jewel ornament of liberation

8/14/2019 Jewel Ornament of Liberation

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cfrfo{ uDkf]kf lj/lrt

;4d{lrGtfdl0fdf]If/Tgfn+sf/

THE JEWEL ORNAMENT OF LIBERATION

The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings

by

GAMPOPA

g]kfnLdf cg'jfb

ldng zfSo

;DkfbgdLg axfb'/ zfSo

k|sfzsgfufh'{g af}4 cWoog ;+:yfgn= k'= rfs'kf6, g]kfn

@)^$


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Buddhist ext ranslation Series -23

af}4 u|Gy cg'jfbqmd M @#

Published by :Nagarjuna Institute o Exact Methods(A Centre or Buddhist Studies)P. O. Box 100Chakupat, Lalitpur

el: 977-1-5520558, 977-1-5527558Email: [email protected]: www.nagarjunainstitute.com

Copyright 2008, Nagarjuna Institute o Exact MethodsTis book may be copied or reprinted or ree distribution withoutpermission rom the publisher. Otherwise all rights reserved.

ypesetting, Layout and ranslated into Nepali by : Milan Shakya

Edited by : Min Bahadur Shakya

First Edition : 2008, February, 5000 copies

Cover Photo: Dharma Lord Gampopa

Printed by:Te Corporate Body of Buddha Education Foundation11th Floor, 55, Hang Chow S. Road, Sec 1, aipei, aiwan, R.O.C.el: 886-2-23951198, Fax: 866-2-23913415

Tis book is for free distribution, not to be sold.


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Editorial Preace by Min Bahadur Shakya........................................... x

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EDITORIAL PREFACE

Te present text called Jewel Ornament o Liberation byGampopabelongs to the genre o Buddhist teachings known as the stage of path(skt: mrgakrama). Tis text is the guide book or the students who

ollow the path o Bodhisattva rom the elementary levels to the pro-ound realization o Buddhahood.Te special eature o this text o the Master Gampopa is that it

integrates the stra and the proound teachings o Mahmudr inunifed aspect. Te text is divided into 21 chapters.

1. Buddhanature2. Te working basis3. Instruction o Spiritual riend4. Meditation on Impermanence5. Suerings o Samsara

6. Te Karma and its results7. Benevolence and compassion8. aking Reuge9. Generation o Bodhicitta10. raining in Bodhictta11. Te Six Perections12. Te perection in Generosity13. Te Perection in Ethics and Manners14. Te Perection o Patience15. Te Perection in Strenuousness

16. Te Perection o meditative concentration17. Te Perection o Awareness18. Te fve Paths19. Te spiritual Levels20. Perect Buddhahood21. Buddha activity

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Another aspect o this text is that it is addressed to all peoplemonastic or lay person or philosopher who pursues the quest or en-lightenment. Te greatness o the author lies in the act that he com-pletely dispelled the darkness o conusion and reconciled all mis-understanding between the stra and tantra systems. Tat is why, hewas declared to be the Sun like disciple of Milarepa.

Te author Gampopa has prousely quoted various stras andcommentarial literatures to substantiate his instructions in tradition-al manner. Here we have tried to give the quote in original sanskritwherever possible. Besides, the author has drawn various stories or

Avadnas to illustrate his statement. We have cited these stories indetail in the appendices.

o add the sanctity o the text we have given the brie biographyo this illustrious master.

Tis Nepalese translation o Jewel ornament o Liberation isbased on three texts so ar published.

1. Jewel Ornament o Liberation translated by Herbert Guen-ther and published rom Luzac London in 1959.

2. Another English ranslation by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen

Rinpoche published by Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NewYork, 1998.3. A Hindi translation by Khenpo Sonam Gyatso published

rom Central Institute o Higher ibetan Studies, Sarnath,Varanasi, 2000.

I hope this translation in Nepali will be useul or the readers whoare acquainted with this language. We have simplifed the language asar as possible. Te text is the essence o all ripitaka o Bodhisattvapath.

Acknowledgements:

First o all Id like to thank my son Milan Shakya or his untiringeorts in translating this text minutely in Nepali language or thebeneft o Nepalese readers. He took no stone unturned in presentingthis text as beautiul as possible.

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Tanks also to Kalynamitra Mr. Punya Parajuli who helped inclariying the dierent aspect o doctrines presented in this text.

Tanks also goes to Mr. Radhakrishna Sharma who devoted histime and energy in beautiying the text.

Finally, Id like to thank Mr. Lin Kuo-Ying, the President o TeCorporate Body o Buddha Educational Foundation and his compas-sionate and energetic sta who sponsored this important publicationor ree distribution or the readers in Nepal, the birth place o LordBuddha. We are grateul or this generosity.Namo Amitabha !

Min Bahadur Shakya

DirectorNagarjuna Institute o Exact MethodsA center or Buddhist StudiesP.O.Box.100 chakupat, LalitpurKathmandu, Nepalel: 977-1-5520558Fax: 977-1-5527446

www.nagarjunainstitute.com

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cfrfo{ uDkf]kf lj/lrt

;4d{lrGtfdl0fdf]If/Tgfn+sf/

THE JEWEL ORNAMENT OF LIBERATION

The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings

by

GAMPOPA


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eg] s'g}df df]Iftkm{ n}hfg] s'znd"n g} x'Fb}g,

s'znd"n gx'g] k|f0fLdf a'4 x'g] s'g} x]t' x'+b}g .#

cfgf] lrQnfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd ;+;f/df ef}Ftfl/gd} k|j[t t'NofPsfo:tf pko'{Qm nIf0fxn] o'Qm cuf]qsx klg slxNo} af]lw k|fKtug{ g;Sg] k|f0fLx rfFlx xf]Ogg\ . k|of; u/]df ltgLxn] klg af]lwk|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . of] tYonfO{dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls;"qdf klg pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 M

x] cfgGb lgjf{0f k|fKt ug]{ ;+:sf/ g} gePsf] s'g} ;jn]

dfly cfsfzdf a'4nfO{ b]v]/ Pp6f dfq km"n kmfn]sf]

v08df klg pm lgjf{0fsf] clwsf/L aG5 .

d eG5' pm lgjf{0fsf] lgs6 d} x'G5, lgjf{0fsf] ;dLk k'U5 .

