the case against darwin
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8/6/2019 The Case Against Darwin
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8/6/2019 The Case Against Darwin
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N WN
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Also by James Perlof
The Shadows of Power: he Council on Foreign Relations
and the Amrican Deine (1988)
Tornado in aJunkard The elenless Mh of arwinism (999)
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CASE
DAWWHY THE EVDENCE
SHOULD BE INED
James Prlof
URGTO, MACUETT
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F p D p
Copyright © 2002 by James Peroff A rights reserved.Printed and bound n the Unted States of America
Pubshed by Refuge Books, 25 Sou Bedford Street Burlngton MA 01803
Much of the materal n ths boo apeared n the Juy 201 edtion of Wllw magazine Subscritions to Wl are aalabe by calng (541) 597 -776 or
onlne at wwwwordnetdaiycom
Book design, typogaphy and electron aginaion by Arow Graphcs Inc., Cambrdge MA
Cover design by Cameron Bennet and te ngreson Sudo Maester NH
Lbrary of Congress Cataog Conro umber: 200202580
--P
Pero amesThe Case Aganst Darwi/ames erofflst ed
p c.
IBN 066816013
Evouto
eatoim I iteQ3662P7 05768-21 20
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ContentsCHPER
Is Dawin's Theory Reevant t Our Lives?pg 7
CHPER
Evidence Againt the Tery f Evlutinpg 2
CHPER
Reevauating Sme Evidences Used t
uprt the Tery
pg
Cnclusinpg 9
Ntespg 77
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C
Is Darwin' Thery
Relevant t fLive?
"What? he ase against Drwin'? Are you nuts?
veryone knows evolution s a proven fatust
like the laws of gravity Thats how some people
respond when you tell them that there is a strong
ase today against Darwins theory of evolution.n fat that response is ver understandable. It's
how I used to reat myself fter all, the theory has
been taught for so many yers in shools and ol
leges that many take its trut for granted
owever, in reent years roing sienti evi
dene has arisen hallengig the theory hat's
what this book will disussin easytounder
stad language.
7
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THE A SE A GAS T DAR W
But before getting to that e should probably
rst address another atter Why should the aer age person are abou evolution in the rst plae?
Doesnt it ust involve a lot of siene and biology
stu?
One reason Darwiis is important to knowabout is its unique sal onsequenes Until the
nineteenth entury he view alost universally
aepted in the West as that God had reated the
world and an. oiety in turn as largely stru
tured on values laid ut in the Bibe.Darwin's theory sid soething draatially
dierent that man as not reated by God but
evolved o apelik anestors and that life itself
was not reated by Gd but happened beause the
right hemials a together by hane in the
anient oean. After publiation of he Ogn f
Spees in 1859, Darinian ideas began replaing
religi ideas until evolution itself beae the
prevailing view.ow it is ertainly rue that soe people tried to
ake their religious eliefs opatible with eo
lutionthey woud say something like "Well
aybe God reated lie through hane and evolu
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S DAR W'S THE O R Y RE LEAT TO O R L ES ?
tion. However for many, Darwin's heory put
God out of he piurehe was irrelevant ordidnt exist. Julian Huxley one of evolution's fore
most spokesmen in the twentieth enury staed
that Darwinism removed he whole idea of God
as he Creator of organisms from the sphere of raional disussion."1 And has how many people
saw it. In fa evolution has produed a lot of
aheistsinluding some famous ones.
oviet diator Joseph taln murdered millions.
In 940 a book was pubishd n Mosow entitledLndmaks in he Life f Saln It sates
A a vry ary ag, wi si a pupi in
ccsiasica scoo, omrad San dvopd
a criica mind and rvoionary snimns bgan o rad Darwin and bcam an ais.
G. Gurdjidz, a boyood ind o Sains,
ras
bgan o spak of Go osp ard m
ou, and ar a momns snc, said:"'Y ou know y ar fooing us, r is no
God
"I was asonisd a s words I ad nvr
hard anying ik i bo
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THE A SE A GAS T DA R W
Ho can you ay uch thing, 50o? I
exclaimed
Ill lend you a bok to read; it il ho you
that the orld ad all living thing are quite
dierent om ha you imagie, and al thi
talk about God i eer noene Joeph aid'''What book i tat? I equred.
'''Dari. You ut read it, Joeph im
preed on me."
Krl Mrx sd "rwn's book s very mor
tnt nd serves me s bss n nturl sene forthe lss struggle n hstory Mrx even sent r
wn proofsheets of as Kapita nd offered to
dedte t to hm but the nturlst polely
delned notng t ght embrrss some mem bers of hs fmly.
Now Mrxsts my obet to pkng on them so
lets swth to rhptlsm for moment.
Andrew Crnege te steel mgnte, ws one
sd to be Amer's hest mn. Though rsed Chrstn he beme n thest. There s story
tht Crnege returned to hs ntve otlnd nd
ws bostng to rowd of poor folks bout hs
gret welth "Nme one thng for me he sd
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S DAR WS THE O R Y R E L E AT TO O R L E S?
"hat God ould have given me hat havent been
able o get for myself! An ld man near he bakof he rowd answered "Well Ill ell you one
thing he ould have given ou Mr. Carnegiea
sense of humlity.
How dd Carnegie beom an athest? He wrote
n his autobography
When along ith thre or four of my boon
companion, a in hi tage of doubt about
heology including he upernaural element
and indeed he hoe heme of alvaionhrough vicariou atonement and all the fabric
bui upon i, I came foruaely upon Darin
and Spencer ork . . . . remember tha igh
came a in a ood and all a clear. No only
had I got rid of heology ad the upernaturalbut I had found the ruh of evolution4
ne person almos universally denouned is
Adolf Hler While Mar aw the "sruggle for
esene as beween lasses Hiler saw it asbetween raes and sought o develop a "master
rae. But dd he inven the dea? The subile of
h Orgn f Spees was he Preservan f
Favured Raes n he Srugle fr Lfe Although
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THE A SE GAS T DAR W
Darwin penned that i an anmal ontext, exend
ing it to human raes as a small leap of logi n
his demened way, Htler was llling this pre
dition Darwin made he esen of Man
At ome fture erod, not very dtant a
meaured by centure, the cvzed race wlalmot certanly extermnate, and replace, the
avage race throuhout the world. . . . The
break between man and h nearet ale wl
then be der, for t ll ntervene between
man n a more cvlzed tate, a we may hope,even than the Caucan, and ome ape a lo
a a baboon, nted of a now between the
negro or Autralan aborgne] and the gorla.
Raism was very prvalen among leading earlyevoluioniss many f whom believed he raes
had evolved separaey. Britain's Thomas Huxley
whose ere advoa of evoluon won him he
nikname "Darwin's ulldog wroe
It may be qute true that ome negroe are
better than ome hte men; but no ratonal
man, cognzant of he fact, beleve that the
average Negro the equal, tl le the upe
ror, of the whte mn. And f t h be true, t
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S DAR WS THE O R R EL AT TO O R L ES
simply ncredbe that when all his disablites
are removed and our pronathous relative hasa fair eld and no favour, s well as no oppres
sor, he will be abe to cmpete successfully
with his bggerbraned and smallerjawed
rival, n a contest which is to be carried out by
thoughts and not by bites The highest placeswithin the hierarchy f civlzation will
assuredly not be withn t reach of our dusky Uns . .
arwin wrote in he een of Mn that "the weak members of ivilize soieties propagate
their kind. o one who has attended to the breed
ing of domesti animals wil doubt that this must
be highly injurous to the rae of man . . . . exept
ing in the ase of man himslf hardly anyone is soignorant as to allow his wost animals to breed.
Darwins son Leonard eame president of
Britains Eugenis duatio oietyeugenis of
ourse was the ampaign t transform humanitythrough seletive breeding. The German philoso
pher Friedrih ietzshe ho advaned the idea
of the superman and maser rae, alled Darwin
one of the three greatest me of his entury. Zool
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THE A SE A GAS T DAR W
ogis Ers aeckel poaly Darwiisms greaes
popularier i Germay wroe i 1904
The menal life o avage rie lile above
ha of he higher ammal, epeially he
ape, wih whih hey are genealogially on
need Their inelligene move wihin henarrowe bound , and one an no more (or no
le) peak of heir eaon han of ha of he
more inelligen anial Thee lower rae
(uh a he Veddah or Auralian negroe) are
pyhologially neaer o he mammal (ape or dog) han o iviized European we mu,
herefore, aign a oally differen value o
heir live.8
Thus iler did o ive his deadly racismhese ideas were simmerig i Germay durig his
youh ad easiy race o Darwiia roos. s Ger
ma phiosopher Eich Fromm oserved "If
iler beieved i ayhig a al he i was i he
aws of evoluio whih jusied ad sacied hisacios ad especial his cruelies. Sir rhur
Keih preide of he Briish ssociaio for he
dvaceme of Sciee wroe i he 1940s "he
Germa Fuhrer as I have cosisey maiaied
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S DAR WS THE O R Y R E L E AT TO O R L ES ?
