the function of ornament
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MA'ER'aL DrOgram 'r'|::cr f Xgx&w#
The Marina City towers create a f luted af fect by v isual ly uni fy ing twoprograms with very di f ferent organizat ions: s loped parking ramps andf lat apartment f loors" The spiral f loors of the parking program below,the project ing balconies of the radial apartments above, and a consistentstructure of f luted arches for both programs are combined to constructthe af fect of a large, f luted column.
Apa rtmentsLevels 21 -61
ParkingLevels 1-19
Flat f loor plate wi thf luted per imeter
Spiral f loor plate wi thcircular per imeter
ARCHITECT
Bertrand Goldberg
i 'DArE :Locai loN
;011961 i Chicago, US
The f luted prof i le performs structural lyas a tapered arch that supports the cant i leverof the apartment terrace
Glazing insetto pr ior i t ize thef lut ing of the f loor^l^+^^ ^- +h^PrdrsJ or L, ,c
exter ior image
Structural columnat inter ior apex off luted prof i le
Radial part i t ionwal l betweenapartments
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^""'aswThe Capsule Hotel uses the programmatic uni tsof the hotel to create an aggregated af fect . Roomsare designed as capsules dimensioned to f i t wi th ina regulat ing module that a l lows for di f ferentconf igurat ions of capsules around the central core,generat ing a three-dimensional composi t ion ofelements that contr ibutes to the dynamic aggregat ionof the whole.
The sleeping capsules come in four conf igurat ions- two rear-entry and two side-entry types -which can be at tached to the core in di f ferentor ientat ions, staggered with a one-third or two-thirds of fset in plan. The capsule dimensions areregulated by the gr id in three dimensions; theheight and width are both two-thirds the lengthof ihe caosule.
The vert ical posi t ions of thesleeping capsules are alsodetermined by the stair landingsof the central core. Three stairruns make a complete revolut ionaround the central e levator shaft ,g iv ing adjacent capsules a one-third of fset in sect ion to matchtheir of fset in plan.
rear entry
I iOJECT
Ctprule Hotel
Thg vert ical offset between capsulesFrf lects the loiat ions of stair corehndings at one-third intervals
: : :: ARCHITECT : DATE ; LOCATIOI{
i Kisho Kurokawa i 1972 i Tokyo, Japan
:
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Steel t russ structureis concealed tocontr ibute to theaffect of dynamical lyaggregated capsules
Stair core wi thlandings at one-thirdvert ical intervals
Radial windows placed at the ends ofthe capsules reinforce the changingor ientat ion of the uni ts, adding to thedirect ional i ty of the aggregat ion
The panel izat ion of each capsule into th i rdsreveals the regulat ing gr id that determinesthe of fset of the capsules in plan
MA'ER'aL construct ion + %p$nre$ 26121
The 30 St. Mary Axe Street tower produces a spiral af fect through i ts tapered circularform [a prof i le that drast ical ly reduces wind loads on the bui ld ingl and the carefulorganizat ion of a structural d iagr id that rotates through the f loor plates of the bui ld ing.The af fect ive propert ies of the twist ing diagr id members combine with the curvatureof the tower to add rotat ion and movement to a stat ic obiect .
The dynamic prof i le ofthe tower is reinforcedby a ser ies of t r iangularair shafts that rotatethrough successivef loor plates of thebui ld ing, expressed indark glass panels thatresolve the exter ior asan al ternat ing ser ies of-^ i - - t i^^
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FR OJECT
30 St. Mary Axe Street
ARCH ITECT
Norman Foster 03
Structural d iagr idreinforces thecentr i fugal spiralaf fect of the form
Spiral ing inter ior a i rshafts are used for stackvent i lat ion of the tower
Diagonal areas of darkglazing for the air shaftsversus clear glazing forof f ice spaces reinforcestho cnirr l r f font
M^TER'aL cladding -r+,,",,,', fum m#md 30t31
ln the Johnson Wax Laboratory Tower double-height bands of hor izontalglass tubes replace the convent ional str ip windows of the of f ice tower,act ing as a l ight f i l ter between inter ior and exter ior . Combined with anal ternat ing pattern of f loors and mezzanine levels in sect ion and therounded corners of i ts prof i le, the af fect is a banded column whoseinter ior contents are registered as a blurred presence on the exter ior-
Plate glass
Plate glassmu l l ions
Hol low pyrex tubesare used instead ofconvent ional g lazing toform a sel f -s imi lar "micro-
banding" that re inforcesthe larger banded order ofthe bui ld ing. The hor izontalcoursings of the glazingalso repeat the hor izontalcoursing of the br ick bandsthat def ine the f loors.
