul

garia

Aus

tria

Den

mar

k

Est

onia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Por

tuga

l

Slo

veni

a

Slo

vaki

a

Ger

man

y

Fin

land

Net

herla

nds

Sw

eden

Spa

in

Pol

and

Cyp

rus

Bel

gium

Fra

nce

Irel

and

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

shar

e o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n a

ged

30-

34 y

ears

Tertiary educational attainment 2010 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Source: EUROSTAT

No national target

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Tertiary education

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National rates and 2020 targetsEarly leavers from education and training in 2010 and Europe 2020

targets

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

EU

-27

Pol

and

Slo

ven

ia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Irel

and

Ne

ther

land

s

Fin

land

Lith

uan

ia

Bel

gium

Est

onia

Fra

nce

Aus

tria

Gre

ece

De

nma

rk

Ger

ma

ny

Cyp

rus

Luxe

mbo

urg

Hu

nga

ry

Por

tug

al

Sw

ede

n

Bul

gari

a

Ro

man

ia

Latv

ia

Spa

in

Italy

Mal

ta

Un

ited

Kin

gdom

Per

cen

tag

e o

f th

e p

op

ula

tio

n a

ge

d 1

8-2

4

Early school leavers 2010 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Source: EUROSTAT

No national target

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Early school leavers

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National rates and targets 2020Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in 2010 and Europe

2020 targets

0

1

2

3

4

5

Cyp

rus

Mal

ta

Slo

vaki

a

Bul

gari

a

Latv

ia

Italy

Pol

and

Hu

nga

ry

Lith

uani

a

Irel

and

Ro

ma

nia

Luxe

mbo

urg

Ne

the

rland

s

EU

-27

Bel

giu

m

De

nmar

k

Ger

ma

ny

Est

onia

Spa

in

Fra

nce

Por

tug

al

Slo

ven

ia

Aus

tria

Fin

lan

d

Sw

ede

n

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Un

ited

Kin

gdom

% o

f G

DP

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Source: EUROSTAT

No national target

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R&D

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Digital society

• Use of public e-Services by residents and firms• People ordering products and services online• High growth of online turnover• High speed internet access: Available

everywhere?• Next Generation Access likely to start in cities

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Urban productivityLabour productivity in Metro regions and their MS, 2008

FI

SEAT

NL FR

BE

ITUK

DEES

DK

EL

EE

HU

CZPT

SK

SI

PL

LT

LV

RO

BG

IE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

La

bo

ur

pro

du

ctiv

iti in

PP

S 2

00

8,

EU

-27

ind

ex=

10

0

Capital metro region

Second tier metro region

Smaller metro region

Non-metro regions combined

national

209221

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Cities and tertiary educated

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SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

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Effort sharing decisionChange in greenhouse gas emissions outside the Emmissions Trading

Scheme, 2005-2009 and Europe 2020 targets

-20

-16

5

1

-10

-16

-20 -20

-17-16 -16

-15-14

11

1314

1719

20

15

10

-14-13

-5

4

-4

-10

9

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DK IE LU SE

AT FI

NL

UK

BE

DE

FR IT ES

CY

EL

PT SI

MT

CZ

HU

EE

SK PL

LT LV RO

BG

EU

-27

Ch

ang

es w

ith

res

pec

t to

200

5 le

vels

, %

% change 2005-2009 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Target = Reduction in emissions Target = Limit increase in emissions

Source: EEA, provisional calculation method

Target already reached

Reduced the distance but not yet reached their target

Target not reached

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Renewable Energy

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Urban eco-efficiency

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Urban eco-efficiency

• In cities residents and workers tend to • travel shorter distances• use the car less• live in houses/flats which are smaller• Work in buildings that share walls with other

buildings

• District heating is more efficient• However policies to make cities even more

efficient should not push jobs and residents to the outskirts of a city

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Proximity to public transport