@= clgot uf]q M clgot uf]qs s'g} ljz]if k|Toosf] cwLgdf x'G5 .

hf] JolQm >fjs sNof0fldqsf] ;Dks{df cfpF5, hf] JolQm >fjssf]ldq x'G5, / >fjssf ;"qx k9]kl5 h;n] >fjs hLjg k4ltnfO{ljZjf; u5{ pm >fjs uf]q s} x'G5, o:t} k|To]sa'4 jf af]lw;juf]qsf] k|f0fLnfO{ e]6]kl5 qmdzM k|To]s a' 4 jf af]lw;juf]qsf] g}aG5 .

hetu:twagtgR


25/504


12

#= >fjs uf]q M >fjsuf]qs To:tf ;jx x'g\ h;n] ej;+;f/b]lveoeLt eP/ lgjf{0fsf] cfsf+Iff /fVb5g\ . ltgLxdf sd dfq s?0ffx'G5 . ltgLxsf] af/]df o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

;+;f/sf] b'Mv b]v]/ ltgLx eoeLt x'G5g\

/ lgjf{0fsf] cfsf+Iff /fV5g\

;jxnfO{ lxt x'g] sfo{ ug{df pgLx cfglGbt x'Fb}gg\

oL tLg nIf0fxaf6 o'Qm ePaf6 pgLx >fjsuf]qs x'g\ .

$= k|To]sa'4 uf]q M k|To]sa'4uf]qsxdf oL tLg} nIf0fx x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} ltgLx cToGt} cledfgL x'G5g\, cfgf u'?xaf/] df}g /xG5g\/ PsfGtdf PSn} a:g ?rfpF5g\ . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

;+;f/af6 plUg -lg/fz_ eP/ pgLx lgjf{0fsf] kl5 nfU5g\

pgLxdf sd dfq s?0ff x'G5 t/ cledfgL eg] Psbd} x'G5g\

ltgLx cfgf u'?xsf] af/] df}g /xG5g\ / PSn} a:g dg k/fpF5g\

o:tf ;jxnfO{ a'l4dfg dflg;n] k|To]sa'4 uf]qs egL hfGg'k5{ .

>fjs / k|To]sa'4, oL b'O{ uf]qn] b'O{ cnu cnu hLjgk4ltnfO{;+s]t u5{g\ . x'gt tL b'j}n] cfcfgf nIox k|fKt u5{g\ t/ h'glgjf{0f ltgLxn] k|fKt u/]sf] bfjL u5{g\ Tof] jf:tljs lgjf{0f xf]Og .To;f]eP ltgLx s'g e"lddf /xG5g\ t < cljBfsf] jf;gfe"lddf

l:y/ /x]tf klg, ltgLx cgf>j sd{f/f dgf]do sfo wf/0f u/]/To;}df k|ltli7t x'G5g\ . of] ;dflw cgf>j -cf>j/lxt_ x'g] x'FbfoxL lgjf{0f xf] eGg] wf/0ffdf pgLx 6fFl;G5g\ . ca oxfF s] k|Zgp7\g ;Snf eg], olb of] ;fFlRrs}sf] lgjf{0f xf]Og eg] eujfg\ a'4n]oL b'O{ dfu{x ->fjsofg / k|To]s a'4 ofg_ lsg b]vfpg'eof] t


26/504

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xf], lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ pxfFn] oL b'O{6f dfu{x b]vfpg'eof] . dfgfF}s'g} ef/tLo Jofkf/Lx ;d'b| kf/L dl0fx lng hfG5g\ t/ aLrofqfd} s'g} d?e"lddf k'Ubf ltgLx Psbd yfS5g\ / ca c cufl8a9\g g;Sg] s'/f ;f]FR5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx kmls{g nfUbf, pgLxsf]gfOs]n] cfgf] Cl4ann] pgLxsf] cf>osf] nflu Pp6f ljzfngu/ agfOlbG5 . o;} k|sf/n] cNk dgf]ansf k|f0fLx a'4sf] k/d1fgsf] af/]df ;'g]/ eoeLt x'G5g\ / a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{ t Psbd sl7g/ em~em6k"0f{ /x]5, of] daf6 x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;f]+r]/ xtf]T;flxtx'G5g\ / cfgf] b'a{ntfsf] sf/0f ljd'v x'G5g\ . To;a]nf a'4n] >fjs/ k|To]sa' 4sf dfu{x b]vfP/ ltgLxnfO{ >fjs / k|To]sa'4sf]cj:yfdf lj>fd u/fpg'eof] . h:tf];4d{k'08/Lsdf elgPsf] 5 M