Sca l lopedaluminumrAC KS
' 'Koroseal" r ingwith pyrexcouprers
; !: DATE : LOCATION
i 1950 i Racine, US o1
Hollow pyrex tubesnnd pyrex couplerswith Koroseal sealant
Rounded cornersof tower reinforcebanded af fect
Recessedmezzanine levelv is ib le behinddouble-heightbanded glass tubes
Brick c laddingexpresses bandingof f loor plates
Pyrex tubes at tachedwith wire to aluminum racks
Laboratory desk andshelv ing integrated withheight of br ick c ladding
MATER'!aL f ight -t
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The Tower of Winds produces a demater ia l ized af fect by c ladding an exist ing cool ing tower wi th layers ofl ight ing: neon tubes, mini- lamps and f loodl ights, ref lected in mirror and perforated aluminum panels.The i l luminat ion responds to environmental condi t ions around the tower, producing a constant ly changing,demater ia l ized af fect composed of ephemeral pat terns of l ight .
In dayt ime, the tower isperceived as a blank volumeof perforated aluminum.
2 Mirrored acryl ic plates sheaththe cool ing tower, mult ip ly ingthe art i f ical l ight ing af fects.
3 1,280 mini- lamps respond inreal t ime to surrounding noiseparre rns.
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Rings o{ whi te neon l ightper iodical ly indicate the t ime;structural r ings appear to f loataround the neon tubes.
Floodl ights at the foot ofthe tower are control led bycomputer to create a largerscale of i l luminat ion.
The di f ferent l ig.ht ing patternscombine to produce a constant lychanging demater ia l ized af fectat n ight.
PROJECT
Tower of Winds
ARCH ITECT
Toyo lto
DATE
1987 i05LOCATION
Yokohama, Japan
White neon r ingsI) ,
Outer layer olperforated aluminumcladding disappearsat night
Exist ing concretevent i lat ion coreand water tanksheathed inacryl ic mirroredplates on the twosides withoutI ouvers
Exist ing louversvent shoppingarea Detow
Structural t ie^-kl^- -++--h
layers of c laddingto inter ior core
Steel columnssupport the r ingsof l ight ing
Mini- lamp r ings
MArER'a'I construction + '0.'. '&rffin€*mm#
The Seagram Bui ld ing uses the steel structural gr id ofthe skyscraper to create a vert ical af fect , by at tachinga ser ies of decorat ive l -beams to the envelope thatpr ior i t ize the vert ical l ines of the structure over thehor izontal f loor olates.
The l -beam sect ions at tachedto the fagade are part of theprefabr icated window uni tsthat make up the skin- revealed bythe hor izontalgap between l -beam sect ionsfrom f loor to f loor.
The true structural columns areencased in f i reproof ing, whi le thedecorat ive l -beams at tached to theenvelooe exoress" the concealedstructure underneath.
Terminat ing the curtain wal l pr ior to the cornermaintains the exoression of each facade as anindependent Inon- load bear ingl system, andreveals the fu l l d imension of the structuralcolumns behind.
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0rly-pink t intedlvfndow glass
Extruded bronzeI 'beams at tached tothe vert ical structuralmemDers
Recessed bronzetpandrels coverthe f loor plates
ARCHITECT
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 11:: LOCATION
i NewYork, USOATE
1 958
Heat ing system integratedwith inter ior s i l l
Suspended l ight cei l ing
The bronze mul l ionsterminate at the bui ld ingsoff i t , exposing them asnon-structural when seenfrom street level
Bronze-clad structuralcol um n
MArER'aL cladding -rr+ #&wdqff i$ 64165
The Prada Aoyama storecreates a qui l ted af fectthrough an exter ior c laddingbased on three types ofglass panel - f lat , convexand concave. The three-dimensional form of theglazing is combined witha diagr id structure toproduce a qui l ted patternof diamond-shapedwindows that al ternatelyprotrude and recede fromthe envelope.
In dayl ight , the qui l ted windows are more prominent thanthe structure, d istort ing v iews of the products inside andgiv ing the bui ld ing a jewel- l ike appearance.
