the challenge from sociology of science-philoshopy of science
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SOCIOLOGY
The
Challenge F
SCIence
From
5
Group
#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.
Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M
#Nurhijrah Ismail #Sri Mulyati S.
Aldit Prima A. #Alvianus T. Rerung #Muhammad Mahmudin M
ROBERT MERTON AND THE
“OLD SOCIOLOGY OF
SCIENCE”
THE RISE OF THE STRONG PROGRAM
LEVIATHAN AND LATOUR
DEFINITON OF SOCIOLOGY
Acc to Cambridge Dictionary :
Sociology the study of the relationships between people living in
Enterprise an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and
SOCIOLOGY Social Enterprise
important plan, especially one that will earn money
groups, especially in industrial societies
But we have to understand the fact that Sociology is the general study of human structure
developed in the middle of
20th century
Robert King Merton
The founder of the field and the central figure for many years
SOCIOLOGY F SCIence
Mertonian sociology of
science is basically
mainstream sociology
aplied to the structure of
science and to its historical
development.
4 Norms or Basic Values that Govern
Scientific Communities
Merton’s Account of Science
Reward System of Science
universalism personal attributes and social background
irrelevant to value of person’s ideas
communalismcommon ownership of scientific ideas and
results
organized skepticism challenge and test ideas instead of taking
them on trust or authority
disinterestedness scientists act for the greater benefit of the scientific enterprise, not for their personal
gain
Merton’s Reward System
Recognition the basic currency for
scientific reward, especially recognition for being The First Person to come up
with an idea
Published a scientists rewarded by having
the idea named after him Ex : Boyle’s Law and etc
evidence for this is found in fervor with
which prioritydisputes are fought
collateral damage: deviant behavior (fraud, plagiarism,
libel, slander)Christian
“Too much willingness to receive basic
beliefs makes for chaos in science”
-Kuhn-
SOCIOLOGY F SCIence
Changed, expanded, and become more ambitious in the
1970s
OLD NEW
The older work wanted to
describe the social structure
and social placement of
science as a whole but did
not try to explain particular
scientific beliefs in
sociological terms
The newer approach has tried to use sociological methods to explain why scientists believe what they do, and how scientific thinking and practice change over time
Before
Strong Program
description of social
structure of science as
whole
explain particular scientific belief in
sociologicalterms
sociology has ambition to
replace phil of science
Strong Program in the Sociology
of Scientific KnowledgeSymmetry Principle
“ all forms of beliefs and behaviour must
begiven the same kind
of explanations”
all communities (not just scientific ones)
have sociallyestablished local norms for
regulating beliefs
Scientists are people who work in an unusual kind of local community which is
characterized by high prestige, lengthy training and initiation, notoriously
bad fashion choices
LEVIATHAN AND THE AIR
PUMP
Seen as a very important case for our understanding of science very important for its historical role in establishing the social structure that science has illustrating the social structure clearly
Seen as sophisticated development of the strong
program (new sociology of science) the rise of
experimental science in 17th century England
SHAPIN
&
SHAFFER
Robert Boyle
Proposed new way of bringingexperience to bear on theoretical investigation
Argued for distinction about public investigation ofexperimental “matters of
fact” from all other kinds of beliefs
Reconstructed questions
about vacuum to bring
them into
contact with his
experiments
S&S argue that Boyle’s treatment of terms like
“vacuum”established new “language
game”, i.e. pattern of linguistichabits that contribute to a
“form of life”
Boyle and friends engage in the manufacture of facts, i.e.
ideas are made rather than found
based on a guess and not on information an idea or explanation for
something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved
Boyle wanted to show that scientific argument was
compatible with social order
“It is ourselves and not reality that is
responsible for whatwe know.” -(p. 344)-
LATOUR
&
WOOLGAR
LABORATORY
LIFE
LABChemicals, small animals, paper, etc.
Scientific papers, technical report
objects of scientific study are constructed
within lab andthus cannot be
attributed with an independent existence
scientific activity as system of beliefs, oral traditions andlocal practices, i.e. not as
procedure, method, or principles
but as a culture
both S&S and Latour close to social constructivism
THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION
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