is a voluiois; h has osciously sough o
ak h pacic of Gmay cofom o h hoy of vouio10
his is o o i any way mpy ha odays vo
luioiss a aciss; ad caily, is aoci
is woud hav vold Cals Dawi. Bu i s
o say Dawiism has had lva social impac. f
op a oy aias, h fo Sai ad i
i ad ss o rea hm lik aimas, hdig
h lik ca io oxca oud fo guags ad
cocaio camps.Now som may say ", wll, Sali, Max,
Cagi, ihos a jus a uch of old
dad guys. Whas ha go o do wih ayhig
oday? I is u ha w ha had ay Sais o
ils uig mica h .S. Cosiuiodcalizs pow, makig i vy difficu o
fom ha kid of dicaosip
Bu i is poaly asoal o a las say ha
hav xpicd a al delne i ica
ov h as fw dcads. No vyo would
ag wih ha. Som pop do hik moaiy
ca dd d caily w hav had c
mprveens i his coui, say, choogy
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THE ASE GAS T DAR W
and som civil righs Bu i w look a saisics
such as drug us n suicid and divorc w
indicaions ha h A is dclining. ha hap
pnd a Columin igh School would hav n
unhinkal in h 190s whn noody dramd
ha wapons dcos would vr ndd aschool nrancs
So wha's causd Arica's moral dclin any
would say "ll w' los our rspc or radi
ional valus. OK wr did "radiional valus
com rom Thy ca mosly rom h Bil which or cnuris ws srn culur's cnral
giding documn
So w migh mor acuraly ask hy hav w
los rspc or h Bil I is proaly no an
xaggraion o say a aov anyhing ls, i
was h widsprad ching o Dawin's hory o
voluion as "ac. s uxly said voluion
rmovd God "om sphr o raional discus
sion Onc you mak God irrlvan h Bilcoms irrlvan ad h moral valus n h
Bil com irrlva
Our purpos in making his poin is no o
"push h Bil on pop u only o no ha
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S DAR W'S THER Y R EL E AT TO O R L E S?
rligion radiionall playd a srong rol in mr
ican social li, and ha voluion ndd o nga
ha rol, wih powrl cs o is own.
usd o wond why mrica had such a ig
social ransormain ack in h sixis On ac
or Evoluion wa no havily undrscord inmrican pulic scools or hn. Bu in 199,
h 100h annivrsry o h pulicaion o he
Oigin oSpecies h Naional Scinc Foundaion,
a govrnmn agy, grand $7 million o h
Biological Scincs Currculum Sudy, wichgan producing gh school iology xooks
wih a srong voluonary slan n h manim,
h Suprm Cour ruld ha school prayr was
unconsiuional (a having n consiuionl
or mor han a cuy and a hal . From hn
on, sudns in pulic schools hard h vol
ionis viwpoinan is jus an animalalmos
xclusivly.
wasn' rasd rgiously mysl, u onc soldon h "ac o vuion, aih sood no chanc
wih mI cam a ardcor ahis. nd hr
was a rason wh my gnraion, h ay
oomrs, accpd voluion so asily. Tnagrs
7
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THE ASE GAS T DAR W
usually arn' oo ho ou moraliy o gin wh.
Bu hr was ach saying h Bil was an old
myh. ll o us h man h n ommand
mns wr a myh. could mak up our own
ruls For rllious ns h mssag wasn
hard o akHarvard prossor O lson wris As wr
many prsons om laama I was a ornagan
Chrsian. hn I wa n I nrd h Soh
rn Bapis Church wh gra rvor and nrsin h ndamnalis rligion I l a svnn
whn I go o h Unirsy o Alaama and hard
aou voluonary hory.11 has a pry good
summary o wha hppnd o h ay oom
gnraion.
ll Duran auho o h Soy of iilizaion
was on o h prminn hisorians o our im
Shorly or his dah h said By orng vo
luion n plac o Go as a caus o hsory Dar win rmovd h hologcal asis o h moral
cod o Chrsndom And h moral cod ha has
no ar o God s vr shaky. ha's h condon
w ar in12
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S DR WS THEO R Y R E L ET TO O R L ES ?
I know ha no vryon wl agr wh h
concuson u I hop w' mad a rasonacas ha achng Darwn' hory as a ac has
had som srous soca consquncs "Bu
sury somon may ask you don advoca
aackng h hory o vouon jus caus o
h?" Crany no. I Darns hory s ru wshould lav alon
owvr, good scnc s ow showng h h
ory wrong. Thas a srong samn. A Darwns
mgh say somhng k u your mony whr
your mouh s! Ls do
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C
Evidence Against
the Theory ofvluin
Evience from Genetcs
Darwins thor sas sh olvd throgh man
ntrmdiat stps, into han bings. Th qs
ton ths arss How did s acqir th gns to
bcom hmans A cratr cannot b anthing
phsicall its gns wont allow. A zbra cannot
giv birth to a bab kangaoit onl has zbra
gns. A woman cant vn b born blond with
ot gns or blond hairothwis sh has tos Miss Clarol.
Gntics was not dvlopd as a scinc in Dar
wins da and h assmd aimals ssntiall had
an nlmitd capacty to aapt to nvronmnts.
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HE SE GNS DR WN
H wro By hs pocss long connud .
sms o m almos cran ha an ordnary
hood quadrupd gh convrd no a
gra n ohr ords Darwn lvd you
could ak, say donys and you pu hm n
h rgh nvronm, hy could gvn noughm com gras. Ths smply s no u
Evn ar mllons o yars n h jungl donkys
would sll donkys caus hy only hav
donky gns.
To rsolv hs dlmma, modrn voluonss
assrd ha h s's gns mus hav mued
no human gns ovr onsmuaons o
cours ar arup alraons n gns Thy gn
rally occur vry rary Accordng o voluonary
hory, an organsm vlops som nw posv
characrsc hroug a muaon r adapng
o h nvronm. Th craur hn passs
hs muad ra on o h nx gnraon andvnually sprads hrough h whol spcs
Organsms whou ra ng wakr, d ou
("survval o h s ). Through hs procss,
sh gradually volv no mn.
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E DENCE GNS T THE THE O R Y OF E OL TO N
owvr hs hypohss no long holds p
Dr. L Spnr who ag normaon horyor a dcad a ohns opkns Unvsy and h
zman Ins spn as sdyng ma
ons. H has wrn an moran nw ook No
by hnce Sheng he Mde Theoy of Eolu
o In h wrs "In all adng Iv don n
h lscncs laur I'v nv ound a
maon ha addd noraon . . . . All pon
maons ha hav n sdd on h molcula
lvl rn o o rdc h gnc nomaonand no ncras
aons delee nomaon om h gc
cod Thy nvr cra hghr mor complx
nomaon. ha ar h acally osrvd o
caus n hman ngs Dah Srly. Hmophla. Sckl cll anma. Cysc ross Down's
syndom. And ovr 400 ohr dsass Th
gnc cod s dsgnd o n an organsm pr
clymaons dl omaon rom hcod casng rh dcs.
To advanc h vw oluonss hav long
pond o maons wh ncal cs Th
mos common xampl gn maons som
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THE ASE GA S T DAR W
times make bateria rsistant to antibiotis (germ
kiing drugs . And o the argument goes, "f
mutations an make ateria stronger the must
be abe to do the sae for other reatures. Dr
Spetner points out tht this is based on a misun
derstanding for the utations that ause antibi oti resistane stil inolve infin lss
For example, to dero a baterium the antibi
oti streptomin atthes to a part of the bater
ial e aed ribosoes Mutations sometimes
ause a strutural deormit in ribosomes Sinethe antibioti annot onnet with the misshapen
ribosome, the bateium is resistant. But een
though this mutation urns out to be beneial it
stil onstitutes a lss f gene information not a
gain o "evoution as taken pae the bateria
are not "stronger. I fat under norma ondi
tions with no antibii present the are weaker
than their nonmutate ousns
Lets take an anaog Suppose a ountr's dita tor ordered dissidents to be rounded up and hand
ued So the poie ere bus handung dissi
dents But one da the ran into a man born
deformedwith no ams One oud oneivabl
4
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E DEE A GAS T THE THOR O F E OL TO
sa that, in this ase, the an had an advantage
over others, sine he oudn be handued But itertain woudnt represnt an evoutionar
advane. And neither does deformit that pre
vents bateria from beng "handued b an
antibioti
It is often possibe to ddue a benefit from
information oss uppose ou ripped the wind
shied wipers off our ar. n benet? Yes, our
windshied oud never e srathed b the
wipers But dont we a prefr wipers? Or suppose we just did awa with ars mpete That woud
be a huge oss of informatio and tehnoog but
there woud be benes ess poution, and no one
woud die in ar aidents
hat if a mutation auss a hid to be borndeaf? An benet? Yes the hid wi never hear
an urse words. But dont we a want hidren
who an hear? In the same a evoutionists, b
viewing a partiuar mutatin n a lmed onexma desribe the mu ta tio as "benefiia and
inorret sa it represents voutonar progress.