At night the qui l t ied af fect is provided not by the three-dimensional i ty of the glass panels but by the diagr id,which becomes more orominent when backl i t .
i i !ARcHlrEcr ! oot . i .o.ot ,o" i SqHerzog & de Meuron i zoos i Tokyo, Japan i | 1
The diagr id of the envelopeis extruded within theinter ior depth of thebui ld ing to constructstructural tubes thathouse changing rooms
' 'Float ing" f loor platesof perforated sheetaluminum below aconcrete composi te s labwith epoxy-resin coat ing
----- _-_--_
MATER'|AL claddingi ' IF,.' i l &'xrym#w$mr
The envelope of the USEmbassy breaks downthe regular gr id of theenvelope into a modularaf fect of d iscrete c laddinguni ts Imade of a precaststructural f rame with insetwindow and moldingsJwith decorat ive inf i l lsect ions, producing anal ternat ing pattern ofdiscrete modular elements.
nnStone-clad precaststructural unit withf ixed inset window
Corrugatedconcrelemolding
Gold-plated 0Perablealuminium vert icalmul l ion windows
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ARCHITECT
Eero Saar inen
DATE
I ?19: LOCATION 13: London, UKi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cont inuous hor izontalra.a<<a< el tha odnaq nf
the c ladding uni ts reinforcesthe module of the c laddinguni ts as discrete elements
The width of the vert icalstructural l ines is usedto al ternate wider f ramedunits wi th narrower inf i l lsect ions to emphasize themodular af fect
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The Serpent ine Pavi l ion creates a random affect through apatterning invest igat ion enabled by structure. An i r regularpattern, generated by an algor i thm that rotates and scales theextended l ines of a square, is cropped to produce a seeminglyrandom pattern through a regular process.
cut of f by the square per imeterof the pavi l ion.
B Lines are carr ied aroundadjacent faces when theymaat vort i ra l adnoc
9 The pattern is separated andrect i l inear l ines inserted atfo ld edges to account for thedepth of construct ion.
10 Alternat ing patches betweenthe structural l ines aref i l led wi th sol id mater ia l ,increasing the appearance ofrandomness. The resul t ingsurface pattern supportsthe pavi l ion through theredundancy of the structuralmemDers.
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The pattern is asl imfnetr ical ly
DATE J
2002 |LOCATION
London, UK
The diagonal pattern isinterrupted at the edgesbetween roof and wal ls byperpendicular structuralconnect ions that meet atr ight angles
Glass inf i l l f lush withexter ior face
Flat steel bar beam
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l f the Pattorn are builtblEma celect ively: lumlnum and glass
an eltcrnation betweenY€Id
Aluminum inf i l l panel
:\:.t:::..1 YW$ $Wff16lt l
The Mi l lard House bui lds a rel ief af fect through a composi te' ' text i le block'wal l composed of inner and outer cast masonryuni ts, held together by mortar and steel re inforcing laced throughchannels cast into the blocks. The t i les produce a fabrtc- l ikerel ief pat tern, at the scale of the block, enhancing the bui ld ing'sappearance as a monol i th ic object in the distant v iew that is seenas var ied in the near v iew due to the scale of the t i le.
Double glass layer insertedbetween inner and outer blocks
The thrnner X-shaoed areasbetween the steel re inforcing areexcavated as perforat ions, wi th aglass or screen layer inserted antothc wal l cavi ty,
Steei re inforcing bars are set wi l l r r r rchannels cast into the blocks,giv ing the wal l a net- l ike structur,r lperformance.
The rel ief pat tern creatc ' ,more thickness around l l r ,connect ions of the steelbars behind, reinforcingthe structural perfoTmanr lof the blocks.
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ARCH ITECT
Frank Lloyd Wright
The text i le blocksmask the presenceof the f loorsbehind, giv ing ahnmnnanonr rc
monol i th icoPPsd,dILc LU
the exteror
MATER'AL OrO9ram ii,* $wwrs# 82t83
The envelope of Si lodam Housing explores a diverse af fect as a resul t of i ts program, c ladding the exter ior in acatalog of standard fagade systems that correspond to di f ferent uses: of f ices, commercial spaces, publ ic areasand a var iety of housing types. Each program and housing type I low-income, duplex, luxury, etc.) is ident i f ied by adi f ferent mater ia l and fenestrat ion pattern, creat ing a mixture that ref lects the diversi ty of the populat ion wi th in.
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wwwJ Big. balcony
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B Loft
G Big balcony
K Smal l balcony
0 Maisonnette
D Loft
H Studio
L Live-work
P Senior l iv ing
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Community store rooms
f lu5
I Venet ianwrndow
R Pat io
The di f ferent iat ion ofuni t types is balanced bygrouping together uni tsinto bays, somet imesstacking over mult ip lef loors. The shared mater ia lf in ishes of these groupingsand the arrangement ofcorr idors speci f ic to eachuni t type part i t ions def ine' 'neighborhoods" wi th inthe bui ld ing, expressedon the exter ior .