;a} -k|To]sa'4_ / >fjsxn] d}n] lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]F egL ;f]+R5g\ .pgLxnfO{ eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5 M

of] s]jn lj>fd xf], lgjf{0f xf]Og .$

tL ;jx >fjs tyf k|To]sa' 4xsf cj:yfdf lj>fd ul//fv]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpgf;fy} tyfutn] pgLxnfO{ sfo,jfs\ / lrQf/f a'4Tj k|fKt ug{] k|]/0ff lbg'x'G5 . lrQf/f cyf{teujfg\ a'4n] lkmhfpg'ePsf] /lZdn] dgf]do sfowf/L >fjs tyfk|To]s a'4xnfO{ :kz{ u5{ . :kZf{ ug]{lalQs} pgLx cgf>j ;dflwaf6 Ao'lemG5g\ . To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] pgLxnfO{ cfgf] sfosf];fIfft\ bz{g lbg'x'G5 . jfsf/f cyf{t pxfF eGg'x'G5 M x] leIf'x

ltdLxn] cem} cfgf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf 5}gf}, ltdLx s[ts[ToePsf 5}gf}, ltdLxsf] lgjf{0f jf:tljs lgjf{0f xf]Og . x] leIf'x ca ltdLx tyfutsxfF cfpg", tyfutsf s'/f ;'g / a'em . o;/Leujfg\ a'4n] pgLxnfO{ k|]l/t ug'{x'G5 . o;nfO{;4d{k"08/Ls;"qdf o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5 M

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x] leIf'x cfh d ltdLxnfO{ eG5' M

oltdfqn] cem} lgjf{0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

;j{11fg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ltdLxn]

k/d jLo{ / pbf/tf pTkGg ug'{k5{ .

clg dfq ltdLxnfO{ ;j{1 a'4sf] 1fg xfl;n x'g]5 .%

eujfg\ a'4sf] o:tf] k|]/0ffn] ubf{ >fjs tyf k|To]s a'4xn];j{k|yd af]lwlrQf]Tkfb u5{g\, To;kl5 ckl/ldt sNkx;Dd af]lw;jsf] rof{ cEof; u/L cGtdf a'4 aG5g\ . oxL tYonfO{n+sfjtf/;"q/ ;4d{k"08/Ls ;"qdf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

>fjsxn] lgjf{0f k|fKt ub}{gg\ .

>]i7 af]lwrof{ kfngf ul/;s]kl5 pgLx a'4 g} aG5g\ .^

%= dxfofg uf]q M dxfofg jf af]lw;j uf]q s] xf] ]i7 cf>ol;t ;DalGwt 5g\ MIf0f, ;Dkb, ljZjf;, clenfiff / k|;fb,logdf b'O{ sflos / tLg r]tl;s x'g\ .

!= If0f M If0f sf] cy{ cf7 cIf0fxaf6 /lxt x'g' xf] . tL cf7cIf0fxnfO{;4d{:d[To'k:yfg;"qdf o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5 M

g/s, k|]t, lto{s\, Dn]R5, bL3f{o'if b]j, ldYofb[li6

a'4sf] k|fb'ef{j gx'g', / d"stf .

oL cf7 cIf0f x'g\ .!

oL ;a} s;/L cIf0f 5g\ < lsgsL g/ssf k|f0fLxn] ;b}j b'Mv oftgfef]Ug'k5{, k|]txsf lrQ ;b}j ;+tKt /xG5 / lto{sx k"0f{kn]c1fgL x'G5g\ . oL tLg} ultsf k|f0fLxdf lx -nfh_ / ckqkf -zd{_x'+b}g / ltgLxsf rof{ cs'zn g} x'G5g\ . t;y{ ltgLx s'znwd{sf] cEof;sf nflu of]Uo 5}gg\ .

kl/R5]b @

b'n{e dg'io z/L/


33/504


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bL3f{o'if b]j o:tf ;jx x'g\ hf] c;+1L -:d[ltxLg_ x'G5g\ bL3f{o'if b]jsf ;a} lj1fgsf sfo{x aGb x'g] ePsfn] ltgLxn]wd{nfO{ bod ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;n] sfdwft'sf b]jxnfO{ klghgfpF5 . lsgeg] dg'iosf] t'ngfdf logLxsf] cfo' Psbd nfdf]x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ b]jnf]sn] ;bf cIf0fnfO{ g} hgfpF5 lsgsL clgTo;'vdf af+r]sf b]jtfxn] s'znd"nsf] cEof; ub}{ ub}{gg\ .@

t;y{, cln b'Mv em]Ng' k/]tf klg oxL dg'io h'gLdf dfq xfdLn]wd{sf] cEof;sf nflu pko'Qm u'0f kfpF5fF} csf]{ zAbdf, ;+;f/k|ltplUgtf -ljt[i0ff_ / ;f/f ;jxk|lt s?0ff pTkGg x'G5 . cx+sf/lgd"{n eO{ kfksd{af6 lj/lQm / s'zn sd{df cle?lr oxL h"gLdfhfU5 . af]lwrof{jtf/df o;/L n]lvPsf] 5 M

;+j]un] cledfg gi6 x'G5 ;+;f/sf k|f0fLxk|lt s?0ff hfU5

kfkaf6 eoeLt eO{ s'zndf ?lr hfU5

oxL b'Mvsf] csf]{ u'0f xf] .

