the dirty 30s
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The Worst Hard Time
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay
Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com
Kevin P. Dincher
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Stabilize PricesSummer, 1933: Agriculture Adjustment Administration
Subsidies to create artificial scarcity
Crops were ploughed up or left to rot
6 million pigs were killed and discarded
October, 1933: Federal Surplus Relief Corporation Divert commodities
(apples, beans, canned beef and cotton) to local relief organizations
1935: Drought Relief Service Cattle
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Farm Subsidies 1922: Grain Futures
Act 1929: Agricultural
Marketing Act 1933: Agriculture
Adjustment Administration
1930: 25% of the country's
population resided on the nation's 6,000,000 small farms
Give extra money for crop Guaranteed price floor
2004-2007: wheat Paid 52 cents/bushel $3.92/bushel of wheat
Price: $3.80 Subsidy: $.52 + $.12 =
$.64
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Farm Subsidies 1922: Grain Futures
Act 1929: Agricultural
Marketing Act 1933: Agriculture
Adjustment Administration
2000 only 2% of the U.S.
population residing on farms
157,000 large farms accounted for 72% of farm sales
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2004 U.S. Crop SubsidiesCommodity Millions of US$ ShareFeed grains, mostly corn
2,841 35.4%
Cotton 1,420 17.7%Wheat 1,173 14.6%Rice 1,130 14.1%Soybeans and products
610 7.6%
Dairy 295 3.7%Peanuts 259 3.2%Sugar 61 0.8%Minor oilseeds 29 0.4%Tobacco 18 0.2%Wool and mohair 12 0.1%Vegetable oil products 11 0.1%Honey 3 0.0%Other crops 160 2.0%Total 8,022 100%
1934 Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
Delayed foreclosure of a bankrupt farmers' property for five years
During that 5 years, farmer made rental payments
The farmer could then buy back the property or remain in possession as a paying tenant
Purchase: Current appraised value 6 years 1% interest
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Stop Erosion1933: Soil Erosion Service
Department of the Interior Hugh Bennett
1935: Soil Conservation Service Department of Agriculture
1994: Natural Resources Conservation Service
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Stop Erosion1933: Soil Erosion Service
Technical Assistance to farmers
Early years Studies/surveys
Educate farmers crop rotation strip farming contour plowing terracing
1937 $1/acre
1938 65% reduction in
blowing soil 1939
drought ended
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Stop Erosion1933: Soil Erosion Service
Technical Assistance to farmers
1934: Great Plains Shelterbelt 200 million trees Abilene, Tx to Canadian Border 1942:
30,233 shelterbelts 220 million trees 100 miles wide 18,600 miles long $75 million
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1939 Drought ended
1940-1944 Amount of land
devoted to wheat farming expanded by 3 million acres
Dust Bowl: $5 WW II: $50 - $100
Timothy Egan: "a classic tale of
human beings pushing too hard against nature, and nature pushing back."
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1950s
174,000 mi²
Underlies about 80 percent of the High Plains
30% of all ground water used for irrigation in the United States
drinking water to 82% of the people who live on the High Plains
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Rate of extraction exceeds the rate of recharge, water level elevations are decreasing
Overall water levels have dropped about 10%
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Environmental Controversies
1980s: Nuclear Waste Site (Deaf Smith County, TX)
2008: Keystone Pipeline
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500,000 acres of U.S. National Park Badlands National Park Theodore Roosevelt National Park Carlsbad Caverns National Park Wind Cave National Park
15 National Historic Sites
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1937: Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act
20 National Grasslands (3,838,280 acres) Like National Forests: may be open for hunting,
grazing, mineral extraction, recreation and other uses
1 Grassland Preserve
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Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas
Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma
Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, Illinois
Tall Grass Prairie Preserve, Manitoba
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400,000 square miles of tallgrass prairie
The Nature Conservancy and the National Park Service
2009: The Nature Conservancy introduced a small herd of bison
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Largest tract of remaining tallgrass prairie in the world 45,000 acres
Owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy Chapman-Barnard ranch (Ben Johnson, Jr.) Osage Indian Reservation Retained sub-surface mineral rights
2,500 Bison
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1600: 50 million Bison Shaped the grasslands Other species
prairie dogs black-footed ferrets burrowing owls Turkeys Songbirds
1906: 1000 Bison
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1907: Bronx Zoo American Bison Society sent 15 Bison to
Oklahoma
Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge American Bison Rocky Mountain Elk White-tailed Deer Long-horn Cattle
2013:
500,000 Bison in the US
20,000 wild Bison
Classification: lower risk but conservation dependent
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“When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world."
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe.“
My First Summer in the Sierra
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"When we try to pick out anything by itself we find that it is bound fast by a thousand invisible cords that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe.”
Journal EntryJuly 27, 1869
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The Worst Hard Time
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay
Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com
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