HOW DID THE HOW DID THE COLD WAR COLD WAR

END?END?

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War The Cold War was a war of ideas: The Cold War was a war of ideas:

communism versus democracycommunism versus democracy It could not end unless one side, one It could not end unless one side, one

idea, was destroyedidea, was destroyed This would prove very difficult This would prove very difficult

because both communism and because both communism and democracy were an embedded form democracy were an embedded form of government in many countriesof government in many countries

Cold War Alliances clearly divided Cold War Alliances clearly divided the world into two enemy groups. the world into two enemy groups.

This increased fear and tension and This increased fear and tension and encouraged the nuclear arms race to encouraged the nuclear arms race to

continue at a fevered pace! continue at a fevered pace!

The Soviet Empire was large and powerful and appeared The Soviet Empire was large and powerful and appeared to be growing. This made the western countries even to be growing. This made the western countries even more fearful and determined to stop communism. more fearful and determined to stop communism.

Communist governments during the Cold War are in Communist governments during the Cold War are in bright redbright red

Temporary allies of the Soviet Union in dark red (some Temporary allies of the Soviet Union in dark red (some were communist or pro-Soviet for only a few years)were communist or pro-Soviet for only a few years)

What’s the Difference?What’s the Difference?

The Soviet Empire and the USSR are NOT The Soviet Empire and the USSR are NOT the same thing! the same thing!

Soviet Empire = independent countries Soviet Empire = independent countries (also called satellite states) + the (also called satellite states) + the republics of the USSRrepublics of the USSR

The republics are like the provinces of The republics are like the provinces of Canada Canada INSIDEINSIDE the USSR the USSR

The satellite states are entirely The satellite states are entirely independent countries independent countries OUTSIDEOUTSIDE the USSR the USSR

The Republics are shown in orange The Republics are shown in orange

The Warsaw Pact members are independent The Warsaw Pact members are independent countries with communist governmentscountries with communist governments

The yellow countries are the satellite states of the The yellow countries are the satellite states of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

GORBACHEVGORBACHEV Leader of the USSR Leader of the USSR

and the Soviet and the Soviet EmpireEmpire

Took power in Took power in 19851985 Wanted slow and Wanted slow and

gradualgradual reforms reforms that would result in that would result in democracy, democracy, freedoms, and freedoms, and a a market economymarket economy

PERESTROIKAPERESTROIKA = = restructuringrestructuring Restructure businesses so that their Restructure businesses so that their profitsprofits

cover their expenses instead of the cover their expenses instead of the government paying for failing companies, government paying for failing companies, allowed direct supplies and allowed direct supplies and foreign tradeforeign trade

GLASNOSTGLASNOST = = opennessopenness Through Through debatedebate, participation, and , participation, and

awareness of issues citizens would support awareness of issues citizens would support restructuring and changesrestructuring and changes

Freedom in media Freedom in media and truth about and truth about incidents like incidents like ChernobylChernobyl disaster were disaster were revealed for the first timerevealed for the first time

In 1986 a nuclear In 1986 a nuclear reactor at a nuclear reactor at a nuclear power plant in the power plant in the city of Chernobyl city of Chernobyl explodedexploded

The surrounding The surrounding area was area was contaminated with contaminated with radioactivityradioactivity

Over 336 000 Over 336 000 people were people were evacuated and evacuated and resettledresettled

The Soviet government did The Soviet government did not wish to alarm the citizens not wish to alarm the citizens nor appear weak to the nor appear weak to the western world and strictly western world and strictly censored any news of the censored any news of the accident and its after-effectsaccident and its after-effects

The government launched an The government launched an immediate cover-up and immediate cover-up and forbade doctors from listing forbade doctors from listing “radiation” as the cause of “radiation” as the cause of death on death certificatesdeath on death certificates

The health effects, however, The health effects, however, are undeniableare undeniable

This young girl, age 6 in the This young girl, age 6 in the photo, has now grown since photo, has now grown since the age of 3the age of 3

This young boy’s legs speak This young boy’s legs speak for themselvesfor themselves

The government cover-up, The government cover-up, however, meant many however, meant many Soviets had no idea about Soviets had no idea about this event or the suffering it this event or the suffering it causedcaused

NEW REFORMSNEW REFORMS1.1. Banned Banned fictionfiction is now published is now published2.2. PropagandistPropagandist history revealed as untrue (ex. history revealed as untrue (ex.

Truth about Chernobyl)Truth about Chernobyl)3.3. CensorshipCensorship stopped altogether stopped altogether4.4. Elected Congress of People’s Elected Congress of People’s DeputiesDeputies created created5.5. Non-communist political parties now legalNon-communist political parties now legal6.6. Run-your-own-business was encouragedRun-your-own-business was encouraged7.7. End to government financing of End to government financing of bankruptbankrupt

companiescompanies8.8. Private property Private property now legalnow legal9.9. ReligiousReligious freedoms now legal freedoms now legal10.10. Contact with Western world permitted, ex. TV, Contact with Western world permitted, ex. TV,

radio, musicradio, music

The Beginning of the EndThe Beginning of the End

The truth about Soviet history, The truth about Soviet history, environmentalenvironmental damage, and shear damage, and shear repression led to much chaosrepression led to much chaos

Perestroika and Glasnost were Perestroika and Glasnost were positive reforms in and of positive reforms in and of themselves, but too much too soon themselves, but too much too soon meant danger and confusionmeant danger and confusion

The Corruption Massive corruption at every level of government and the public This corruption not only led to distrust in the Government, but also made the government suspicious of their people Human greed for power and money was a huge reason for the collapse of the USSR

REVOLUTION IN SATELLITE REVOLUTION IN SATELLITE STATESSTATES

19891989 Warsaw Pact countries revolted Warsaw Pact countries revolted against communismagainst communism

PolandPoland was first, followed by was first, followed by Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romaniaand Romania

In East Berlin, Germany, people In East Berlin, Germany, people began to tear down the Berlin wall began to tear down the Berlin wall with sledgehammers and their bare with sledgehammers and their bare hands!hands!