To;}n] oL rf/ ultxnfO{ cIf0f elgPsf] xf] .#

t}klg, oxfF pNn]vgLo s'/f of] 5 ls dg'io g} eP/ klg Dn]5hflt -Border Tribes_ sf k|f0fLxnfO{ cof]Uo kfq dflgG5 lsgeg]logLxdf ;Tk'?if e]6fpg ufxf] x'G5 .

ldYofb[li6n] o'Qm ;j klg plQs} cof]Uo 5g\ lsgeg] logLxn]s'zn sd{ g} :ju{sf] Ifl0fs ;'v -cEo"bo_ / d'lQm -lgM>]o]z_ sf]sf/s xf] eGg] s'/f] hfGb}gg\ .

a'4 gePsf] nf]sdf hlGdPsf ;jx klg cof]Uo g} 5g\ lsgeg]pgLxnfO{ s] ug'{ x'G5 / s] ug'{ x'Fb}g, s] s'zn, s] cs'zn OToflbl;sfpg] sf]xL x'Gg .

To;/L g} d"s ;jx klg cof]Uo 5g\ lsgsL ltgLx :jo+n]s] nfO{ s'zn / s] nfO{ cs'zn elgG5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .


34/504

23

ctM cf7 cIf0fxaf6 /lxt x'g' g} cTo'Qd If0f;Dkb xf] .

@= ;Dkb\ M ;Dkb\x bzj6f x'G5g\ . bz ;Dkb\xdWo] kfFr :j;Dkb\x'g\ eg] kfFr k/ ;Dkb\ x'g\ .

kfFr :j;Dkb\x o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

dWob]zdf dg'io eP/ hlGdg', OlGb|oxsf] k"0f{tf,

ljkl/t sd{ -kfk_ af6 jlh{t x'g' / wd{k|lt >4f x'g' .

dg'io x'g' sf] cy{ ;fdfGo dg'iosf] h:t} k|s[lt eO{ k'?if cyjf:qL OlGb|on] o'Qm x'g' xf] . dWob]zdf hlGdg' sf] tfTko{ o:tf] b]zdfhlGdg' xf] hxfF xfdLn] k'0ojfg\ ;Hhgxl;t ;T;+ut ug{ ;S5f}F .OlGb|oxsf] k"0f{tf d"v{ / d"s geO{ s'zn wd{ cg'i7fg ug{ ;Ifdx'g' xf] . wd{k|lt >4f x'g' sf] tfTko{ a'4f/f pklbi6 ljgo cflb ;a}s'zn wd{xsf cfwf/kL ;4d{k|lt >4f x'g' xf] . cljkl/t sd{

sf] tfTko{ o; hGddf cfgGto{ sd{ -k~r dxfkfk_ gug'{ xf] .kfFr k/;Dkbx o; k|sf/ 5g\ M nf]sdf a'4 pTkGg x'g' ;4d{b]zgf pklbi6 wd{ cIf'00fkn] sfod x'g' To; wd{nfO{ cg'z/0fug'{ c k|f0fLk|lt d}qL s?0ff /fVg' .

ctM bz ;Dkbx h;dWo] kf+r :j;Dkb / kf+r k/;Dkb cToGt}pQd 5g\ .

b'n{e dg'io z/L/ oL b'j} If0f ;Dkbxn] o'Qm 5g\ . dg'io z/L/lrGtfdl0f /Tg ;/x b'n{e / pkof]uL ePsf]n] o;nfO{ b'n{e /Tg

elgG5 . af]lw;jlk6sdf o; k|sf/ pNn]lvt 5M

dg'ioTj k|fKt ug'{ s7Lg 5

;4d{ k|fKt ug'{ s7Lg 5

/ a'4sf] pTklQ klg s7Lg g} 5 .$

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o:t} k|sf/n]dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M

dg'iosf] hGd b'n{e 5, If0f ;Dkb b'n{e 5 . a'4sf] nf]sdf

pTklQ klg b'n{e g} 5 . s'zn wd{df cle?lr klg b'n{e

g} 5 / ;Dos\ k|l0fwfg klg b'n{e 5 .

u08Jo"x;"qdf klg elgPsf] 5 M

ci6fIf0faf6 d'Qm x'g' b'n{e -s7Lg_ 5 dg'io hGd b'n{e

5, ljz'4 If0f ;Dkb b'n{e 5 a'4sf] nf]sdf pTklQ b'n{e

5 OlGb|oxsf] kl/k"0f{tf b'n{e 5 a'4wd{sf] >j0f b'n{e

5 ;Hhgxl;tsf] ;T;+ut b'n{e 5 ;Rrf sNof0fldq

b'n{e 5g\ ;xL pkb]z b'n{e 5, ;DosfhLljsf b'n{e 5

dg'io nf]sdf wd{ / cg'wd{ cg'i7fg b'n{e 5 .%

af]lwrof{jtf/df elgPsf] 5M

If0f ;Dkb cToGt b'n{e 5g\ .^

of] b'n{e dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug{ slt ufxf] 5, s:tf ;jxsfnflu of] dg'io hLjg b'n{e 5 / lsg b'n{e 5 < oL ;a}sf] pQ/ xfdLljleGg pkdfxaf6 kfpg ;S5f}F . If0f ;Dkbsf] b'n{etf bzf{pg]ug]{ Pp6f pkdf af]lwrof{jtf/df o;/L lbOPsf] 5 .