A good exampe is the disese sike e anemia,
whih some evoutionsts hve portraed as bene
5
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THE ASE A GAS T DAR W
fiia beause is deomed ed bood es ae
immune to maaia u this is akin o saing it
woud be good to ut o ou oes to pevent ah
etes foo. Like he amess man the wipeess a
and he deaf hid hese "benefiia muaions
tun out to be infomaion ossesh is his a pobem fo evoution? Beause if
Dawins thesis is oet, and a ife began as a
singe e hen hne mutaions mus have
designed and engineeed nea eve bioogia
featue on ah o dophins emakabe sonassem (whih is the env of the us av o the
human hea. The ate is an ngenious sutue
Bood is pumped o the igh side of he hea to
he ungs whee i eeives oxgen bak o he
heats eft side whi popes i to the es of the
bod hough moe than 60000 mies of vesses.
The hea has fou ambes a sstem of vaves
pevents bakfow ito an of these; eeia
impuses fom a naua paemake onto heheats hhm
Rae mutations ause abies to be bon with
ongenia heat disodes making bood shu to
the wong paeThee is no known ase of mua
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E DEE GS T THE THO R Y OF E OL TO
tios improving iruatio. Hemoglobinthe
bloods oxgenarring mponethas overfort mutat variants ot ne trasports oxgen
better than norma emogoi To aept evou
tio we must believe that uman blood irua
tiona wonder of engineergwas onstruted
b hane mutatios whe atua observation
demonstrates the damage it
rnst Chai who shared a obel Prize for his
work i deveoping peniin kew mu about
bateria and antibiotis Dr hai stated "To postulate that the developme and survival of the
ttest is enirely a osequne of hae muta
tios or even that nature aries out experiments
b tria ad error through utatios i order to
reate ivig sstems better tted to survive seemsto me a hpothesis based on o evidee and irre
onilable with the fats
Mutations are ofte inheitabe the do reate
hanges but te hanges are inevitabl downward,or at best neutra Mutatins have ever been
observed to originate a e hormoe organ or
other ntional struture The redue, but do
not generate bioogi teholog This is not to
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THE ASE GAS T DAR W
sa it is impossile tht a random mutation oud
reate higher geneti informaionon that it is
not observed in siene. And arwin's eo ould
die on is alone Bu instead wel just al this
"strike one on Dawn
Evidence from Origins Scece
ven arger difutis arise with the evolutionar
idea of lifes beginnigs. Charles Darwin and his
ontemporaries thouht els were rather simple,
and that it woud thus be feasibe for hemials ina "primordial soup o ome together and form
one However, throgh advaes in bioog, we
now know that ev a "simpe el ontains
enough informatio to l a hundred miion
pages of the nyloedia Briannia17
Cells onsist essenial of proteins one ell has
thousands of proteis, and proteins are in turn
made of smaler buiding boks aled amino
aids. orma hins of hundreds of aminoaids ompose a prein, and these amino aids
must be in preise tiona sequene
Aording to the voutioar senario then,
how did the rst e happen? Supposedl amino
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E DEE AGAS T THE T O R O F E OL TO
ais forme n the rimordal soup. Almost eve
hgh shool boog tex eounts Dr. StanleMlers amous experimen In 953, Mier hen
a Universit o Chiago grauae suden assem
ble an apparatus n wh he ombined water
wih hrogen meane an ammona (propose
gases o he ear arth . He ubjete he mixture
o eletr sparks. Ater a wek he dsovere tha
soe amino aids had fore in a rap in he
ssem ven thoug an annt oean would have
lake suh an apparatus voluonsts onje ure that n he priive rh, ghtning (orre
sponding o Mers eetrit ou have struk
a simar arra of emias and proue amno
ais Sne miions of ear were nvoved even
ual the ame b hae into the orreseuenes. The firt protes were forme an
hene the rst el.
But Sr Frans Crik, wh share a Nobel Prize
for odisovering As sruture, has pontedout how mpossible ha w be. He aulae
ha the probabit of getig jus one proein b
hane woud be one n en o he power o 260
hats a one wih 260 zeroes ater i. To pu his
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THE CASE A GAS T DAR W
n perspetve mathmatans usual onser
anthng wth ods orse than one n 10 to the
power of 50 to be fo prata purposes mposs
ble Thus hane odnt produe even one ro
tenet alone the thusans most els requre
And els need mor than protensthe reqrethe genet ode. A bterums genet oe s far
more omplex han the ode for nows 98
Nobo thnks the prgram for ndows 98 oul
have arsen b hae (unless ther hard ve
blew reent But wat Cels nee more than the genet oe.
Lke an language t must be translate to be
unerstood. Ces ave deves whh atull
translate the oe o beeve n evoluton wemust beeve tha b ure hane the genet oe
was reate an als b pure hane translaton
deves arose whh took ths meanngess oe
an transforme t o somethng wth meang.
volutonsts annt argue that "natura seleton would have proved he ods. Natral
seleton operates lvng thngshere we are
dsussng dea hmals hat preceded lfes
begnnng.
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DC GST TH THO R Y OF OL TO
ow ould nthing s mplex s ell rise
b hne? fmous evoutonr rgument dteso 860 he er fer puition of Te Origin
of peies t Oxford Univrsi, "rwins ul
dog Thoms uxe (wh we quoted erier
engged in retionevotion debe with he
oogin Smuel ilberfore. There is no rn
sript, bu repored ux in mking his se
for hne origins, sid ht six monkes poking
rndom pewriers, d given eough mi
lios o ers oud wrie l the books in heBriish Museum More t entur ter, s
pui shoo sudent herd vriion on th
hee: "f roomul of monkes were to rn
dol k pewriter long enough, he
wod evenull rerete te ompee works of Shkespere nd if monks ould rerete the
opete works of Shkesere b hne then
obious ells inormtin onen ould lso
rise hne, i on give enough timeowever, none who eeves hese projeions
hsnt gured he mth. t re he odds of
monke ping one predeermined nineleter
wod, suh s "evoution ell give Huxe
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THE SE GAS T DR W
break, and assume a pewrier wih on eers,
no oher smbos. Ovious, he rs eer, "e,
woud be a piee of ke. Bu o ge "evouion,
sine he aphabe ha 26 eers, one mus mui
p 26 b isef eigh imes e nd he monke
woud need, on averge, more han ve riionaemps jus o wri "evouion one orre.
Tping en eers per inue, his woud ake over
a miion ears. To g wo oseuive predeer
mined nineeer worssuh s "evouion om
menedwoud ak more hn a biion biionears, aking us mu rher bak han he Big
Bang whih suppose ourred some 1 biion
ears ago. n oher wrds if a monke sared p
ing a he ime of he ig Bang and oninued uni
now, he oudn evn produe wo onseuive
preseeed 9eer ordse aone "he works
f hakespeare.
If i is objeed ha he exampe had a roomful of
monkes, Dr. Duane ish pus he monke maerin perspeive
If one billion plnet the ze of the earth
were covered eyebtoeyeball and ebowto
elbow with monkey, and each monkey wa
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E DENCE GNS T THE THOR Y OF E OL TON
eated at a typerer (rqurng abou
quare feet for each monkey, of the approx maely quare fee avalable on each of he
planet) , and each money typed a trng of
leter every econd fr ve bllon year,
the chance are overhelng hat not one of
hee monkey ould have typed the entencecorrectly! Only tre uld be made by all
hee monkey n that v bllon year .
There ould not be the lhet chance ha a
ngle one of he mokey (a trllon rl
lon monkey) ould have yped a preelectedenence of letter (u a The ubject of
th Imact arcle the nturaltc degn of
lfe on the earth under aumed prmordal
condton") thout a ellng error, even
once. 9
Een f the orret hemas dd ome together
b hane woud that reate a vng e? Throw
ng sugar our o and eg on the oor doesnt
gve ou a ake. Tossng tgether steel rubbergass and past doesn't gv ou a ar. These end
prouts requre skll enneerng How muh
more so then, a lvng orgasm? Indeed suppose
we put a og n a bender ad turn t nto puree?
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THE ASE A GAS T DAR W
All the ingredients fr life would be therebut
nothing living arises om it ven sientsts in a
lab ant produe a liing reatue om hemials
How, then, ould blid hane?
But lets sa that omehow b hane, a ell
reall formed in a prmeval oean, omplete withall the neessar prteins amino aids, geneti
ode, tanslation deies a ell membrane, et.
Presumabl this rst little ell would have been
rather fragile and sortved But it must ave
been quite a ellbause witin the span of itslifetime, it must hve evolved the omplete
proess of ellular rerodutio. Otherwise, tere
never would have ben another ell.
And where did seal reprodution ome m?Male and female reprodutive sstems are quite
dierent h woul nature evolve a male repro
dutive sstem? Untl it was ll ntional, it
would serve no purpseand would sill serve no
purpose unless there as, onveentl available, afemale reprodutive sstemwhih must lso
have arisen b han
Furthermore, supose there reall were sme
basi organi omponds formed om the "pri
4
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THE CASE GAS T DA R W
oean as a singe ewith the sienti obstales
amost never disusse.