• How many people live at walking distance of public transport access points?Railway stations: 15 minutes walking timeMetro and suburban rail: 10 minutes walking timeTram stops: 5 minutes walking timeBus stops: no complete or reliable information

available = not taken into account

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INCLUSIVE GROWTH

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National rates and 2020 targetsEmployment rate in 2010 and Europe 2020 targets

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

EU

-27

Mal

ta

Italy

Irel

and

Gre

ece

Rom

ania

Pol

and

Slo

vaki

a

Lith

uani

a

Latv

ia

Luxe

mbo

urg

Bel

gium

Spa

in

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fra

nce

Hun

gary

Por

tuga

l

Slo

veni

a

Bul

garia

Est

onia

Cyp

rus

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Fin

land

Den

mar

k

Net

herla

nds

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

% o

f to

tal p

op

ula

tio

n -

ag

e g

rou

p 2

0-64

Employment rate 2010 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Source: EUROSTAT

No national target

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Employment: Northwest

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National targets and 2020 ratesPeople at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion in 2010 and Europe

2020 targets

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Aus

tria

Fin

land

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Net

herla

nds

Slo

veni

a

Fra

nce

Est

onia

Bel

gium

Slo

vaki

a

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Mal

ta

EU

27

Italy

Spa

in

Por

tuga

l

Gre

ece

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Lith

uani

a

Latv

ia

Bul

garia

Rom

ania

Sw

eden

Luxe

mbo

urg

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Cyp

rus

Irel

andsh

are

of

the

po

pu

lati

on

at-

risk

-of-

po

vert

y o

r so

cial

exc

lusi

on

People at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion 2010 2020 Target ----- Distance to target

Source: EUROSTAT

No national target

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At risk of poverty and exclusion: South+East

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East West Divide on low workPeople living in a household with low work intensity, 2009

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

EU BE UK DK AT MT NL DE FR SI LU EL IT SE PT CZ FI ES CY PL LV EE RO SK BG IE LT HU

Sh

are

of

po

pu

lati

on

wit

h a

lo

w w

ork

in

ten

sity

, %

Large urban areas

Rural areas, towns and suburbs

Source: Eurostat SILC, MS ranked by difference between large urban areas and other areas. Areas are defined by degree of urbanisation

Urban disadvantage Urban advantage

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East West divide on urban poverty People at risk of poverty, 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

EU LU MT UK AT BE DE DK EL SE NL CZ SI FR CY IT ES EE SK IE HU FI PT LV PL LT BG RO

Sh

are

of

po

pu

lati

on

at

risk

of

po

vert

y in

%

Large urban areas

Rural areas, towns and suburbs

Source: Eurostat SILC, MS ranked by difference between large urban areas and other areas. Areas are defined by degree of urbanisation

Urban disadvantage Urban advantage

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Deprivation in the EastSevere material deprivation, 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

EU BE AT IE PT FR UK MT DE SE NL EL IT LU DK ES FI CY CZ SI LV EE PL LT SK HU RO BG

Sh

are

of

po

pu

lati

on

wit

h s

ev

ere

ma

teri

al d

ep

riv

ati

on

in %

Large urban areas

Rural areas, towns and suburbs

Source: Eurostat SILC, MS ranked by difference between large urban areas and other areas. Areas are defined by degree of urbanisation

Urban disadvantage Urban advantage

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Conclusion

• Europe 2020 is an ambitious strategy• Requires a different policy mix in countries

(National Reform Programmes)• Requires a different policy mix in regions

(Cohesion Policy Programmes)• Urban needs differ substantially between countries

and cities. Urban deprivation more concentrated in EU-15

• Urban opportunities in all MS, but investment needed to remove obstacles to development

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Conclusie voor VRP and ISOCARP

1. Integrate decisions about physical infrastructure with decisions about pricing & services

2. Use functional geographies3. Improve urban living because it can help to

1. More sustainable2. More innovative3. Addresses poverty

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For more information7th Progress reporthttp://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information/reports/index_en.cfm

Factsheets

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information/brochures/pages/country2012/index_en.cfm