West elevat ion pattern
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East elevat ion pattern
MA'ER'AL prOgram -rrr+ f l f f imdrufimn 86t[7
The cladding of the Ber l in Free Universi ty uses program to create a modular af fect , through an array of weatheredCor-ten steel and glass modular panels that accommodate di f ferent programmatic needs along the exter iorand permit the cont inual reconf igurat ion of the skin in response to changes over the l i fe of the inst i tut ion.Composi te panel types in two widths and varying heights are combined according to the proport ional incrementsof Le Corbusier 's Modulor system, producing a highly var ied surface when arrayed along the length of the bui ld ing
Fixed window
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Storage uni t Storage uni t
0perable window,:\
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; ' : . t . , r r r , l , , l r , r r r t l rc l panels are jo ined together: ' i i , , : , ,11, . r , , r l , r , ,koLs and st i f fened by exposed' - : i l , , r r r r r , l , . Movcment in the gasket provides
,:r l , I ' ,1, . r , r r r r r . l t ) f the panels to ad. just to the, , , . , , ' , , ,1 ,1r r r l o l t l t r . inter ior
i i t , , . , . ,1rrr . , r , r l metal is Cor- ten=i , r \N{ ' r r r , wr- .athered surface thatr ! , ' r , . , l l r , rnt lustr ia l aesthet ic! , - 1, | l l r l i l t (J
ARCH I TECT
Candi l is-Josic-Woods, Jean Prouv6
j
DATE : LOCATION
1973 i Ber l in, cermany 17
Project ing steelchannel betweenpanels
Neoprene gasket
MArER'AL construct ion -r+ii;': rffim&$mm&w# 90t11
The Dominus Winery constructs a rust icated af fect through anexter ior gabian wal l of wire mesh cages f i l led wi th smal ler stonesat the bottom and larger stones at the top, creat ing a complexvisual pat tern of stones and crevices. The varying size of thestones and the rock- l ike appearance of the wal l p lay on tradi t ionalrust icat ion in a wal l that is in fact h iqhlv craf ted and constructed.
Mezzanine Ievelmedium stones
The size and densi ty of the stones in each gabian are used to controlthe inter ior c l imate: a dense aggregat ion of smal ler stones at the baseprovides cool ing and shadow for the lower level of wine casks, whi le alooser aggegat ion of large stones at the top al lows patches of l ight tothe of f ices at the uooer leve,.
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Off ice level - largest stones
Cel lar level - smal lest stones
. ARCHITECT
l f lnrry : Herzog & de Meuron
I wrr l l l ! ' , ( ' l l
: DATE :
: 1991 !
LOCATION
Napa, US 18
sl t lY r l I i l l l l
alrd l l0 l r l t i l l " r -Ftal l i q l r | | r I I | i l l
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Main structureof concrete andsteel f raming
_={\L Suspended cei l ing
Service catwalkat mezzanrne
Wire mesh gabianswith varying sizesof rocks foundon srte
Concrete s labbacking wal lat lower level
MArER'AL cladding r+ ';"';"r $ffiKge$r##
The cladding of the BeineckeLibrary creates a texturedaffect through a two-sidedsurface with a di f ferentvisual performance oneach face, appear ing as anopaque structural cage onthe exter ior and a glowing,translucent l ight f i l teron the inter ior . From theoutside, the faceted claddingof the structural gr id givesscale and texture to theopaque box; f rom within,the th inness of the marbleinf i l l panels t ransmit a sof t ,g lowing l ight to the inter ior ,providing visual texturethrough the i r regularveining of the t ranslucentstone sheets.
Exter ior grani te^t^t l i^^
Vierendeel t russ 1/4" Vermontmarble panel
InteTtot r l l , r t r l l ' :
c laddi t r r l
The exter ior enclosure is conceived as a f ree-standirrr lstructural cage that both houses and protects the r ; r r r .books inside, contained in a t ransparent vert ical g l i r , , , , l r , r 'suspended within the inter ior .
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Coffered cei l ingwith inset l ight ing
0n the inter ior , the th innessof the inf i l l panels turns thecladding into a t ranslucentbox, di f fusing l ight throughthe veined texture of thema rble
Mezzanine to book stacks
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MATER'|AL Cladding + " ' '" ' ' ' f f i*mm&Wd
The oleated af fect of the Chr ist ian Dior0motesando store is created by a ser ies ofvacuum-formed translucent acryl ic panelsplaced behind a layer of f r i t ted glass f lush withthe skin, creat ing an appearance that var iesbetween f lat and pleated according to di f ferentl ight ing condi t ions over the course of the day.
