The Cold War

Setting the Context

1930’sDEPRESSION

ERA

1940’sWORLDWAR

II

1945-1989THE COLD WAR

United States & USSR ally to defeat Hitler

Lead Up to the Cold War

Where the Americans and Soviets really friends during WWII?

After the War, what did the U.S. have that made Stalin nervous and distrustful of the U.S.?

How did Stalin get it? Did the Americans and Soviets leave

Germany immediately after WWII?

Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED

The world was transformed after World War II.

Western Democracies Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc

The West-Leader: United States- Governments: Democratic- Economies: Free Market Capitalism

The Eastern Bloc- Leader: USSR

- Governments: Dictatorial

- Economies: Marxist/Communist

The Eastern Bloc

• Stalin wanted to “buffer zone” between the Soviet Union and Europe to prevent another invasion of the Soviet Union in the future.

• Stalin installs pro-Soviet communist governments loyal to the USSR (Soviet Satellite States)

• Non-Democratic/Few freedoms

Churchill: THE IRON CURTAIN

March 5, 1946:Churchill delivers a speech where he attacks the USSR for creating an “iron curtain

The Iron Curtain: Division in Europe between Western Democracies & Eastern

Communist Nations

Europe DIVIDED. Soviets control east.

America leads west.

Iron Curtain was Ideological!

Represented the ideological division of Europe between Democracy & Communism

NOT an actual curtain made of iron!

Post WWII Changes: A NEW WORLD DIVIDED

The world was transformed after World War II.

Western Democracies Eastern Soviet Communist Bloc

The West-Leader: United States- Governments: Democratic- Economies: Free Market Capitalism

The Eastern Bloc- Leader: USSR

- Governments: Dictatorial

- Economies: Marxist/Communist

What was the U.S.’s greatest fear about the Soviet Union & Communism?

That it would SPREAD!

(USSR would expand and make more countries

Communist)

George Kennan American diplomat, &

expert on the Soviet Union Wrote that Soviet Union

was expansionist & at war with Capitalism & Democracy

Argued that Soviet Communism had to be resisted so that it could not expand (“containment”)

Kennan’s idea is adopted by

President Truman

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

U.S. policy was to CONTAIN Soviet Communism where it currently was and NOT let it expand.

United States would send money or the military to countries that were threatened by the Soviets and would help support them to stay free and democratic.

REMEMBER!TRUMAN DOCTRINE =

CONTAINMENT

Truman on the Truman Doctrine

“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.”

Civil War in Greece between government & Communists

revolutionaries

Would have given

USSR control o

f

Greece

Policy ofContainmentin Action

U.S. sends over $400 million

in military/economic aide to

Greece. Democracy wins!Soviet

Communism looses!

Europe (after WWII) in ruins

• Cities and farms destroyed

• Europeans in poverty

• What did U.S. fear might happen?

Feared Communism might spread to Western Europe!

Marshall Plan U.S. program to help REBUILD

western Europe after WWII. 1948-1951: U.S. spends $13

Billion to rebuild factories, farms, homes, and provide food to Europeans.

HELPED FIGHT COMMUNISM BY MAKING WESTERN EUROPE PROSPEROUS AND SUPPORTIVE OF U.S. & DEMOCRACY!

Marshall Plan Flour

1948: Bags of flour are sent from NYC to Austria to relieve food shortages in Austria

EUROPEAN CITIES REBUILT

Turn to page 821

Read about the

CRISIS IN BERLIN

Germany Divided in 4 Zones

Berlin

The Soviets Response to Democracy in Berlin – June 1948

Soviet’s BLOCK & STOP all traffic going into West Berlin!

Cut off 2.1 million West Berliners from food & coal

Stalin’s Intent

Push the U.S., Britain & France OUT of Berlin . . .

So the Soviets could have COMPLETE CONTROL of Berlin

HOW DOES AMERICA

RESPOND?

Truman Sends in the Planes

Truman orders a massive AIRLIFT to deliver food &

supplies to Western Berlin

Berlin Airlift!From Dec. 1948 – Spring 1949:American fighter planes deliver 7,000 tons of supplies p/day to West Berlin

Stalin Backs Down…Lifts Blockade!

May 12, 1949: Stalin lifts blockade

Shows Americans resolve to not give in to Stalin

Containment in action!

Cold War underway

NATOWestern EuropeFEARED the

Soviet Union and its

Red Army

NATO1949: United States, Belgium, France,

Luxembourg, the Netherlands, & the United Kingdom form . . .

NATOThe North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationA military alliance of the U.S. & Western European nations to protect each member against a Soviet

attack.

An attack on one NATO member was considered an attack on ALL NATO nations.

Truman signing the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949

NATO countri

es

USSR Responds to NATO May 14, 1955: Soviet Union leads

Communist nations to sign…

THE WARSAW PACTAlliance between USSR & 8 Communist

nations of Easter n Europe to counter NATO. If one “Warsaw Pact” country

attacked ..attack against all.

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

NEXT…You will learn how and

where the Cold War

got HOT

KOREAN WAR Korean Peninsula 1905-1945:

Controlled by Japan

1945: Allies defeat Japan. Take over Korea.

KOREA DIVIDED BETWEEN SOVIET UNION & USA

Line of division

North/South Divide

USSR establishes a communist government in north called the People’s Republic of Korea

United States establishes free democratic Republic of Korea in the south

Kim Il Sung

Syngman Rhee

Both wanted to reunite Korea

Sung: United Communist Korea / Rhee: United Democratic Korea

ATTACK! June 25, 1950:

North Korea crosses 38th Parallel and invades South Korea

The North Korean weapons were from the USSR

WAR Truman decides to defend South Korea . . . Sends troops to fight.

Gets the United Nations to agree to fight in Korea. United States fights alongside UN forces. It was called a Police Action and was led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur.

Why did Truman decided to fight in Korea?

War starts bad for US/UN Army

North Koreans push US/UN forces to southern tip of Korea

US/UN hold port of Pusan

MacArthur’s Plan

Bold plan to send troops north through the Yellow Sea and attack North Korea from the rear

September 15 1950: 70,000 troops invade Inchon from water

Inchon Invasion

Push north until Chinese get involved

US/UN Retreats

Stalemate

HOME WORKRead Section 2: “Healing the Wounds of War”▪Do Section Assessment: Questions 1, 2, 3

DUE WEDNESDAY