To;}n] eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M

dxf;d'b|df kmflnPsf] h'cfsf] Kjfndf s'g} s5'jfn]

cfgf] 3fF6L l5/fpg' hlt sl7g 5

dg'io hGd k|fKt ug{' Tolt g} sl7g 5 .&


36/504

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lgDg pkdf ;Douufdaf6 p4[t ul/Psf] xf] Mdfgf}F o; ;Dk"0f{ dxfk[YjL kfgL g} kfgLn] el/Psf] 5, To;df

Ps sfgf] s5'jf klg /xG5 . s'g} dflg;n] Tof] ;d'b|df Pp6f h'cfkmfN5 h;nfO{ xfjfn] otf ptf rf/} lbzflt/ aufP/ nfG5 . xhf/f}Fjif{df Psrf]l6 dfly ;txdf lg:sg] Tof] sfgf] s5'jfn] To; h'cfsf]Kjfndf cfgf] 6fpsf] l5/fpg] s'/f hlt b'M;fWo -x'g} g;Sg]_ xf]dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug'{ Tof] eGbf klg b'M;fWo / sl7g 5 .

g/s, lto{s / k|]tnf]sdf hlGdg] ;j xsf nflu klg k'b\unkL dg'io hLjg k|fKt ug{ clt sl7g 5 To;}n] oxfF k'b\unzAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

of] dg'io h'gL k|fKt ug{ lsg sl7g 5 eGbfv]/L If0f ;Dkbn]kl/k"0f{ of] z/L/ k'0o ;Def/ u/]kl5 dfq k|fKt eOG5 . tLg b'u{ltdfhlGdg] ;jx s;/L s'zn sd{f/f k'0o ;Def/ ug]{ eGg] s'/fyfxf gkfP/ ;b}j cs'zn sd{df g} k|j[t x'G5g\ . To;}n] tLg j6fb'u{ltxdf hGd]/ klg olb s;}n] Psbd sd dfq kfk u/L s'zn

sd{f/f k'0o;+ef/ ub{5 eg] dfq p;n] dg'io h'gL k|fKt ug{ ;S5 .

o;sf] pkof]lutf af]lwrof{jtf/df o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5M

k'?iffy{ ;fwg dg'io h'gLdf x'g] ePsf]n] .*

ltAatL zAb So]a' nfO{ ;+:s[tdf k'?if elgG5 . k'?if zAbsf]k|of]u an jf ;fdYo{sf] cy{df ul/G5 . If0f / ;Dkbn] o'Qm dfgj

b]xdf cEo'bo -;b\ult_ / lgM>]o; -lgjf{0f_ k|fKt ug]{ an jf ;fdYo{/xG5 . To;}n] xfdL To;nfO{ k'?if eG5f}F . o; afx]s, of] anclwdfq, dWo / d[b' u/L tLg y/Lsf ePsf x'Fbf, k'?if klg pQd,dWod / cwd u/L tLg} y/Lsf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{af]lwkyk|bLkdfo;/L atfOPsf] 5 M

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26

k'?if tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ egL a'g'k5{ M

cwd, dWod / pQd(

tLg b'u{ltxdf ktg gx'g] / b]j jf dg'io ult k|fKt ug{] ;fdYo{cwd k'?ifdf x'G5 . To;}n] elgPsf] 5 M

h;n] s'g} klg pkfof/f s]jn

cfgf] nflu dfq ;'v;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{

sfdgf u5{ To;nfO{ cwd k'?if elgG5 .!)

;+;f/af6 d'Qm eO;s]kl5 dWod k'?ifn] ;'v / zflGtsf] cj:yfk|fKt ug{ ;S5 .

hf] ej;'vaf6 ljd'v /xG5,

kfk sd{af6 lj/Qm x'G5 /

h;n] cfgf] nflu dfq lgjf{0f rfxG5To;nfO{ dWod k'?if elgG5 .!!

pQd k'?ifn] a'4Tj k|fKt u/]/ ;f/f ;jxsf] lxtfy{ rof{ -sfo{_ug{ ;S5g\ .

h;n] csf ;a} b'MvxnfO{ cfg} lrQ

;Gtltn] cg'ej ug]{ b'Mv ;dfg\ a'em]sf 5g\

To;}n] ;a}sf b'Mv ;d"n gi6 ug{ rfxG5g\To;nfO{ g} pQd k'?if elgG5 .!@

dfgjb]xsf] pkof]lutfsf] ;DaGwdf cfrfo{ rGb|uf]ldg n] o:tf]eGg'ePsf] 5 M


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of] dfgj b]x h;sf] k|flKtaf6 ej;fu/sf] cGt x'G5,

h;n] cg'Q/ af]lwsf aLhkL s'znd"n /f]Kg ;xfotf

u5{, h;sf u'0fx lrGtfdl0f /Tgsf u'0fx eGbf klg

Hofbf 5g\, To:tf] dfgj b]x s;n] v]/ kmfNg rfxG5 4f]Tkfb ul/g'k5{ h:tf]nlntlj:t/;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M

x] cfgGb >4fn] o'Qm x'g". oxL tyfutsf] cfu|x xf] .

>4f tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 M ;+k|Too, clenfif / k|;fb .

!= ;+k|Too >4f M ;+k|Too >4f sd{ kmn, b'Mv ;To / ;d'bo;ToaLrsf] ckl/xfo{ ;DaGwaf6 k}bf x'G5 . of] >4f s'zn sd{sf]kmn:jk sfdnf]ssf] ;'v, cs'zn sd{sf] kmn:jk sfdnf]ssf]b'Mv k|fKt x'G5 eg] cflg~Ho sd{sf] kmn:jk pWj{ wft' -kwft'/ ckwft'_ l;t ;+a4 ;'v k|fKt x'G5 eGg] Pp6f b[9 ljZjf; xf] .;+k|Too >4f ;d'bo ;TokL sd{ / Sn]zsf] ;d'bfrf/ -lqmofsnfk_af6 b'Mv ;TokL k cflb ;f;|j k~r :sGwx pTkGg x'G5g\ eGg]b[9 ljZjf; klg xf] .!&

@= clenfif >4f M clenfif >4f sf] cy{ cg'Q/ af]lwnfO{ ljz]ifkn]dxjk"0f{ 7fgL To;nfO{ k|fKt ug]{ OR5fn] elQmk"j{s dfu{sf] cEof;ug'{ xf] .