The i r regular banding of the f loorplates - wi ih varying heights foreach f loor that are fur ther maskedby hor izontal str ips in betweenf loors - sets the scale for theundulated vert ical p leat ing of the+-^^-1. .^^^+
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laMoldA/Blevels l and 2
Mold Dlevel 3
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Dif ferent molds are used on di f fcr crr llevels of the envelope depending urr l l r l t rheight. The i r regular heights of ear l rlevel mean the vacuum-formed parrr ' l ' ,are cut of f at d i f ferent intervals, v;r t ytrrqthe pleated af fect wi thout increasi t r r l l l r .number of molded forms.
l r regular hor izontal banding of envelope True f loor heights
Dlor 0motesando StoreARCHITECT
Kazuyo Sejima i20
Vacuu m-f ormedmoveable acryl icpaners
Fr i t ted glass
Aluminumfaceplate
Periodica l lyposi t ioned f iberopt ic l ight inga r t i f ic ia I lyi l luminates theacryl ic panels atnight to enhancethe pleated af fect
lh ln t l e th in cavi ty that concealslot of tho store, whi le thelon rr l f lat g lass and pleated
FattEls e|cates the i l lusion€!:1r lar,arkr
MA'ER'AL cladding + u'""' ffi &mmffi eru&&mWffie36t02l lo3
The "endless" volume of the Sendai Mediatheque - conceivedas a f lu id space of realand vir tual informat ion - is del imitedby a discont inuous set of four elevat ions wi th three dist inctfagade types, each determined by their or ientat ion and program.The discont inuous af fect of these completely independentsystems expresses the "arbi t rary" enclosure necessary to turna cont inuous space of f lows into a bui ld ing.
Floor platesconcealed byceramic f r i t t ing
Metal bracketsconnect ing outerglazing to glasssuppoft f los
Double-glazingwith air cavi ty
South facade
liidal Mrdl.ttt"qu"
/ Eel l lag nt l r r
: ARCHITECT
i Toyo l to
iI f l ;
i 1,.1LOCATION
Sendai, Japan
: OATE
I 2000
Metal meshI ouve rswith edgerooS
spa cebehindmesh
West facade
"o"' 'o'pattern 10[ | tnt
The AichiPavi l ion createsa di f ferent iatedaffect throughpatterning, basedon a t i le uni tproduced froma module of s ixregurar nexagons
1 Distort ing thehexagonal geometrywithin ihe per imeterpro0uces a regurarmodule of s ixunique t i les.
- - - -7
2 Each of the s ixt i les is codedwith i ts owncolor, fur therd i f fere nt iat i n gthe t i les.
Each of the s ix shapes is cast asa glazed ceramic t i le, producedin both sol id and perforatedversions. Each t i le has frontand back halves, connected bybrackets that are c lamped intoa support ing stanchion.
The basic uni t of s ix t i les is mirrored and rotated toproduce four or ientat ions of the modules, which arethen aggregated to form the pattern of the fagade.
Color adjacencies between the modules fur therobscure the or ig inal module of s ix t i les, increasingthe di f ferent iated af fect .
I trnlrh Pavi l ion: ARCHITECT
i Foreign Off ice Archi tects
DATE i roclrtor
2005 i Aichi , Japan 22
Backing structurefor t i led wal l
Bracing struts
0r ig inal bui ld ingenclosure
0r ig inal bui ld ingstru ctu re
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The John Lewis Department Store produces an embroidered af fect through a pattern of four di f ferent panels thatcan be seamlessly t i led by shar ing the same pattern at their edges. The pattern provides areas of t ransparency andareas of opaci ty that , when repeated on two layers, makes the envelope less t ransparent when seen obl iquely andmore when seen frontal ly, g iv ing the shop f loors a high degree of pr ivacy f rom the exter ior [where the obl ique viewis typical in i ts urban context l whi le preserving maximum views and l ight f rom the inter ior lwhere the f rontalv iew isprominent l . The fragmented patterns of the context , ref lected in the mirror f r i t of the outer layer, combines with thcappl ied geometr ic pattern to create an embroidered af fect .
Four di f ferent lacepanels share thesame pattern attheir per imeter,al lowing the panelsto be t i led seamlesslyto generate anembroideredaffect across, theent i re envelope.The vert ical andhor izontal symmetryof the per imeterpattern al lows eachpanel to be rotated,producing a setof e ight t i les thatare aggregated toproduce a seamlessembroidered af fect .
When seen obl iquely from below the mirror fr i t t ing makes i ld i f f icul t to judge the depth of the pattern as both ref lect ionsand the pattern behind are seen simultaneously.
When seen frontal ly f rom inside looking out the two l , ry l r ' ,of the pattern col lapse on each other, providing grcir l r , rt ransparency from the shop f loor.
