the fall of the republic chapter 8 section 3 world history deborah thompson
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The Fall of the Republic
Chapter 8Chapter 8Section 3Section 3
World HistoryWorld HistoryDeborah ThompsonDeborah Thompson
The use of enslaved The use of enslaved laborlabor hurt farmers, hurt farmers, increased increased povertypoverty and corruption, and corruption, and brought the and brought the armyarmy into politics. into politics.
Dishonest Dishonest officials officials
stole moneystole money
Thousands of Thousands of FarmersFarmers
faced ruin.faced ruin.
Rome’s Rome’s armies were armies were victorious victorious wherever wherever
they went, but they went, but problems wereproblems were
building atbuilding at homehome:: CitiesCities were were
becoming becoming overcrowded overcrowded
and and dangerous.dangerous.
The gap The gap between between richrich
and and poorpoor was growing.was growing.
PatriciansPatricians ran ran the Senate the Senate and held and held governmengovernment t jobs.jobs.
PatriciansPatricians ran ran the Senate the Senate and held and held governmengovernment t jobs.jobs.
What caused problems What caused problems
in the Republicin the Republic??
Patricians Patricians
handled the handled the
Republic’s Republic’s
financesfinances
and directed and directed
the the wars. wars.
Wealthy Wealthy
patricians patricians
owned large farmsowned large farms
worked by worked by
slaves that the slaves that the
common farmerscommon farmers
could not compete could not compete
with.with.
Many plebeians became Many plebeians became unhappy unhappy about this situation.
Why?
Privileged Privileged citizens citizens were a were a
minorityminority..
Small farmers were Small farmers were sinking into sinking into povertypoverty
because theybecause they were busy were busy fightingfighting Rome’s wars Rome’s wars
and many farms and many farms were destroyed by were destroyed by
HannibalHannibal..
Small farmers Small farmers could could
not not compete compete with with large farming large farming
estates estates called called latifundialatifundia
because they used because they used slave labor.slave labor.
Many farmers sold their land, Many farmers sold their land, went to the cities, went to the cities,
and worked for low wages, which caused anger.and worked for low wages, which caused anger.
Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus,
asked the Senate to take land from
the rich and divide it among the landless poor.
Roman politicians began
providing bread and circuses to win the support
of the poor, but not all wealthy people ignored
Rome’s problems.
The brothers were murdered by Senators..
The Army enters Politics
Things changed when Things changed when MariusMarius became became consul consul in 107 B.C.in 107 B.C.
Various Various generals generals became became very very powerful powerful and used and used their armies their armies to seize to seize power.power.
He began to recruit He began to recruit soldierssoldiers from the poor from the poor and offered them and offered them wageswages and and landland for their for their service.service.
Marius changed the Roman army from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers who fought for money.
Soldiers became more loyal to their Soldiers became more loyal to their generals generals than to than to the the Republic.Republic.
Main Idea:Main Idea:Military Hero Military Hero Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
seized power and made reformsseized power and made reforms
In 82 B.C. In 82 B.C. SullaSulla drove his enemies drove his enemies out of Rome and out of Rome and
made himself made himself dictatordictator..
In 60 B.C. In 60 B.C. Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
joined with joined with PompeyPompey and and
CrassusCrassus to form the to form the
First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate
to rule Rome.to rule Rome.A A triumviratetriumvirate is is
a political alliance a political alliance
of three people.of three people.
Each member of the Each member of the TriumvirateTriumvirate had had military commandsmilitary commands in far-away in far-away
areas of the Republic.areas of the Republic.
Caesar became a hero Caesar became a hero by defeating the by defeating the GaulsGauls..
Crassus was killed Crassus was killed in battlein battle..
Caesar chose to march to Caesar chose to march to
RomeRome by by crossing thecrossing the RubiconRubicon, a small river , a small river
on the boundary on the boundary
of his command area.of his command area.
The The SenateSenate feared feared
Caesar was Caesar was
becoming too becoming too popularpopular, so , so
they chose they chose PompeyPompey
to rule Rome.to rule Rome.
They ordered Caesar to They ordered Caesar to
give up his give up his armyarmy..
Today Today “Crossing the Rubicon“Crossing the Rubicon means means
making a decision you can’t take back.making a decision you can’t take back.
Caesar drove Caesar drove Pompey’s Pompey’s
forces from forces from ItalyItaly, , destroyed his army, destroyed his army,
and was made and was made dictatordictator of Rome of Rome
for one yearfor one year..
Caesar broke the Caesar broke the
Roman Roman traditiontradition
by declaring by declaring
himself dictator himself dictator
for a for a longer longer
period of time.period of time.
To strengthen his To strengthen his power, he filled the power, he filled the
SenateSenate with his with his supporters. This supporters. This
made him made him unpopular.unpopular.
He granted He granted
citizenshipcitizenship
to people living to people living
in Rome’s in Rome’s
territoriesterritories..
He ordered He ordered
landowners landowners
to hire more to hire more
free workers.free workers.
He started new He started new
coloniescolonies to to
provide provide
land for the land for the
landless.landless.
.
He created He created workwork
for Rome’s for Rome’s
jobless.jobless.
He created a new He created a new
calendar with 12 calendar with 12
months, 365 months, 365
days, and days, and
1 leap year.1 leap year.
Caesar’s DEATH
He was warned to “Beware the ides of March” ( March 15th )
Caesar’s enemies, led by Caesar’s enemies, led by Brutus and Cassius, feared he wanted to be king and plotted his assassination.
He was stabbed to death by
Senators in 44 B.C.
http://www.history.com/videos/julius-caesar
The Roman Republic, weakened by civil war, became an
empire under Augustus
Caesars death plunged Caesars death plunged Rome into Rome into civil warscivil wars..
Senate forces battled Senate forces battled Caesar’s grandnephew, Caesar’s grandnephew, OctavianOctavian and Caesar’s and Caesar’s
two top generals, two top generals, AntonyAntony and and LepidusLepidus for power. for power.
After defeating After defeating
Caesar’s Caesar’s
enemies, these three enemies, these three
men created the men created the
Second Triumvirate.
Soon, these three Soon, these three
were in were in conflict
with one another.with one another.
Lepidus retired retired from politics.from politics.
OctavianOctavian took the west and took the west and AntonyAntony took the east. Antony took the east. Antony formed an alliance with the Egyptian queen, formed an alliance with the Egyptian queen, CleopatraCleopatra..
Rome become
s an Empire
Octavian declared war on Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra
and crushed their army and navy and crushed their army and navy at the Battle of at the Battle of ActiumActium..
The couple fled to The couple fled to Egypt Egypt and killed themselves and killed themselves
a year later.a year later.
OctavianOctavian took all power took all power and laid the foundation and laid the foundation
for a new system for a new system of government-of government-
the the Roman EmpireRoman Empire..
Rome becomes an Empire
Octavian took Octavian took
over the entire over the entire
Republic at the age of Republic at the age of 32.32.
He had the support He had the support
of of CiceroCicero, Rome’s, Rome’s
greatest greatest public speaker.public speaker.
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