the environment
Post on 12-Jun-2015
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Biology Revision
Evolution
Theory Natural selection Mutations Endangered and extinct species Fossils Key Words
Human Influence on the Environment
Fertilisers Eutrophication Deforestation Intensive farming Destruction of the land Pesticides Effects on the Environment What can be done Key Words
Pollution
Acid rain The greenhouse effect Pollution Problems Solutions Key Words
Biotechnology
Industrial fermentation Food production Other products Key Words
Gases in our Atmosphere
The carbon cycle The nitrogen cycle Key Words
The Theory, Natural Selection, Mutation and Fossils
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An example is the peppered moth.
They live in woodlands – on lichen-covered trees.
There are two types: light/speckled form and the dark form
The darker moth was caused by a mutation and was usually eaten by predators
In the 1850s the darker moth was rare, but pollution started to blacken the trees
They were not at advantage as they could camouflage
In 1895 most of the population of moths were dark
In cleaner areas the light moth had the advantage, so it survived to breed
(Explanation for theory)
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Generally, mutations in a species is harmful
But in the peppered moth case it was helpful as the environment changed
Over a long time new species can be formed because of small mutations
This relates to the theory of evolution because it means that all species came from one common ancestor that existed billions of years ago
Those species were unable to adapt accordingly go they became extinct.
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Endangered species are in danger of being extinct
E.g. The red squirrel is endangered in the UK
Animals are endangered/extinct because of:
Climate change Hunting Pollution Habitats being destroyed
Some people object to having whales in zoos because some are endangered
Animals that are extinct are species that haven’t survived anywhere in the world
E.g. The mammoth and dodoS
pecies can be protected by: Laws Captive breeding programmes Protected habitats
Conservation programmes help the human race, they protect our food supply, maintain food chains, and saves future medical cures
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Fossils are remains of dead organisms that lived millions of years ago
They are found in rocks, normally sedimentary, amber, peat or ice
Fossils are evidence of evolution
Younger fossils are usually found nearer the surface
Records are incomplete because fossilisation rarely happened and soft body parts aren’t fossilised
Records can be interpreted differently
Fossils can be formed by:
1. The hard parts of an animal form rocks because they don’t decay
2. Minerals which preserve their shape slowly replace the softer parts of the animal that decays slowly
3. Fossils are formed in areas where decay cannot take place
E.g. There’s no oxygen, moisture or warmth(Proof for theory)
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Evolution
Charles Darwin
Lamarck
Natural Selection
Mutations
Endangered
Extinct
Genes
Competition
Breeding
Species
Conservation programmes
Habitat
Organisms
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Fertilisers, Eutrophication, Deforestation, Intensive Farming, Pesticides and Destruction of the Land
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Humans are using the world’s natural resources at an alarming rate
Combustion of fossil fuels contributes to acid rain and the greenhouse effect
Gases such as sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain and make it acidic
Acid rain damages wildlife and pollutes rivers and lakes
Carbon dioxide is the main gases that causes global warming which is caused by the greenhouse effect
It traps heat and makes the Earth warmer
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People need to limit their needs
Intensive farming produces quality food and enough to supply people’s needs in Europe but has its problems – alternative is organic farming
Organic farming produces less food per area of land but is kinder to the environment
Organic farming uses manure as a fertiliser and has land for wild plants and animals to flourish.
Biological control of pests are also used where animals eat the pests, it’s not as effective but it isn’t harmful
Greenhouses can grow food more efficiently and can grow food out of season while deducing harmful effects
Developing alternative energy sources, such as solar power and wind energy, will help conserve the fossil fuel supply and reduce carbon levels
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Acid rain
Greenhouse effect
Sulphur dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Fertilisers
Nutrients
Artificial
Eutrophication
Microbes
Sewage
Deforestation
Soil erosion
Pesticides
DDTI
ntensive farmingO
rganic farmingG
reenhouseB
iological controlF
ood chainF
ossil fuels
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Acid Rain, Pollution and the Greenhouse Effect
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Acid rain kills fish and trees
Acid rain also damages buildings, especially those made from limestone
Acid rain falls into lakes which then poisons fish and the poisoned fish are eaten by birds which poisons them.
Rising temperature causes melting of the polar ice caps. This means that sea levels would rise. This would cause serious flooding
Plants may be killed by the warming
Weeds may thrive because of the extra carbon dioxide which they grow well on.
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People can use alternative energy sources
E.g. Renewable energy such as: Solar power Wind energy
Use unleaded petrol to reduce the lead emissions
Reduce the need for cars overall
Stop large scale deforestation because trees absorb carbon dioxide
Use catalytic converters in cars to reduce harmful emissions
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Pollution
Pollutant
The greenhouse effect
Global warming
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Fertilisers
Pesticides
Sewage
Fossil fuels
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Acid rain
CFCs
UV rays
Catalytic converters
Deforestation
Alternative energy sources
Flooding
Oil spillages
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Industrial Fermentation, Food Production and
Other Products
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The Carbon Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle
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Feeding
Decomposers
Death but no decay
Death and Decay
Photosynthesis
Burning and Combustion
Respiration
The atmosphere
Fossil Fuels
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Added Notes:Decomposition
•Decomposers are bacteria and fungi which break down dead material•They help recycle carbon into the atmosphere and recycle nutrients into the soil•Plants use this nutrients dissolved in water during photosynthesis.•Animals eat plants, and both animals and plants die, making the cycle start from the beginning again•Decomposition happens everywhere in nature, in compost heaps and even sewage works•The perfect conditions are:
•Warm•Moist•Plenty of oxygen
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•The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen gas•Nitrogen is needed to make protein•Plants and animals cannot use nitrogen as a gas – it has to be converted into nitrates•Animals get protein by eating plants which plants make from nitrates•It is a continuous cycle•There are four ways that nitrogen is converted into nitrates and only two ways that nitrogen is taken out of the soil•There are three different types of bacteria involved in this cycle:
•Nitrifying bacteria•Nitrogen-fixing bacteria•Denitrifying bacteria
NitratesNitrates
Nitrogen in the airNitrogen in the air
SoilSoil
Death and Decay
Death and DecayProteins in
Animals
Proteins in
AnimalsFertilisersFertilisers
Proteins in Plants
Proteins in Plants
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Photosynthesis
Respiration
Combustion
Carbon
Fossil fuels
Decomposers/decomposition
Nutrients
Warmth
Moisture
Oxygen
Lightening
Nitrates
Nitrogen
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Root nodules
Protein
Detritivores
Decomposers
Nitrifying bacteria
Leaching
Denitrifying bacteria
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