#= k|;fb >4f M k|;fb >4f lqz/0fudgaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . dfu{bz{skL a'4/Tg, dfu{kL wd{/Tg / dfu{sf] cEof;df ;xfoskL ;+3/Tgk|lt lrQsf] clwd'lQm, elQmefj / k|;Ggtf g} k|;fb >4f xf] .

ctM clewd{cg';f/ M

>4f s] xf] 4f sd{ kmn, / lq/Tgk|lt ljZjf; xf] .

of] clenfif -dg kg'{_ tyf lrQsf] k|;Ggtf xf] .!*

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/TgfjnLdf klg o;sf] pNn]v 5M

5Gb, ]if, eo, df]x sf] sf/0fn] h;n] wd{nfO{ TofUb}g

To;nfO{ >4fjfg eGg'k5{ .

pm lgM>]o;sf] nflu pQd kfq xf] .!(

oxfF 5Gbsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' sf] cy{ /fusf] jzdf k/]/wd{nfO{ gTofUg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s;}n] k|nf]eg lbP/ eG5,d ltdLnfO{ wgwfGo, :qL, /fHo cflb lbG5', t/ ltdLn] wd{nfO{TofUg'k5{, o:tf] k|nf]eg lbOFbfklg wd{sf] Tofu gug'{ xf] .

]ifsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' sf] tfTko{ k|lt3 -qmf]w_ sf]sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] dnfO{ w]/} clxtjf xflg u/]sf] 5 / pml;t abnf lng] df}sf d;Fu 5 . t}klg d}n]wd{nfO{ Tofu]/ pml;t abnf lnGg .

eosf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' sf] cy{ eoeLt eP/ wd{sf]

Tofu gug'{ xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] o:tf] wDsL lbG5, olbltdLn] wd{nfO{ Tofu]gf} eg] d tLg ;o of]4fxnfO{ lbgx'F ltd|f]z/L/sf kfFr kfFr 6'qmf df;' sf6\g cxfpF5' . o:tf] cj:yfdf klgltdL wd{nfO{ TofUb}gf} .

df]xsf] sf/0fn] wd{nfO{ gTofUg' sf] cy{ c1fgtfsf] sf/0fn]wd{sf] Tofu gug'{ xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] eG5, sd{ ;To xf]Og, kmn ;To xf]Og g t lq/Tg g} ;To xf] . wd{ u/]/ s] kfpF5f}ltdLn] . Toflub]pm o; wd{nfO{ . t}klg ltdLn] wd{nfO{ TofUb}gf} .

ctM h;n] pko'{Qm rf/ l:yltxdf klg wd{nfO{ TofUb}g Tof] g}>4fjfg JolQm xf] . ToxL JolQm lgM>]o; -df]If_ k|flKt sf] nflu pQdkfq klg aG5 .

ha s'g} JolQmdf oL tLg k|sf/sf >4f x'G5g\, To;j]nf p;nfO{c;Ld nfex k|fKt x'G5g\ . p;df pQd k'?ifsf] lrQ pTkGg


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x'G5, p;sf cIf0fx lgj[t -;dfKt_ x'G5g\, p;sf OlGb|ox tLI0f/ t]lhnf x'G5g\, pmaf6 zLn pNn+3g x'Fb}g, p;sf Sn]zx gi6x'G5g\, p;nfO{ df/n] 5'g ;Sb}g, p;nfO{ df]If dfu{ k|fKt x'G5,ljk'n k'0o;Def/ x'G5, cg]s a'4xsf] bz{g k|fKt eP/ pxfFxf/fclwli7t x'G5 / p;nfO{ cg]s clrGTo u'0fx k|fKt x'G5g\ . t;y{/Tgf]Nsfgfdwf/0fLdf klg elgPsf] 5 M

a'4 / a'4wd{df >4f /fVg],

af]lw;j rof{df >4f /fVg],

cg'Q/ af]lwdf >4f /fVg] JolQmdf

dxfk'?ifxsf] lrQ pTkGg x'G5 .

csf]{ s'/f, s;}df >4f 5 eg], eujfg\ a'4 klg p;sf] ghLscfP/ p;nfO{ wd{b]zgf ug'{x'G5 . h:tf]af]lw;jlk6sdf elgPsf]5M

o:tf] >4fn] o'Qm af]lw;jnfO{ eujfg\ a'4n] a'4wd{sf] kfq

7fg]/ cfkm} p;sf] ghLs uP/ p;nfO{ af]lw;jdfu{sf]

;Dos\ b]zgf ug'{x'G5 .

o; k|sf/, If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm of] b'n{e dg'io z/L/ / tLg k|sf/sf >4fn] o'Qm To;sf] lrQ g} cg'Q/ af]lwsf] nflu cf>okL k'b\un xf] .

;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{tcf>o lgb]{z

gfds ltLo kl/R5]b ;dfKt

Aay:lR mnu:y zrIr


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cf>okL b'n{e dg'ioz/L/ eP/ klg ha;Dd xfdLnfO{ k|TookLsNof0fldqxsf] k|]/0ff k|fKt x'+b}g ta;Dd k"j{ ;dodf u/]sf b'isd{cEof;f/f ;+jlw{t k|an jf;gfn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ af]lwkydf nfUgPsbd s7Lg x'G5 . ctM sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lng' cToGt} cfjZos5 . sNof0fldq ;+>ol;t ;DalGwt s'/fx lgDg kfFr zLif{sxleqkfOg]5g\ M

pkklQ, e]b, k|To]s e]bsf] nIf0f,;+>osf] pkfo, Pj+ cg'z+;f .