Darwin's theory od aso die on this informa
tion aone, but instead well just all it "strike
two.
Evdence ro Bochestry
Biohemistry is also ving Darwin probems Dr
Mihael Behe, biohmist a Lehigh University
has written Darwins Blak Box Te Bioemial
Callenge o voluio In this 1996 book, Behedesribes how omplex ertain biohemial sys
tems are. If any omonent was missing the sys
tem would have no ntion Therefore it ould
not have evoved stpbystep. Behe alls this"irreduible ompexy
For example bloo otting swings into ation
when we get a ut A o may ook simpe to the
naked eye owever hrough a mirosope, it is a
very ompex proess nvovin more than a dozensteps A person with hemophilia is missing just
one otting fator an is at high risk for beeding.
Someone missing sevra omponents woud have
no hane for survivl at a. To paraphrase Dr.
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E DEE A GAT THE TE O R OF E OL TO
Behe very smpy f bloo cottg had evolved
stepbystep over eos creures would have bedo death before t was evr perfecedad ts
cremea stages ever psed o to subsequet
geeratos The system s reducby complex.
other exampe Behe gves: the mmue sysem. Wh fecos occr must dstgush
vadg bactera cels om the body's ow
celsotherwse te atter l be aacked (whch
s he case auommu dseases). at
body detes he bacteru by attachg to t I
a complex bochemcal proess a varety of whte
bood cels"kle celsre oted of the bac
erum's presece These ave o the ste ad
usg the deg atby atack the eemyke blood cotg ts system s rreducby
complex. The pas are terdepede Wha
evolved rs? The kler ces? Wthout the det
g abody tey wod kow where to
attack But why wud the eter develop rst
whout ker cels to ot? d f he etwork
evolved graduay dsease ould have wped crea
tures out log before t cou have bee perfected.
7
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THE CASE tGANS T DA R WN
Behe demotrae ha other biochemical y
tem uch a huma viio are alo irreducbly
complexthey ca have evolved tepby
epgivig clear eidece hat they reued
om iellige deig.
By my cou hi pt hree rike o DariBut le ay hi lat trike wa oly a foul ball
trikewell keep hi a the pate.
Evidence fr Fssls
Doe paeoologyte tudy of foilvaliateevoutio? Ope a teager biology textbook
ad you ill probaby ee a tree of life from
which al life form bach out A he tree bot
tom i a igeceled reaure. Accordig to ar wiim hi ile orgim gradualy evoved io
the r ivertebrae (creaure ithou back
boe uch a jelly).
Cambria rock i e ow geologic layer co
aiig mot of the olet kow iverebrate foil I it e fid lieray biio of foil of
iverebrae clam ail worm poge jely
h, ea urchi, wimig cruacea, etc But
here are o foil deoratig ho thee crea
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E DECE GAS T THE THE O R Y OF E OL TO
trs volvd or that ty vlopd om a om
mo astor (For this raso w ar of thCabria "xploio.) lat Stph Jay
Gold of arvard akowldgd that "or mor
xtsiv labor has still faild to idti ay ra
tr tat might srv as a plasibl immdiatacstor for th Cambria faas [aimals] .
otr words t bottom f Darwis grat "tr
of lif is mrly a spltio spportd by
fossil vid
Spposdly ivrtbrats volvd ito th rst
fis Bt dspit billios of fossils from both
grops trasitioal fossls likig th ar
missig.
ll trog th voltioary tr t "missig lis ar still missig sts rodts, ptro
dactyls palm trs ad otr lif forms appar
i th fossil rord with o tra of how ty
olvd Gart Nls of th mria
Msm of Natral istory statd: "It is a mistak
to liv tat v o fssil spis or fossil
grop a b dostrat to av b as
tral to aotr
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THE ASE GA S T DAR W
Coin Paerson, snior paeonologis a he
Briish Museu o Naura Hisory roe: Gould
and he erian useu eoe are hard o
onradi hen hey ay here are no ransiional
ossis s a paeonlogis yself a uh
oupied ih he hiosophia probes o ideniing anesral ors in he ossil reord
ill ay i on he lehere i no one suh
ossi or hih on oud ake a aerigh
arguen
Many oher paeonologiss have ade equalysrong airaions ee Chaer 2 o y book
T ado in a Junkyar) O ourse, his erainly
does not ean ha hre are no ransiiona ors
aied oday by evuioniss ndeed, ih herising halenge o arin eer evouioniss
see o aknoledge he ak o ransiiona fos
sils, perhaps or ear being quoed by reaion
iss oe have begu o ore srongly asser he
eisene of suh orsHoever, he vunrabiiy of suh opinions o
error is deonsrae by ies hen hey have
been onusively pren rong Take or ea
ple Pidon Man as delared an apean,
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E DECE A GAST THE E O R Y OF E OL TO
500,000 years o. t wa vaidated by any of
Britain's eading sientts, inuding notedanatoist Sir Artur Kei, brain speiaist Sir
Gafton Eiot Smt, and ritis useu geoo
gist Sir Artur Sit oward. At te tie te
disovery was anoune (1912) te New York
Times ran tis eadine arwin Teory Proved
True. For te next four eades, Pitdown an
was evoutions greatest swase, featured in text
books and enyopedias. Meanwie ergyen
wo ad denouned evouon were ridiued; Pitdown, it was said, ad proen te wrong.
ut wat did te Pitdo�n an atuay onsist
of? ust a very reent oragutan aw, stained to
ok od, its teet ed don to ake te ore
uanooking anted geter wit a uan
skubone, aso stained t reate an appearane
of age
Tose wo tin su stakes no onger our
need ony onsider te Acaeorapor promotedin a 10page oo spread n te Noveber 1999
Naional Geograpic as true issing ink
between dinosaur and bids. Te fossi was dis
payed at Nationa Geogpis Exporers a
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THE CA SE ANS T DR WN
and vewed by ver 00000 ee. wever
urned u be faesene had sm
py gued geher a rd fss wh par f a
dnsaur fss.
r s jus aud a can deceve. The cea
canh s a bny sh wse fsss can be seen nJurassc rc (he age f he dnsaurs). Sups
edy hs creaure had been exnc fr se 0
mn years. ccrdg Dawn's hery sh
evved n ahbas (anmas ha can g n
and and waer such s gs). Fr years evu nss caed he cacanh a frerunner f
aphbans s fssed ns descrbed as mb
e.
Then n 1938 shen caugh a ve ne he can cas. Snc hen abu 200 re have
been caugh. Besdes rvng he ceacanh was
n exnc fr 0 n yars exanan
reveaed was 100 pecen sh wh n aphb
an characerscs.Why s reavey esy be sed by a fss?
Snce 99 percen f a rganss bgy resdes
n s sf anay, re s a hw uch
ne can deduce bne. Ths aes fsss
4
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EDEE G S T THE TE OR Y OF EO L TO
asy to invst wt subjcv opinions. As Jrold
ownstin and Adrinn ilman notd in NewSienis in rfrnc o an ancstry
The ubjective eeme in thi approach to
buldng evoutionary ree, hich many
palaeontologit advocateith almot religiou
fervor, demotrated by the outcome there
o ingle famiy tree on hich they agree.27
r is no conclusiv ay to tst th intrpr
tation of t fossi of an tinct cratur cinc
cannot obsrv t past wit t sam autority asit obsrvs t prsnt Paontology trfor is
not a scinc on t lvl o pysics or cmistry
wos laws can b dmonstatd in a laboratory It
rlis aviy on opinon an migt vn bttr b
dscribd as an art tan a inc.
On th 25th annivrsar of Prsidnt Jon F.
Knndys da a nationa magazin askd m to
writ an indpt artic o t assassination. In
rsarcing it I was astonsd at th varity of opinions about wat ad ccurrdt idntity
of t assassin(s) numbr of assassins locations
from wic ty ad fir, tc. s dbats
ragd dspit a wath of vidnc hundrds of
4
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THE ASE GANS T DAR WN
eyewitnesses intervied y the arren Cois
sion the Zapruder l which caught the acta
saying; fingerprints; alistics tests. Even the
autopsy resuts on Kenedys ody were dispted
in a estseing ook
If this mch deate an occur over an incidentthat happened ony 40 yars ago, how then can an
evolutionist pck up a one agmnt, supposey
ilions of years old, d assert with a ig degree
of erainy that it is th ancestor of suchandsuch
a species nike th ennedy assassination, thereare no eyewitnesses wo saw this reature; there is
no Zapruder ovie o it there are no soft tisses
to examine
Darwin stated that the nuer of intermediateand transitiona links etween al living and
extinct speies, us have een inconeivaly
great. But assuredly, if this theory e tre, such
have lived upon the arth. e aditted these
creatures fossis had ot een found in his ayut hoped ture excaations woud turn the p
hey havent.
f evoutionary thory is true, the geoogic
record should revea the innuerale transitional
44
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E DEE A GAS HE E O R Y OF E OL O
form Darwin poke o e houdn nd ju a
handfu of queionabe bu bilon of nermedae valdaing heor. Inead he
fo reord ho ania ompeeno in
developmenal aee ver r me he are
een Th i ju ha e ould expe f anmal were reaed nead of evlved.