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John Lewis Department Store
f r i t pat tern
Inner layer
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ARCHITECT
Foreign of f ice Archi tects
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Dropped cei l ingcavi ty wi thse TVt ce s
More transparencywhen seen f rontal lyfrom shop inter ior
The super imposedpattern is extendedto the cei l ing of thegal lery level
The pattern does notcont inue to the ground,emphasiz ing the skin asan embroidered " fabr ic"
wrapping the masonryconstruct ion rather thana load-bear ing element
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The envelope of the Atr ium at Federat ion square creates a comprex af fectthrough a patterning provided by the structure of i ts exter ior c ladding,usrng a regutar pattern in two dimensions to generate a seemingly r jndomcomposi t ion of e lements in three dimensions.
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fAt r iangles
2 The pattern is t i led in regular rectangular patches that f i l l therect i l inear per imeter of the envelope. The local var iat ion of thetr iangles wi th in each patch camouf lages the regular i ty of theoveral l t i l ing.
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A tr iangle of proportrons 2:1 is t i ledin a regular pattern to generate asimple pinwheel geometry that canbe nested in two dimensions t ,
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Extruding the pattern into two layers, assigning the members of the pattern randomlyroerther the inner or the outer layer, and adding independent diagonal bracing membersenhances the appearance of complexi ty over the regular i ty of the pattern.
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Exte r i ormul l ions
Exteriorstructu re
Diagona Ibracing
Connect ingstruts
I nter iorstru ctu re
20 tr iangles
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: DATE : LOCATION
i 2003 : Melbourne, Auetral ia 21
pEttFr 'n ing determinestt=y of the intor ior and
layet a, whi le r l iagonalmetnhers i lnd struts
the twrr Inyers are comPletelYr r l l l re pinwheel pattern
Exteriormul l ions
Diagonalbraclngbetween
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The kinet ic af fect of the Louis Vui t ton Roppongi Hi l ls store is produced thr orrr ; l r , rc i rcular pattern associated with the Louis Vui t ton brand, extruded into a ( l ( , r , l r ' , , [ ,Er icomposed of mult ip le layers of g lass, g lass tubes, and perforated stainlc l , , , , t , . , - l
The abstract c i rcular elements of the logo are reconst i tuted with a cataloryr l , r r larchi tectural mater ia ls that generate varying condi t ions of i ransparency,rrrr l r r . l l r , r t ie lon the inter ior of the bui ld inq.
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vrewing angles
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The composi te of the layers forms a deepscreen that provides varying degrees oft ransparency or opaci ty when seen fromdif ferent angles: more transparent the morefrontal the v iewpoint , more opaque when seenon the obl ique.
Porosi ty according to v iewing angle
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ffiW iiii$$ii$i:;1 Black and white: images of the
vegetat ion on the si te
4 The pixel pat tern is t ranslated intoan al ternat ing gr id of protrudingand depressed embossings,stamped to four depths - greaterdepths corresponding to darkerareas in the image. Each copperpanel contains a seven by th i r tyf ie ld of embossings.
5 Six di f ferent diameters ofperforat ion are projected onto thepanels in response to vent i lat ionand l ight ing requirements. Thesefol low a twelve by f i f ty gr id on eachpanel .
The two patterns aresuper imposed. Due to themisal ignment of the two patrerns,the perforat ions do not cancel outthe embossings.
MATERIAL mage '""' &wK€wYwffi*$m&m#
The embossed copper envelope of the De Young Museum uses an image of vegetat ion f rom the context as"mater ia l" to create a di f ferent iated af fect , t ranslat ing i t into a pixelated matr ix which is then bui l t as a three-dimensional ser ies of embossings and perforat ions. The resul t ing pattern of gradients does not depend onthe legibi l i ty of the image that generated i t , but creates a di f ferent iated ser ies of holes that resonate wi th thesurrounding landscape.
2 Invert : b lacks become whireand whites become blacks
3 Pixelate: tone is converted intoa dot matr ix
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DATE
2005
LOCATION i
San Francisco, US i 27I{I
EmboEcied ondFal torated copperclrt lel inq panels
Embossed copper
Adjustable shading
Glazing onto second levelgal ler ies
Folded copperlouver screen
eladding panels
MArER'AL l ight i r ! " ' * , - ,
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The custom-made glass blocks of theMaison de Verre act as a project ion screenfor l ight in both direct ions, creat ing acinematic af fect that a l ternates betweenexternal i l luminat ion by day and internall ight ing by night. L ight rays bounce backonto the glass blocks f rom inter ior objects,producing a luminous cinematic screenof blurred inter ior imaoes.