!= pkklQ M sNof0fldq ;+>o sf tLgj6f pkklQx -sf/0fx_ 5g\ .tL x'g\ M

!=!= cfud,!=@= o'lQm /!=#= b[i6fGt -pkdf_ .

!=!= cfud M cfud cGtu{tsf s'/fx k|1fkf/ldtf;d'Rroufyfdf

kfOG5 M

u'?eQm c;n lziox ;bf

ljfg u'?sf] ;Dks{df /xg'k5{,

lsgeg] pgLaf6 ljtfsf u'0fx k|fKt x'G5g\ .!

kl/R5]b #

sNof0fldq ;+>o


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cfo{ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtfdf klg elgPsf] 5M

cg'Q/ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw k|fKt ug{

OR5's af]lw;j dxf;jn] ;j{k|yd

sNof0fldql;t ;+>o -ko'{kf;g_ ug'{k5{,

clg pgsf] ;]jf / k|z+;f ug'{k5{ .

!=@= o'lQm M ;j{1Tj k|fKt ug{] Ifdtfn] o'Qm k'b\un -JolQm_ sf] u'0fltdLdf 5 . ctM ltdLn] sNof0fldqsf] cf>o lng'k5{ . lsgeg]ltdL :jo+ k'0o ;+ef/ / cfj/0fxsf] k|xf0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]cgle1 5f} . of] lglj{jfb tYo xf] . ;fdfGotof lqsfna'4 -cyf{te"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf a'4_ x ;fwDo{ -wdf{g's"n_ b[i6fGt x'g\ .hasL k|To]s a'4x j}wDo{ -ljkl/t_ b[i6fGt x'g\ .@ ctM k"0f{ a'4Tjk|fKt ug{ OR5's xfdL h:tf ;jxsf nflu k'0o Pj+ 1fg ;+ef/ ug{cfjZos x'G5 . ;+ef/ ;+ro ug]{ pkfo sNof0fldqf/f dfq ;fWo

-;Dej_ x'g;S5 . a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu Sn]z tyf 1]o cfj/0fxnfO{;d"n gi6 ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . tL cfj/0fxaf6 5'6sf/fklg sNof0fldqaf6 dfq ;+ej 5 .

!=#= b[i6fGt M b[i6fGt -pkdf_ o:tf] 5 M ckl/lrt 7fpFdf hfFbfv]/LsNof0fldq Ps dfu{bz{s ;dfg xf], eofjx k|b]zdf hfFbfv]/LsNof0fldq Ps ;+/Ifs ;dfg xf], / dxf gbL tbf{v]/L sNof0fldqPs gfljs ;dfg xf] .

k|yd b[i6fGtsf] ;DaGwdf, ha xfdL dfu{bz{slagf s'g} ckl/lrt 7fpFdf ofqf u5f}{F, To;a]nf af6f] la/fpg], x/fpg] 8/ xfdLdf/xG5 . t/ olb Pshgf dfu{bz{s ;fydf lnP/ uof}F eg] To:tf]8/ x'Fb}g / Pp6f klg Joy{ kfOnf grfnL xfdL cfgf] uGtJo;Dd;s'zn k'Ug ;S5f}F . To:t} k|sf/n] af]lwkydf cf?9 eO{ ;Dos;Da'4


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e"ld;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ dfu{bz{ssf] kdf s'g} dxfoflgssNof0fldqsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . cGoyf tLly{sxsf dfu{df km:g], af6f]la/fP/ >fjs dfu{ tyf k|To]sa'4 dfu{df k'Ug] cfz+sf /xg]5 . xfd|f]dfu{bz{ssf] kdf Pshgf sNof0fldq eOlbPsf] v08df To:tf] s'g}8/ jf cfz+sf /xGg, / xfdL ;j{1 gu/;Dd ;s'zn k'U5f}F . o;nfO{>L;+ejljdf]Ifdf atfOPsf] 5 M

sNof0fldqx dfu{bz{s ;dfg x'g\ lsgsL pgLxn] g}

xfdLnfO{ kf/ldtfsf] dfu{df :yflkt u/fOlbG5g\ .

bf]>f] b[i6fGtdf, eofjx k|b]z -7fpF_ rf]/, 8fFs", / c lx+;shgfj/xsf cft+sn] u|:t x'G5 . s'g} ;+/Ifs lagf xfdL ToxfF uof}F eg]cfgf] z/L/, hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ jf xfd|f] wg;Dklt n'l6g] 8/ x'G5 t/xfdL;Fu Ps anjfg ;+/Ifs ;fydf 5 eg] cfgf] uGtJo;Dd lagfs'g} gf]S;fgL k'Ug ;S5f}F . To:t} k|sf/n] af]lwkydf k|j]z u/L k'0o

Pj+ 1fg ;+ef/x ;+ro u/]/ ;j{1 gu/ tkm{ k|:yfg ug]{ ;dodf olbxfd|f] ;fydf Ps ;+/IfskL sNof0fldq /x]gg\ eg] cfGtl/s tjxh:t} ljsNk, Sn]z tyf jfXo tjx h:t} c;'/, ldYof kyk|bz{s/ c 5nL dflg;xf/f xfd|f] k'0o ;+ef/ gi6 eOg] 8/ x'G5, /;'ultdf k|fKt ePsf] xfd|f] of] k|f0f ;d]t l5lgg] ;+efjgf eO/xg] x'G5 .h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M

Sn]zkL 8fFs"xsf] bn

plrt cj;/ jf bfpsf] kvf{Odf /xG5 .df}sf kfpb} dflg;n] k|fKt u/]sf

s'zn sd{x ;a} l5g]/ nfG5g\

p;sf] ;'ultdf kfPsf]

k|f0f ;d]t x/]/ nfG5g\.#

Tyy:kLya[im s


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;s]sfn] a'4 k|xf0f ;DkGg 5g\ / b'O{ k|sf/sf 1fg% n] o'Qm ePsfn]pgL 1fg;DkGg klg 5g\ .