Thi i anoher rike Darwin bu ine he
ujeivi of he foi rord make a more
deaabe iue el a anoher fou bal
rke. Darwin an a a e pae.
Evidene fro Taxono
Wha abou living raniinal form? Taxonom
he ene ha lai pan and animagrouping he harerii he hare.
Swedih boani arolu nnaeu pioneered he
ed aignng organ a order genu
and peie Hi em wo univera aepane.
inaeu rong oppoed evoluon. He aw ha
he arger dvion of vg ngonrar o
wha evoluon woud prdiwere diin
dvided wihou overlap.
45
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THE ASE A S T AR W
A rainow may he many oors u one
oesnt see soi re jmp o soi orangeRaher,
graations exis eten them. Simiary i a
reatures have a omon anesor, we shou not
see isiny ivie roups ut iving inerme
iaes etween hoe groups Evoutionistsaknowege ha he ntermeiates are missing
ut say hey must hav eome extinB i so
where are heir ossis anaian ioogis R.
hompson noe
Takng the axonc sysem as a hole, t
appears as an order arrangemen of clearcut
entes, ch are earcut because hey are
separated by gaps . . . The genera tendency o
emnae, by mean of unverfable speculaons, the mts of e categores naure pre
sents to us, s he ertance of boogy o
he Origin of Species. o estabsh he connuty
requred by he theo, sorca arguments are
nvoked, even hoh hstorcal evdence s
ackng. Tus are enendered hose agle to
ers of hypotheses bed on ypotheses, ere
fact and con nenge n an nexrcable
conson.29
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V AGAN S T THE �E O R Y OF E VO TO
ie has chaged s 1930, whe usi H
Cark he mhsa Iiuos emie zooogs declared:
The complete abenc of any intermediate
form beeen the maj group of animal,
hch i one of the mot trking and mot ig nicant phenomena broght out by the tudy
of zoology ha htherto een oerlooked, or at
leat ignored . . . .
No matter ho far ba e go in the foil
record of preiou anim life upon the earthe nd no trace of any nmal form hch
are intermedae bete the arou major
group or phyla.
Thi can ony mean O thing There can be
only one interpreation �f th entire lack ofany ntermedae bete the major group of
animala for n tan beteen the back
boned animal or ertebre the echinoderm ,
the molluk and the artopod
If e are llng to acpt the fact e mut belee that there neer ere uch intermed
ate , or in other ord tt thee major group
hae om the ery r brne the ame relation
to each other that they br t oday. 3
47
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THE A SE AST DR W
Evidence from Moleulr Biolo
ccording o Darwinis sh evlved into amphb
ians which then evov into repiles, which hen
evolved into mammas Austraian molecular bio
ogis Michae Denon udied tese differen ai
mas on a molecuar ee and ound no evidencefor he sequence n i book, Evoluion A Teory
in Crisis Denton anas varios molecular struc
tures such as tha o cytochrme C, a protein
involved in producing eluar nergy. is foud
in organisms ranging m baceria to man. Based
on cyochrome C amibians are ust as disant
om sh as people ar n ohe words on a mol
ecular evel ampibias are no close cousins of
sh. Denon wries:Intead of revealig a mulitude of trani
tional form throug which te evolution of a
cell might have occred, mlecular biology
ha erved only to ephaize the enormity of
the gap . . . . [N livg yte can be thought
of a being primitiv r anceral ith repect
to any other ytem or i there the lightet
empirical hint of a evolutinary equence
among all the incredly divere cell earth.
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E VECE A GAS THE E O R OF E VO O
T] he sysem o nare conoms nda
menally o a highy order hierarchic schemeom which all direc evince o evoluion is
emphaicaly abse3 1
Isses of Coon Sense
In a popuar evoutionary eplanation hees how
repties evolved into bids hey wanted to eat y
ing insects tha we out o reach. So the reptiles
began leaping, and appg their ams to get
highe. ve millios o yeas, thei imbs transfomed into wings b inceents their tough ep
tiian scaes gradua sproting sot eathes.
ut the theoy suers wen scrutinized. A few
yeas ago I was waking ough a zoo with myson. We saw uncaged parrots sitting on peches
out in the open. My son asked me why the parrots
didnt just y away_ We eried the zookeepe
who tod us We cp thei wings
Now what wou hapn to these paots i
tuned oose in the junge Unable to y hey
wold make easy tagets o pedatos and swity
peish
4
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THE ASE GANS T AR WN
ccording to nturl seection phsic trit is
cquired becuse it ehnces suri Obious
ight is beneci. Oe cn certinl see how
ing nims might suvive better thn those who
coudnt nd thus ntur seection would pre
sere them But birds wings nd fethers re per fectl designed instrments. "Evoling wings
would he no genuie survi lue unti the
reched the point of ight. The trnsitionl cre
ture whose imb ws f eg hf wing woud be
poor cndidte for uriit coudnt et
nor wlk wel. Ntur seection woud eiminte it
without second thoght.
et's rise n even ore ndmentl question
Wh rent repties oday deveoping fethersWh ren't sh day growing litte legs tring to
dpt to lnd Wh ent inertebrtes eoving
into ertebrtes Wh rent reptiles eoing into
mmmls Shoudnt volution be ongoingnd wh is mn s incredib dierent from
nimls Wht niml cn sole compex mth
equtions Write poe ugh t jokes Design
compu ter softwre ow cn we s mn is
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E ENE A GANS T THE TE O R OF E VO TON
merel "one more anima just more high
evoved?
et's reVew the evdee aganst Darwin's
heor:
(1) Mutations the supposed buildng bloks of
evoluton are never atual observed to reate
higher geneti information
(2 Cels are far too ompex to have originated
om a hane arrangement of hemials.
(3) The human bod has features suh as boodottng and the immune sstem that are "irre
dub ompex and annot have evoved.
(4 he fossl reord revals anmals ompete
when rst seen and thus better supports reation
than evoution(5 Taxonom shows a ak of ntermediates
between the major divisons of iving reatures.
(6 On a moleular leve there s no evdene
for the evolutionar sequene.(7 Common sense argues against evolution.
Ths s probab enoug to onusive all
stke three on the theor. But rst et's examine
various evdenes used to sppor Darwinsm
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F G H
Figre . Haeckel embyo sequence, ow expoed a faed
purported to how (et rght) hog af abbt huan.
5
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C 3
Reevalatg Some
Evdeces Used toSuppt th Thery
Hecke's Embs
Most o us have sen thos drawings o deveop
ing human embryos next o deveoping anima
ebryos and hey ook viray indisinguishabe
(igure 1). This ha ong bn said o demonsrateour ommon anesry wih hese animas and hus
prove the heoy o evoutin
hese piures ere desied by German zooo
gis Ernst Haeke (whom e previousy quoted
on the ower raes havi a dieren vaue to
their ives). Haee expaed
hen we see ha a ceran sage eembryos of man and he pe he dog and he
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THE ASE f AS T AR W
rabbi he pig and e sheep, hough recogniz
able as higher verbraes canno e disin
guished om each her he fac can ony be
elucidaed by assumng a common parenage32
What few peope kw: the pctures were fakes.
he decet was expoed Haekel's Frauds andForgeries 915) , a bok b Assmth ad Erest
R. Hu he qoted etee leadg athortes
of the da. Aatoms F. Kebel of Frebrg U
verst sad that "t earl appears that Haecke
has ma cases fre veted embros, orreprodced the lusratos gve b others
a substatal chaed form. 33 Zooogst .
Rtmeer of Base Uverst called the dstorted
drawgs "a s agat scetc trthless.Despte the earl eposre, Wester educaors
cotued sg Haeces pctres for decades as
proof of the theor o evouto. he matter has
bee settled wth at b Dr Mchael Rchard
so, a embroogst at St George's MedcaSchoo, odo. He od there was o record
that aoe ever actal checked aeckel's cams
b sstematca coparg huma ad other
fetuses drg deveopmet He assembled a
54
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R E E VA L UA TG S O M E E E E S U SE .
scientific tem tt dd jut ttpotogp
ing te gowing embyos o 39 dieent species.In 1997 inteview in Lodons The Times D.
Ricdson stted: "Tis is ne of te wost cses
of scientic ud Its socing to nd tt some
boy one tougt ws get scientist ws delib
eely misleding. It mke me ngy . . t
e Heckel did ws to tke umn embyo nd
copy it, petending tt t slmnde nd te
pig nd ll te otes looke te sme t te sme
ste of development. Te don't. . . . Tese efkes.
Tody, toug to ese etent Heckels
ings still ppe in mbe of ig scool
nd college tetbooks.