Inter ior steelcolumns
Ladderp ropfor l ightf ixtu res
Side wingwith insetWINOOWS
Smal lf lood
'...s
Large
f lood l ighlMain wing
The envelope ls composed of 3,617Nevada-type glass blocks [20 x 20 x 4 cm]which wrap the exter ior . Str ip windows areinserted into the gr id of b locks to createdirect v iews at strategic locat ions. Exte ri o r lnter ior
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lFt t r ier objects are i l luminatedBF€l clncmatical ly projected back€Rtc glass fagade as blurredSilhcucttes
LOCATION
Paris, France 30
The sloped cei l ing assists inbouncing l ight to the inter ior
Textur ized Nevadaglass block panels
Steel support structure
Glass blocks are expressedas a non-structural wrapping,sometimes conceal ing thef loor plate and sometimesreveal ing i t
M^rER'aL cladding -{ \ry e:i*,$$ , t rr #
The Ricola Laufen warehouseis c lad in stacked composi tepanels whose height decreasesf rom top to bottom, giv ing thevolume a weighted af fect . Theprogressive increase in theheight of the panels f rom bottomto top subt ly distorts the scale ofthe bui ld ing, making i t seem fartal ler than i t real ly is.
ln the distant v iew, the decreasein scale f rom top to bottommakes the base heavier thanthetop-acontemporaryinterpretat ion of t radi t ionalproport ions that increasesthe visual densi ty of the base.The overscaled cornice at thetop and the tr ipart i te div is ion ofpanel s izes play on the classicalv isual order of base, shaft andcapi ta l , contr ibut ing to theweighted af fect of the whole.
ln the near v iew, the di f ferencein height of the panels is near lyindist inguishable when seenon the obl ique, leaving the truescale of the volume vis ib lewithout distort ion"
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hufrn Warehouse: ARCHITECT
i *:::v.: * M::::1I: DATE
i 1987
LOCATION
Laufen, Switzer land
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32
Wooden struts ofproject ing cornice
lnsulated membraneencroSure
Structural f raming
Wooden console"supports for ra inscreen
Concrete composi terarn screen panels
Concrete blocksupports for rainscreen pur l ins
MArER'AL cladding *$**px
The Signal Box creates anaffect of var iable depth bycladding the ordinary volumeof an electr ical s ignai box inthin hor izontal copper bandsthat are twisted at strategiclocat ions to provide l ight to iheinhabi ted spaces within. Thecont inuous transi t ion f rom af lat facade of copper bandsto a screen of twisted louversvar ies the v isual depthof the envelope
The copper louvers that wrap the exter ioralso act as a Faraday cage' , protect ing themachinery inside f rom electro-magnet ici nterfere n ce.
A distort ion o{ depth isachieved by a s imple 90-degree twist of the louvers,reveal ing the structural wal land windows behind.
I
iDATE : LOCATION
' I ' I199t i easel, switzerland i JJ
Frert io l ly v is ib le windowsbehind the louvers increasethe var iat ion betweenlh l r lncss and depth
fows ofus00 to
n the twis lth: louvers
Afger ef twisted louversEEFC€t opaquc or t ransparent€ePendtng on the viewpoint ,€ l ternatelY Permit t ing or€€nsacl i t rq the box behind
Concrete structureof s ignal box
Window f raming
Weathermembrane
Battens andsheathing at tachedto the concretestructure provrdea surface torat taching thebrackets thatsupport the louvers
MA"*'AL pattgrn -r+*'" $6 r*ffi ffi
The envelope of the Chr ist ian Dior Ginza store creates a tar tan af fect through an of fset pattern of dots on twolayers, one perforated and one si lkscreened. The resul t ing combinat ion produces a f l icker ing v iewthrough anenvelope whose scale in depth is di f f icul t to iudoe.
1 Perforat ions in the outerskin create a str ipedpattern inscr ibed withinnine metal panels.
2 Inner panels are s i lk-screened with an ident icalpattern of d i f ferent s izeddots, one third smal ler .
3 Inner and outer panelsal ign, but the smal lern:t iarn ic chi f tod
re lat ive to the gr id.
4 The smal ler patterrrrepeats every two pi l r r , l rand the larger evcr y | | r r ur .so they appear nol lo , r l rqrr
The repeated dot pattern impl ies that the innerand outer patterns should al ign. Becausethe inner pattern is a scaled-down version ofthe outer pattern, the resul t ing perspect ivaldistort ion makes i t appe.ar far ther away than i tactual ly is.
The cavi ty between the outer and inner layersis i l luminated with f iber opt ics, combining withthe shi f t ing v isual a l ignment of the two patternsto occlude or i l luminate the perforat ions as theviewing angle changes and create a f l icker ingtartan af fect .
