the cold war
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Setting the Context
1930’sDEPRESSION
ERA
1940’sWORLDWAR
II
1945-1989THE COLD WAR
United States & USSR ally to defeat Hitler
Lead Up to the Cold War
Where the Americans and Soviets really friends during WWII?
After the War, what did the U.S. have that made Stalin nervous and distrustful of the U.S.?
How did Stalin get it? Did the Americans and Soviets leave
Germany immediately after WWII?
Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED
The world was transformed after World War II.
Western Democracies Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc
The West-Leader: United States- Governments: Democratic- Economies: Free Market Capitalism
The Eastern Bloc- Leader: USSR
- Governments: Dictatorial
- Economies: Marxist/Communist
The Eastern Bloc
• Stalin wanted to “buffer zone” between the Soviet Union and Europe to prevent another invasion of the Soviet Union in the future.
• Stalin installs pro-Soviet communist governments loyal to the USSR (Soviet Satellite States)
• Non-Democratic/Few freedoms
Churchill: THE IRON CURTAIN
March 5, 1946:Churchill delivers a speech where he attacks the USSR for creating an “iron curtain
The Iron Curtain: Division in Europe between Western Democracies & Eastern
Communist Nations
Europe DIVIDED. Soviets control east.
America leads west.
Iron Curtain was Ideological!
Represented the ideological division of Europe between Democracy & Communism
NOT an actual curtain made of iron!
Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED
The world was transformed after World War II.
Western Democracies Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc
The West-Leader: United States- Governments: Democratic- Economies: Free Market Capitalism
The Eastern Bloc- Leader: USSR
- Governments: Dictatorial
- Economies: Marxist/Communist
What was the U.S.’s greatest fear about the Soviet Union & Communism?
That it would SPREAD!
(USSR would expand and make more countries
Communist)
George Kennan American diplomat, &
expert on the Soviet Union Wrote that Soviet Union
was expansionist & at war with Capitalism & Democracy
Argued that Soviet Communism had to be resisted so that it could not expand (“containment”)
Kennan’s idea is adopted by
President Truman
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
U.S. policy was to CONTAIN Soviet Communism where it currently was and NOT let it expand.
United States would send money or the military to countries that were threatened by the Soviets and would help support them to stay free and democratic.
REMEMBER!TRUMAN DOCTRINE =
CONTAINMENT
Truman on the Truman Doctrine
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.”
Civil War in Greece between government & Communists
revolutionaries
Would have given
USSR control o
f
Greece
Policy ofContainmentin Action
U.S. sends over $400 million
in military/economic aide to
Greece. Democracy wins!Soviet
Communism looses!
Europe (after WWII) in ruins
• Cities and farms destroyed
• Europeans in poverty
• What did U.S. fear might happen?
Feared Communism might spread to Western Europe!
Marshall Plan U.S. program to help REBUILD
western Europe after WWII. 1948-1951: U.S. spends $13
Billion to rebuild factories, farms, homes, and provide food to Europeans.
HELPED FIGHT COMMUNISM BY MAKING WESTERN EUROPE PROSPEROUS AND SUPPORTIVE OF U.S. & DEMOCRACY!
Marshall Plan Flour
1948: Bags of flour are sent from NYC to Austria to relieve food shortages in Austria
EUROPEAN CITIES REBUILT
Turn to page 821
Read about the
CRISIS IN BERLIN
Germany Divided in 4 Zones
Berlin
The Soviets Response to Democracy in Berlin – June 1948
Soviet’s BLOCK & STOP all traffic going into West Berlin!
Cut off 2.1 million West Berliners from food & coal
Stalin’s Intent
Push the U.S., Britain & France OUT of Berlin . . .
So the Soviets could have COMPLETE CONTROL of Berlin
HOW DOES AMERICA
RESPOND?
Truman Sends in the Planes
Truman orders a massive AIRLIFT to deliver food &
supplies to Western Berlin
Berlin Airlift!From Dec. 1948 – Spring 1949:American fighter planes deliver 7,000 tons of supplies p/day to West Berlin
Stalin Backs Down…Lifts Blockade!
May 12, 1949: Stalin lifts blockade
Shows Americans resolve to not give in to Stalin
Containment in action!
Cold War underway
NATOWestern EuropeFEARED the
Soviet Union and its
Red Army
NATO1949: United States, Belgium, France,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, & the United Kingdom form . . .
NATOThe North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationA military alliance of the U.S. & Western European nations to protect each member against a Soviet
attack.
An attack on one NATO member was considered an attack on ALL NATO nations.
Truman signing the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949
NATO countri
es
USSR Responds to NATO May 14, 1955: Soviet Union leads
Communist nations to sign…
THE WARSAW PACTAlliance between USSR & 8 Communist
nations of Easter n Europe to counter NATO. If one “Warsaw Pact” country
attacked ..attack against all.
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
NEXT…You will learn how and
where the Cold War
got HOT
KOREAN WAR Korean Peninsula 1905-1945:
Controlled by Japan
1945: Allies defeat Japan. Take over Korea.
KOREA DIVIDED BETWEEN SOVIET UNION & USA
Line of division
North/South Divide
USSR establishes a communist government in north called the People’s Republic of Korea
United States establishes free democratic Republic of Korea in the south
Kim Il Sung
Syngman Rhee
Both wanted to reunite Korea
Sung: United Communist Korea / Rhee: United Democratic Korea
ATTACK! June 25, 1950:
North Korea crosses 38th Parallel and invades South Korea
The North Korean weapons were from the USSR
WAR Truman decides to defend South Korea . . . Sends troops to fight.
Gets the United Nations to agree to fight in Korea. United States fights alongside UN forces. It was called a Police Action and was led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur.
Why did Truman decided to fight in Korea?
War starts bad for US/UN Army
North Koreans push US/UN forces to southern tip of Korea
US/UN hold port of Pusan
MacArthur’s Plan
Bold plan to send troops north through the Yellow Sea and attack North Korea from the rear
September 15 1950: 70,000 troops invade Inchon from water
Inchon Invasion
Push north until Chinese get involved
US/UN Retreats
Stalemate
HOME WORKRead Section 2: “Healing the Wounds of War”▪Do Section Assessment: Questions 1, 2, 3
DUE WEDNESDAY
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