Vesii Orns
In 925, evolutiony zoogist Hotio Hckett
Newmn stted: "Tee e ccoding to iede
sem no less tn 180 vesigil stuctues in teumn body, sufcient to ke of mn veit
ble wlking museum of iquities. Tis ws
note of Dwinisms get myts: te umn
body is loded wit vestgil ognselics om
55
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THE CA SE AS T DAR W
our anma past no lngr srvng any sgncant
purpos
On rason why s many tonscoms wr
prvously prformd as h fas f tha on
ss wr vstga oday tonss ar rcog
nzd as havng an mun ncton. Evoutnsts sad th pna gand ocatd n th ran as
vstgalnow w kow t scrts h hormon
mlatonn. Th thyms foud n th chst as
aso dclar uslss. hav snc dscovr
has an mmun nctn. Th hyro coccyx andmany ohr oy pars prvusly dmd vst
gal ar now undrsod to hav mporant uss
Th s of 80 vstal sructurs s practcaly
down o zro Unforunal arlr Darwnsts
assumd that gnorac of an organs funcon
man ad no ncton
St
In 1962, Prsnon F Knny spakng a annr for th Amrcas Cu crws stad hat
w all cam om sa. H thn rpad a
popular msconcptn An t s an ntrsng
ologcal fact hat al of us hv n our vns h
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REE AL UA TG SO E E DE C ES USED
eac same percentage slt in ur bld that
eiss in he can Kenned went n t say pple njy sailing because "e are ging back
m whence we came.
This rrneus ideatha ur bld cnains
"h eac same percentag sa as he cean
was widespread. t was satd by my sihgrade
teacher and seemed impressve evidence tha man
had evlved m sa creatues.
Hwever, human bld des nt rsmble sea
water. The acual mineral cnt human bldplasma and seawatr, in miigrams per lier is as
llws
ELEMENT BOOD EWTER
dium 3200 0800
Chlrine 3650 9400
Passium 200 392
Cacium 50 4
Magnesium 27 290
Phsphrus 36 0.09Irn 0.004
Cppr 0.00
Zinc . 0.005
Chrmium . 0.0002
5 7
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TH A S A GANS T AR WN
Bomne 4 67
Fuone 1 1 3Boon 5
Seenum 9 0000
Thus anothe clalke Haeckels embyos
and Huxley's ypng onkeyswas pepetuaed
because no one bothed o check the acs.
Hn Tis
Anothe longhed ea was tha some babes aebon wh tastowbacks o the days when
we wee apes swnng o ees A Rende
Sho poesso o ugey a the Unvesty o
Bstol claed ths ong ago
I is oen saed ha chdren are born wh
ails" bu as a rule he aleged ails are noh
ing bu ay or bous umos such as may be
me wh in many pas o e body wou
any embryoogica sgncance There are
many congenal anormalies wih whch he
medical proesso is wel acquaned: cub
oo hare lp cle palae congenal disloca
ions naevi, superumerary ngers and oes
spia bifida. u noe o hese recal he ape39
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RE EA A T G S OME E iE ES SE
Pe pere os
The atest Darwnan evene to bte the st: thepeppere moth Most hgh shoo bology text
boos toay te ths reate as a proof of evol
to Brtans peppere mo omes n lght an
ar varetesrng t he evoltonary se
aro, the peppere moth res on tree trns r
ng the ay Insral poton blaene the
trs, mang the ar mhs nvsbe to prey
ng rs, whh ase the to beome the om
nat varetyater pollt ontrols ase thelght varety to resge
Bologst onatha Wels ho hos PhDs om
Yae an Bereley, exposes he myth of the pep
pere moth n hs 200 boo cons of voluion st trns ot, peppee mot o no rest on tree
trs rng the ay. In sme stes, ths was
fae by gng an pnnn ea moths to trees
an photographng hem en f the stes ha
bee ompletely va, al thy wo have shown
s ltaton wth a spes There s no qes
to that sh tatons r The rea qes
to s whether one n f anma (fsh) an
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HE A S A A S A R W
beome a ompete derent knd (mamma)
that's what Darwn's heor s a about.
Wth so man Darnst roofs rumbng hat
remans? wo major arguments undergrd evou
ton toda.
Te Arment fro "Mcro evolton
Modern evoutons ke Darwn hmsef use
breedng expermets as evdene e are
remnded that dog eeders ave deveoped new
breeds of dog; that aehorse owners have redfaster horses; that hrtutursts have deveoped
new pant varetes; ths s sad to sho that
vng thngs hange over te. Therefore gven
los of tme, los of ange woud our, and over
unlimied tme, unliied hange woud our
e , sh to humanne natre onduts ts own
form of "breedng aowng on the fttest
reatures to survve.
The argument s wed however. Lets take dog breedng. ere the g breeders of past entures
genet sentsts? d the st n abs nsertng
new genes nto thes dogs? o The found dogs
that aread had haatersts the ked mated
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R E E VA A T G S O M E E D E E S SE D
hem wih smlar dogs , ad red hem a cerai
dreco. I oher ords, h worked wi preex ising geec foraio.
speces s ormal edowed wh a rich
dverse gee pool. Take m himself. There are
over sx bilo huas o arh e o wo are
exac alike (If oe wa o ge echca i
coud be argued ha dec ws are alike) The
huma race has a vas ge pool ha permis a
he variaio we see
I cera is possibe chage he geeraappearace of a speies over ime, b seecg ou
creaures wih parcuar gees. Bu e chage is
cofed o he s of e gee poo Horse
breeders ca geerae fas hrses b choosg he
bes, bu he ca cove he horse o a differe aimal.
I aures paralll f a grp of ogs ee a for
es re perhaps ol he ses hoppers woud
escape. This could leave u w a srai of fasogs Is a perfec xampe f aural selecio
ad survival of he es u his does mea
he ogs could evove io eope. Nohg ew
has bee creaed l ha as happeed is ha
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THE ASE GAS T DA R W
slower frogs ave ee eliminated-ths s n ct
a loss of genetc normton not a gan. We
woud not contest Dwn on the exstence of nat
ura seecton or surva of the ttest n natre
But we woud argue at the change possbe oes
have lmts (One omc ponted out heprncess kssed the frog and he turned nto a
handsome prnce. W ca that fary tle. Darn
says frogs turn nto prnces and we cll t sc
ence.)
Shfts cn and do ocur wiin tpes of anals.These chnges based on dverse, preexstng
genetc nformaton, e caed by some mcroevo
luton. But ths s no evdence for unlimied trns
formaton (macroevuton).
The thess f we gt a tte change over a lttle
tme then we wl get a ot o change over a ot of
tme does not hold p. Suppose a grl, dreang
of Oympc glory larns to ce skate. The rst
week, she nds she n jump to heght o onefoot and nd on her skates. The second week she
nds that she an ep two fet. The thrd week
she can jump three feet . Cn we conclude om
ths that after 100 weks she w be abe to jmp
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R E E VA L A T N G S O E E E N E S S E
100 f? No h law of gr wll sricl lmi
ho hgh sh can g. Lkis anmals ar alsorsrcd n how mch cha can makb
h lims of hr gn pool
Luhr Burbank h fad Amrican plan
brdr said:
I know rom my exprience ha I can
develop a plum al an ih long or one
inches long, wi every ossible lengh in
beween bu I a willin o admi ha i is
hopeless o ry o ge a plu he sie o a sallea or one as bi as a grpeui I have
roses ha bloom prey sedily or six monhs
n he year bu I have ne ha will bloo
welve and will no have n shor here are
lmis o he developmen ossible and eselmis ollow a law plns and animals all
end o rever in successive generaions
oward a given mean or aveage41
Smpl bacria can produ anohr gnraionin a mar of minus. Y lan H. Linon mr
us rofssor of bacrolog a h Unvrsi of
Brisol nod n 201: Thughou 50 ars of
h scinc of bacrolog hr s no vidnc
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THE CASE A GAS T AR W
hat one seces of bacera has changed nto
another. 42
To change a bacterm no a sh nto a og nto
a rete no a maa no a man wod reqre
tha each tye of cretre arge rewrte ts gene
ool and reace h a new one. volonstscontend tha "benea mtatons wod allow
an ana o exceed he bondares of ts genetc
make Bt as we ave seen, matons do no
ntrodce new genec nformaon; he chages
they case nvolve noraona osses.
Te Second Mjor ren-Siiri
Sose were mncng on a Bg Mac a McDon
ald's and see a arge amly sttng next to s We
noce that he brohrs and ssters resembe each
other. Why s hat? ecase hey have he same
arents om whom hey ge ther genes (rats).
Charles Darwn as noced ts e correcy
dedced that tras re nherted from arents.owever, once agan he stretched the concson.
The Darwns loos a a hman and a tger. e
noes that boh creares have two eyes, two ears
for mbs, a ear, ban, teeth and so forh The
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R E E A UA TG S O E E E E S U SE
cocluso draw sce pepe ad ers sare
so a caracerscs s proves a commobolocal acesor I oe words e a ad
e er are "broers av a como pare
a eeraos ao. A cds bolo exbook
oda wl ofe dspla sares bewee peo
ple ad amas as er b boes as proof of
a ual le of desce.
owever smlares ca e explaed oer
was. Take a Tooa Camr ad Ford Exporer.