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ARCHITECT
Kumiko Inui
Flbcr-opt ic i l luminat ion
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Envelope stanchion
Support brackets
S i I ksc reen eddot pattern
Farforated metal panels
\ t+t 'MA'ER'AL ref lgct ion a'i']"']r ffim ffiffiw$$mffiffi# 168 | lav
The Apl ix Factory creates a camouf laged af fect by usingref lect ive metal panels to f ragment and mult ip ly thesurrounding landscape. The folded metal panels ref lectin two direct ions s imultaneously, super imposing mult ip leviews into a f ragmented image of sky and landscape thatcamouf lages a large bui ld ing wi th in i ts context .
The corrugat ions of thefolded panels are structural ,st i f fening them so that theyrequire no framing, no bol tsor other v is ib le connect ionsthat would detract f rom thecamouf laged af fect .
Concealed framingsrru cru re
Folded metal panels
The low, spread-out mass of the bui ld ing helpsi t d isappear in the landscape, blending with thel ine of the hor izon when seen from a distance.
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ARCHITECT
Dominique Perraul l
:
1999 :LOCATION
Nantes, France
A thin f o lded metal cornicecovers the corrugat ionsat the top of the bui ld ing,conceal ing the prof i le of thebui ld ing so the depth of thecnvelope disappears
BackingC-chan nelstru cIu re
La no sca peref l ect i o ns
MArER'ar color i . , ' l; i ; ; : l
40 mm polycarbonateThe layered envelope of the LabanDance Center creates a tonal af fectby color-coding the di f ferent inter iorprograms behind an exter ior oft ranslucent polycarbonate panels.A di f ferent color is given to eachdance studio leach with i ts ownsize, height, and forml, whi le theouter polycarbonate Iayer blurs thedi f ferent colors into a ser ies of tonalgradients whose intensi ty var ies overthe course of the day.
Doublc r1l , r , ' ' ' r lt ranslur ctr lg lass
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a lumlnUDl
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Steel r ru l l r , ,nsuppor lbrac kcl , ,
I ' Inmagenta ml m2
l - - - - ' l lturouoise 11 I2
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The chromat ic system is composedof three colors, each with three tonalvar iat ions.
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West fagade, dayt ime gradatron
West fagade, nightt ime gradat ion
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Llbrn Dance Center
ARCHITECT
Herzog & de Meuron i ilil:l,,- i 38
Translucentglass behindpo lyca rbo n atedi f fuses l ight intodance studios
Aluminumsupport structurebehind f lushpo lyca rbonatesu r face
Semi-ref lect iveexter ior windowsmirror landscape
DATE
2003
Transparent polycarbonatepanels protect agatnstglare and heat radiat ion
Steel mul l ion supportbrackets al lowpolycarbonate to f loatabove ground plane
MArER'Ar Imagg "un" ffim r$m $
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The Eberswalde Librarycreates a ser ia l af fect bycladding the f loors in bandsof concrete and glass panelscovered with s i lkscreenedphotographs, dissolv ing theenvelope into a pattern ofrana:t ihd imrdac
The i r regular rhythm of the hor izontalbands of images, of varying heights- one, two, or three panels ta l l -obscures the regular rhythm of the f loorplates and clerestory window bands.
Windowpattern
Si lkscreened ceramic f r i t g lass panel1. Si lkscreen is placed over glazed panel .2. Ceramic is appl ied through screen.3. Si lkscreen is removed and ceramic
is heat- fused to glazed panel .
Si lkscreened cast concrete panel1. lmage is s i lkscreened onto formwork
l iner using sett ing reiardant.2. Panel is cast .3. Panel removed from formwork
after set t ing. Retardant and unsetconcrete r insed and brushed fromface of panel .
: ARCHITECTFNO 'FC
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Elt6rEwalde Library : *:::111l lllll1I-l:-:: YllDATE : LOCATION
'A1999 : Eberswalde, Germany 11
Clerestory windowmasked bysi lkscreened glasspanel above headheight providesdi f fuse l ight ing
Shelvingintegrated withexter ior wal l
lntegrated deskcpt ai hoinhi
of t ransparentwindows fordirect v iews
F: l lhcr t t , r tncd cast
I i l t i l | r , l0 panels
nrArk l l r r ) presence
rr f i t r l r , t ior f looral, r l r r , r r t l wal ls
l l r t t l r l t heightql lkrr t r rcned
l t r rdr l r ' , ; are cut of f
l ry l l l ( . l fansparent
wl i l r lowf;
I t , r t r , , lxrrentwlt r r low: i interruptbFt t i r l l )ot ternrr l inr lqcs
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