POLANDPOLAND Polish nationalism had Polish nationalism had

always been strong and always been strong and the SOLIDARITY the SOLIDARITY movement had fought movement had fought for workers’ rights and for workers’ rights and freedoms since 1980freedoms since 1980

Led by Lech Walesa, the Led by Lech Walesa, the Solidarity union fought Solidarity union fought for nine years despite for nine years despite being repeatedly jailed being repeatedly jailed and beatenand beaten

In 1989 Gorbachev In 1989 Gorbachev legalized Solidarity and legalized Solidarity and permitted a free electionpermitted a free election

Lech Walesa became Lech Walesa became the first Presidentthe first President

HUNGARYHUNGARY

When Hungary’s When Hungary’s borders were opened, borders were opened, countless communists countless communists fled to the western worldfled to the western world

Communism was abolished quicklyCommunism was abolished quickly Over 50 new political parties were Over 50 new political parties were

immediately createdimmediately created Official democracy soon followedOfficial democracy soon followed

BULGARIABULGARIA

Dictator Todor Zhivkov was the Dictator Todor Zhivkov was the longest serving communist dictator longest serving communist dictator in the Soviet Empirein the Soviet Empire

When the Berlin Wall fell and When the Berlin Wall fell and Gorbachev did not act, Gorbachev did not act,

Zhivkov realized he Zhivkov realized he

could not win and could not win and

he resignedhe resigned

EAST GERMANYEAST GERMANY

Over 400 000 people fled East Over 400 000 people fled East Germany to emigrate to West Germany to emigrate to West Germany by travelling through Germany by travelling through Hungary and Czechoslovakia’s open Hungary and Czechoslovakia’s open bordersborders

In November 1989 the people tore In November 1989 the people tore down the Berlin Wall, the down the Berlin Wall, the communists soon joined in instead of communists soon joined in instead of firing on the crowdsfiring on the crowds

CZECHOSLOVAKIACZECHOSLOVAKIA

Public pressure for change Public pressure for change

following events in Hungary following events in Hungary

and Poland were expressed and Poland were expressed

in massive strikes and demonstrationsin massive strikes and demonstrations Communist leaders resigned following this Communist leaders resigned following this

protest in Pragueprotest in Prague Vaclav Havel was elected Vaclav Havel was elected

the first Presidentthe first President

ROMANIAROMANIA

Nicolae Ceausescu was Nicolae Ceausescu was

the cruel dictator the cruel dictator His people suffered in His people suffered in

poverty and he did nothing poverty and he did nothing

to help themto help them A crowd formed in Bucharest that quickly got out A crowd formed in Bucharest that quickly got out

of controlof control Ceausescu and his family were captured, tried, Ceausescu and his family were captured, tried,

and executedand executed Democracy was then introducedDemocracy was then introduced

END OF AN EMPIRE…END OF AN EMPIRE… The satellite countries led revolutions with The satellite countries led revolutions with

strikes and demonstrations to fight against strikes and demonstrations to fight against the oppressive and controlling Soviet the oppressive and controlling Soviet EmpireEmpire

The Soviet Premier, Gorbachev, allowed The Soviet Premier, Gorbachev, allowed the democratic reformsthe democratic reforms

Communist leaders resigned or agreed to Communist leaders resigned or agreed to reforms and the satellite states became reforms and the satellite states became democratic one-by-onedemocratic one-by-one

This led to the collapse of the Soviet This led to the collapse of the Soviet Empire in 1989Empire in 1989

……AND THE END OF THE USSR AND THE END OF THE USSR

Following the successful changes in Following the successful changes in the communist satellite states in the communist satellite states in 1989, many citizens of the USSR 1989, many citizens of the USSR began looking for similar changes at began looking for similar changes at homehome

Gorbachev’s policies of Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika perestroika and and glasnostglasnost brought about brought about democratic reforms and led to the democratic reforms and led to the dissolution of the USSRdissolution of the USSR

The Republics of the USSR changed The Republics of the USSR changed their names and their governments their names and their governments to create independent countriesto create independent countries

These newly formed countries each These newly formed countries each became democratic became democratic

When the Soviet Union broke up in When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, the Republics became 1991, the Republics became independent countries independent countries

THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)

With the break up of the USSR many With the break up of the USSR many former Republics joined together in the CISformer Republics joined together in the CIS

According to leaders of Russia the purpose According to leaders of Russia the purpose of CIS was to "allow a civilized divorce" of CIS was to "allow a civilized divorce" between the republics between the republics

Since its formation, the member-states of Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed many agreements related CIS have signed many agreements related to integration and cooperation on matters to integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense, and foreign policyof economics, defense, and foreign policy

The New CISThe New CIS

With the end of the Cold War, the With the end of the Cold War, the world hoped to find a new assurance world hoped to find a new assurance that nuclear war would remain an that nuclear war would remain an impossibilityimpossibility

Modern terrorism, however, has Modern terrorism, however, has taken hold of many of the nuclear taken hold of many of the nuclear relics of the Cold Warrelics of the Cold War

and so the fear continues…and so the fear continues…