Bo ave eadls a rsmsso a wdseld four wees ad dreds of oer fea
ures como. Ye s dd o resul from
cace uaos or a oer booca process.
Eve copoe a auobe s e u of delerae pa
Yes smares ca derve om boloc aces
r. Bu e aso resul fr e ecesses of
ele des. Cars ave four wees because
as e bes arraeme us r drv a
car w less). I e sae wa God ma ave
creaed aas w four mbs becase was
e bes deign.
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THE ASE A GAS T DAR W
A few evoutonsts y to usup the ca anaogy
sayng all autos evole om a basc pototype
an wee moe ov tme just as natual seec
ton moe ceatues ove tme. oweve no
one questons that deas evolve. eas aply
change mte only y the bouns of ou magnaton. Changng a seces whc s stcty con
ne to ts gene poo s anothe stoy. That eas
evolve oes not ague fo iological evouton.
Smates can als esult om the stye of a
common designe A pson wh an eye fo ach tectue can ent house but by the fame
Fank Lloy ght. But te smlaty between
hs bungs oesnt mean one gave bth to
anothe. They ha acommon designe
an an
anmas may also hav one: Go
e shoul aso cose the cam that geneic
smates pove blogca elatonshps. gh
schoo stuents toa ae often to that genet
caly speakng men chmpanzees ae 98 pe cent sma.
ost people heag ths agument assume sc
entsts compae th genetc coe sequences of
humans an chmpaees an foun them neay
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REE VA UA TG S OME E E ES USP
identca owever the genetic map of human
bengs was ony receny id out n he famousCeera project. he 98 percent argumen existed
ong before ha; no one had systematcay com
pared the genetic makeu f humans and chim
panzees. hat then was he argument based on?
It came from a process caed "D hybridiza
tion whch found ha a snge srand of human
DN and a snge srand f chim D coud
rather conformaby be put tgeher to form a dou
be strand.owever supose someone evenuay does
compare he genetc code sequences of chimps
an humans and concusey shows hey are
simiar? oud ths prov common ancestry?
o answer hat et's ak anoher anaogyhe Inernet
here are miions of web ages and it s proba
by correc o say hat mot were created using
codes of the comuter angage M. Does hav ng hese codes in common mpy a geneaogic
reaionshp between web ges? Did the web site
for rado sation EZE n son give birth to the
web sie for n irgnia? o. Every web site
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THE A SE AS T A R W
resuts om inteiget design, and te computer
codes used to make hm resuted om inteigent
design
Two simiarooking web pages probaby ave
simiar HTML code commands. By te same
token two simiaroking animas woud ikeyave some correspnding genetic code com
mands Since umans resembe cimps more tan
waes we coud expct tat uman genetic code
sequences woud be coser to tat of cimps than
tat of whaes But no bioogica reationsip woud be tereby ceried.
Evoutionists argu tat simiarities visibe or
genetic prove a comon ancestor But tis is an
assumption Simiarites resut om common
ancestry, but aso o inteigent design or a common designer.
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nclsinWat, ten, de evlutin' rf cnit f?
Were idea have nt ben dicredited (a in
aecke' embry and vetigial rgan) we haveeen tat they ret n aumpion rather than
obeaion. N ne ha ever berved ife n
taneuy generate m cmical r ne kind f
animal tranfrm int anter r mutatin gen erate true bigica advace r cme bi
cemical ytem evve. at any f thee ting
ever haened requirefa by te Darwinit and
fr that rean, me ele cnider evlutin
better caracterized a a reliin than a a cience.ir hn Wiliam Dawn w ineered ana
dian gelgy and erved reident f bt
cill Univerity and the riti Aciatin fr
te Advancement f cienc aid:
Le he eade ake up ehe o Dawns
gea books o Spences ology" and eely
ask hse as he eads eah paagaph ha
s assued hee and wha s poved? and he
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THE ASE GAS T DAR W
wll n he whol abrc el away lke a
vson . . . . e hu see ha evoluon as an
hypohess has no bss n experence or n sc
enc ac and ha s agned seres o rans
muaons has breaks whch canno be lled.43
I is ommon o hr i assrd ha "all siniss bliv in voluion. Bu man siniss,
rom Darwin's da unil now hav rd i.
oologis lbr Flishmann o h Univrsi o
Erlangn dlard h Darwinian hor o
dsn has no a sinl a o onrm i in hralm o naur. I is no h rsul o sini
rsarh, bu purl produ o imaginaion. 4
Paul oin who was prsidn o h Go
logial oi o Fra and diror o h a
ural Hisor Musum, Paris sad
The heory o eluon s possble. A
base n spe o apparances, no one any longer
beleves n . . . Eluon s a kn o dogma
whch he press n longer beleve, bu whchhey manan or her people.4
Dr Wolgang mi who augh a IT and
UC and has wri on a wid sprum o si
ni opis said in 988:
7
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C O N C L US I O N
And he saien fac is is f by evlut we
mea maevlut (as e enceforh shal),the t a be sad wth the utmst g that the
dte s ttally beeft setf sat
Now, o be sure, given e muliude of exrav
agan caims abou evoluon promugaed by
evouoniss wi an air o scienic infalibi
iy his may indeed soud srange And ye he
fac remains ha here exss o his day no a
sred of ba fde scieni evidence in suppor
of he hesis a macroeoluionary ransformaions have ever occurre.46
n straa n 1999 a ok was plshed en
e In Six Days: Why Scintists Choose to Believe
in Creation I has 50 hapers eah wrtten y asenst hodng a dooae none of whom
aepts Darwn's theory n he Unted States the
Creaon Researh Soey has some 600 vong
memers al holdng advaed sene degrees
an all of whom ejet Dawnan evolton Dr.
Ramond Damadan, nvenor of he MRIone of
he mos advaed dag nosi oos in eicine
s an ospoken reaons Many more exampes
7
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THE CASE GANS T D R WN
ca be givead ar my book Toado in a
Junkyard
But of course, ma scietists do accept evolu
tio ad t would be ogcal o ask why that is if
evdece reay goes agaist it I beeve there are
two aswers:(1) May scietst accept evouto because
ha's all heyve ever een augh avig ever
bee exposed to the case agast Darw they
have ever had a chace to weigh it.
2 Aother reaso was wel summarzed byDr. Mchael Walker seior ecturer i athropo
ogy at Sydey Uiverity
Oe is forced o cocude a may scieiss
ad ecologiss py ipserice o DarwiiaTeory oly becaus i supposedly excludes a
Creaor om ye aer area of maerial pe
omea, ad o bcause i as bee paradig
maic i esabisi e caos of researc i
e ife scieces ad e ear scieces47ike everyoe ese sceists are huma. As
humas we ofte dsike mora laws or the dea
of God It is probaby reasoabe to say that Dar
wism largey perssts despite cotradictory
7
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C O N C L O N
evdene beause i is a i base a denia of Gods
exisene. he grandson of Thomas HuxeyDarwns buldogwas dous Huxley an eary
advoae of he drug utre and sexua ermis
sieness. He ut i bluntly:
I ad ives r n aig e wrd ave eaning cnseqenly assumed i ad
nne, and was able wiu ay diculy
nd sasing reasns r his asspin
Fr mysel as, db r s my cn
epraries, e pisy meangless
ess was essenially an insrumen liberan
The liberain we desired was sianeusy
liberain m a cera plical and ecnic
sysem and berain a ceran sysem raliy We bjeced e mraliy because
nerered wi ur sexal reedm; we
bjeced e pliical and ecnic sysem
becase i was njs48
By a means we sho ermi evolutionary
ideas o be aired in ubi shools. But hey
shud be stated for wha they are: hyoheses
no absoutes. Charles Darin onded his own
7
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THE CA E AN T AR N
doubts n lette to olegue n 1858 te ye
befoe publction of e Origi of Speies
Thank you hearil or wha you say abou
my book bu you wil be grealy disappoined
i will be grievously oo hypoheical I wil
very likely be o no oher service han colaingsome acs hough I ysel hink see my way
approximaely on h origin o he species Bu
alas how equen, hw amos universal i is in
an auhor o persuae himsel o he ruh o
his own dogmas9
If Dwn imself ced it "gevousy too ypo
tetc, wy e we tecing it s poven fct
tody? coos sou lso pesent te gowng
scientic cse agais winism, so students cn weig bot sdes nd ke up tei own minds
Of couse, some eg ny clenge to Dwin s
"sneking eligion in v te bck doo, nd ty to
silence teces wo pesent tese evdences s
"votng seption of cuc nd stte. But t isqute stetc to clim tt discussing, sy, te
flue of muttons t dd new genetc infom
tion, someow constittes govenment endose
ment of egon. Mn, n fct, conside evouton
74
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C ONCL U SON
a a o sneakng atheis n through the back
dorand all the deolog ha goes th tWernher von Braun as drector o NASAs
space gh center he overa the eam o scen
tss tha sent the rs Amercan nto space, and
mastermnded he moon landng. egardng sc
ence educatn he sated: o be orced o beleve
ol one conclusonhat everhng n he un
vese happened b chanceould volae the ver
obectvt o scence tsel " 5
ndeed suppose an arson detectve about tonesgae a res orgns eceved these nstruc
tns n our nvestgao, ou mus onl con
ser the possblt ha he re happened b
chance; ou must not eplre evdence tha sug
gets as ntenonal o sound ould hatnestgaton be?
A e ears ago he Naonal Academ o Sc
ences ssued an Affiation of Freedom of Inqui
an Expression ha state Tha reedom o nur and dssemnaton o deas requre that
thse so engaged be ree o search here ther
nur leads ee o travel and ee o publsh
her ndngs thou poltcal censorshp and
7
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THE CA SE GAS T DAR
without fear of retriution in onsequene of
unpopularity of thei onusions hose who
haenge existing thery ust be protete o
retaiatory reations 5
Siene is about th truth an it neither fears
nor suppresses the searh for it
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Nts . Julian Huxley, in Issues in Eolution vol. 3 ed. So Tax
(Chcago: Universty of Cago Press, 960) 45 .
2. Emelan Yaroslavsky Landmarks in the Ufe o Stalin
(Moscow Foreign Langages Publishng House940) 9
3 Conway Zirle Evolutio, Marxian Biolo and theSocial Scene (Phladelpha niversty o PhladelphiaPress, 959) 6
Andrew Carnege, Autobigaphy o Andrew Caegie
ed. ohn C. Van Dyke (9; reprint, Bston: Northeastern Unversty Press 96) 327
5 Charles Darwn The Deset o Man and Selection inRelation to Sex (New York Appleton, 96), 56
6 Thomas Huxley, Lay Sers Addresses and Reviews(New York Appleton 70 20
7 Darwin, Descent of Man 334 Ernst Haecel he Wonders Ufe (ew York Harper,
904) 56-57
9 A. E. Wilder-Smith, he Ntral Sciences Know Nothingo Evolution (Costa Mesa l T.W.F.T. Publishers,9) 62
0 Arthur Keth Evolution and thics (N ew York Putnam,947) 230.
E O Wlson, "Toward a umanstic Bology, heHuanist (September/Octbr 92): 40
2. Will Durant "We Are te Last Stage of a PaganPeriod Chicago ribune April 90) quoted n
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THE CAS E GANS T DAR WN
Henry . orris and ohn D orris Socety ad Cre
ato Green orest Ark. aster Books 996) 0
l3 Charles Darwin The Org of Speces 72; reprin
New York Random Huse 993) 27
4 Lee Spener Not By hace!: Shatterg the oder
Theory of voluto Brookyn NY Judaica Press
997) l3 l3
5 Gary E. arker "Creon utation and Variation
pact 9 ovember 90): 2
6 Ernst Chain Resposlty ad the Scetst oder
ester Socety Lonon Counci o Chrisians and
Jews 970) 25
7 Carl Sagan "Le yclopaeda Brtc 5th ed.vol 22 97
Francis Crck Lfe tel ts rg ad Nature New
York Sion and Scster 9 ) 5 52
9 Duane T Gish "The Origin o Lie Theories on the
Origin o Bioogca Oder pact 37 Quly 976) 3
20 Harry Cemmey and ick Badham "Oxygen in the re
cambrian Amosphere An Evaluation o the Geological
Evidence Geolo arch 92) 4
2 Carl Sagan "traviot Selecton Pressure on the ar
lies Organisms jral of Theoretcal Bolo 39
Aprl 973) 95 9 22 ichae Bee Darwn's Black Box The Bochecal
Challege to volutn ew York The ree Press
996) 7797
23 Stephen Jay Gould A Shor Way o Big Ends Naturl
Hsto 95 Qanuary 6)
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N O T
24 areth V Neson "rg ad Dersfcato of
eeostean Fshes Aals the New York Acade ofScieces 67 (969) 22
25 Co Patterson etter to uther D. Sunderad 0
Apr 979, quoted n Luthr D Sunderad Darwis
Eia Fossis ad ther Pbes San Dego Master
Books 9) , 9
26 "Darw heory Proed e New York Ties 22December 92 , C
27 erod Lowensten ad drenne L. Zhman "he
Isbe Ape New Scieti 20 (3 December 9)
5
2 Darwn rii 40
29 W. R. ompson ntroductn to The rii of Species by Chares Darwn reprnt New York: Duton Eeryma's Lbray 956), quote n Henry M Morrs and
John D Morrs Sciece a Creatio reen Fores
Ark Master Books 996), 9
30 Aust H. Cark The New Eolutio Zooeesis Bat
more: Wams and Wk 930) , 6 , 9
3l Mchae Denton Evoluti A Theor i Crisis
Bethesda Md : Ader ad Aer 96) , 249 , 250, 27
32 Ernst Haecke The idde othe iverse at the Close of
the Nieteeth Cetur tras oseph McCabe New
York Harper and Brothers 900) , 656633 J Assmuth ad Eres R u Haeckes Frauds ad
Foreries Bombay Examr Press 95), 26
34 bd 24
35 "An Embryoc Lar The Tes Londo) August
997 , 4
7
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NOTES
9 Charls Darwin Mor Ls of Charls Darwin dFrancis Darwin vo (Lonon ohn Murray 903)
450.
50. Wrnhr Von Braun ltr rad by Dr John Ford toCaliornia Sat Board o ducation Sptmbr972 quotd in Ann Lamon wnyn Gra Sciniss Who Blivd h Bibl (cacia Ridg unslandAusralia Cration Scinc oundation 9 95) , 47
5l "An Armaion o Frdo o Inquiry and Exprssion ational Acadmy o Scincs Rsoution 27
April 976 uod in Robrt V Gntry Caions inyMysry (Knoxvill Tnn Earth Scinc Associats992) , 7
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ck legemetsFo eviewing Th Cae Agains Darwin pio o
puicaion and oviding insighl commens
and coecion I ank D ane Fai D. Don
Baen D. Tevo adle, D oe Goee, Mak
Sewa Chaes oe . H. Enz Baaa
oidoux and Susn Schee.
I also hank he lened Paul Ingeson fo hisconinued encougemen and fo his coniu
ions o he cove esign.
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" INTRGUIN
'V TH CAS
TORNADO
ADr. Duane T. Gsh, Senior Vice Presdent Insue for CreatonResearc Toao a Jukya by Jame Perloff shoud be in the brary
of every one who is nterested te subject of orgs. Ts book s a poweu
argument for creato because t s thorough , fu y documented ad scietf
cay accurate It s easy readabe by scetit and ayan ae and s
wrten n a popa sye that w ake it ntresting and entetan ng forreaders of all ages. I hghly recomed ths Dook"
Massachuses News: Perof's boo is a powerfu sythess of recent work
by microboogsts pyscsts a other scetsts showng there s
no hard evdence for the creaton of new spees from existng ones"
D Emme L. Wiams, Presiden, Creaon Research Socey Toao a Jukya s a unque presentaon of the scientfc case agast
arwnis nformay wte for ayme If ou are ookng for a user-friedy
expanaton of the facts suppong creaton hs boo is for you
Consevave Book Club: aes Pelo bngs the ata together in a
voume read y accessbe to nonscentfc tyes Peroff's stye uusuay
vey makes Toao a Jukya etertaiing as we as educatona."Aco Jack Lemmon, who payed Clarence Darow n he 999flm verson of nherit the Wind: My congratuations to Mr. Peroff for
an otstand g piece of work"
The New Amercan: hs s a very portnt wor wren in an nforma
and atractve sye that s a joy to read
Vcki Bray Hos, "Homeschoong US " I recommend that every
homeschoo famiy and church ave a copy or ther brares"
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PUBLISHER 'S WEKL Y
A GAINST ARIN
IN A JUNARD
F!
Covers divese scientfic challnges to Dawinism. Copaes fi scpt foI Wto actual court nscipt of Scopes Ta Discusses ape-men in
detaladiometic dating tecniques-inosausmuch moe 321 pages.Ove 80 ilustatons ndexed 6 Papeboud Fom Refuge Books
RDR RM YUR A VRIT BKLLR
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IT STIL
SHOCKS SMEPEOPLE, BUT . . .There is powerl scientic evidence against Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. d the implications are momentous, because ever
since publication of The Origin ofSpecies in 1859, evolution has beencontesting mans traditiona ideas about the meaning of life
Now, however it's Darwin whos on the retreat, as facts from diversebranches of science challenge the theory's validity In his popularbook rnado in a Junkar James Perlo examined that evidence indetail Now for the busy reader, he takes you on a mini-tour of: The
Ce Against Darwin.
JES PEOFF is a free-lancewriter based in Boston Massachusetts He is a contributorto The New American and
WorldNetDailycom His rstbook, The Shadows of Power, anexpos of private inuence onAmerica foreign policy has soldover 100,000 copies. Noted inWho Who in America, Mr Pero
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