#=@= dxfe"ld:y af]lw;Tj sNof0fldq M dxfe"ld:y af]lw;j sNof0fldqx klg k|yd e"ld b]lv lnP/ bzf}+ e"ld;Dd sf k|xf0f Pj+ 1fgn]o'Qm x'G5g\ .

ljz]ifkn] cf7f}+ e"ld eGbf dflysf af]lw;jx;+u bz o:tfanx -jlztfx?_ x'G5g\ h;f/f pgLx c k|f0fLxsf] p4f/ug{ ;S5g\ . tL bz an jf jlztfx x'g\M -s_ cfo'jlztf, -v_lrQjlztf, -u_ pks/0fjlztf, -3_ sd{jlztf, -_ pTklQjlztf,-r_ clwd'lQm jlztf, -5_ k|l0fwfgjlztf, -h_ Cl4jlztf, -em_1fgjlztf, Pj+ -`_ wd{jlztf .

cfo'jlztf sf] cy{ cfkm"n] rfx]hlt ;do;Dd afFlr/xg;Sg' xf] .lrQjlztf sf] cy{ cfgf] OR5f cg';f/ ;dflwdf /xg ;Sg' xf] .pks/0fjlztf k|f0fLx pk/ ckl/ldt pks/0f /Tgxsf] j[li6

u/fpg ;Sg' xf] .sd{jlztf sf] cy{ wft', ult, of]lg tyf cGo s'g} cj:yfdfhGd]/ klg ;dflwaf6 Ro"t gx'g] Ifdtf xf] .

pTklQjlztf sf] cy{ ;dflwaf6 Ro"t geOsg sfdwft'dfhlGdg' xf] / sfdwft'df hlGdPklg To;sf bf]ifxaf6 lnKt gx'g'xf] .

clwd'lQm jlztf sf] cy{ s]jn dgn] lrtfpgf;fy} t'?Gt} hnnfO{ k[YjLdf kfGtl/t ug]{ / c To:t} k|sf/sf >[l4 rdTsf/ u/]/

b]vfpg] Ifdtf xf] .k|l0fwfg jlztf sf] cy{ cfgf] / csf] s'g} k|of]hg k"lt{ ug]{

k|l0fwfg ug'{ / To;} cg';f/ l;l4 klg kfpg' xf] .Cl4 jlztf sf] cy{ k|f0fLxsf] dgdf pT;fx pd hufpg

cg]s Cl4x k|s6 u/]/ b]vfpg' xf] .


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1fgjlztf sf] cy{ wd{, cy{, lg?lQm Pj+ k|ltefg k"0f{kn] hfGg'xf] .

wd{jlztf sf] cy{ oyfof]u / ck]lIft dfqfdf ;a} k|f0fLxnfO{cGofGo gfd, kb Pj+ Jo~hgf/f ;"q cflb wd{xdf 9fn]/ Ps}rf]l6Ps} jrgdf ltgLxs} cfcfg} efiffxdf k|jrg lbP/ ltgLxsf]dgnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg'{ .

#=#= k[yu\hg sNof0fldq M k[yUhg sNof0fldq cf7, rf/ jf b'O{u'0fxn] o'Qm x'G5g\ . klxnf] cyf{t\, cf7 u'0fxn] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf];DaGwdf af]lw;je"lddf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

h'g JolQm cf7 k|sf/sf u'0fxn] o'Qm x'G5 p;nfO{

;jf{sf/kl/k"0f{ af]lw;j sNof0fldq elgG5 M tL cf7

u'0fx o; k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ af]lw;jzLnn] ;DkGg x'g',

-v_ af]lw;jlk6sdf ax'>'t -w]/} hfGg];'Gg]_ x'g' jf lgk'0f

x'g', -u_ clwudo'Qm x'g', -3_ d}qL / s?0ffn] o'Qm x'g', -_rt'j}{zf/B ;DkGg x'g', -r_ IfflGt;DkGg x'g', -5_ jLo{o'Qm

lrQ x'g', -h_ ;'eflift x'g' .^

bf]>f] cyf{t rf/ k|sf/sf u'0fxn] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf] ;DaGwdfdxfofg ;"qfn+sf/df o;/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M

ax'>'t x'g', z+sf lgjf/0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g', dfGo x'g', lljw

tj&

xsf] bz{g lbg ;Sg] x'g' g} af]lw;jsf] cg'Q/wd{b]zgfdf x'g] u'0fx x'g\ .*

ax'>'t x'g' sf] cy{ w]/} g} lzIff u|x0f u/]sf sf/0fn] af]lw;jPs dxfu'? x'g\ . cfgf] dxfk|1fn] pgn] csf] z+sf lgjf/0f u5{g\ .

Tyy:kLya[im s


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;Tk'?ifsf sd{ ug]{ ePsfn] pgsf] jrg dfGo x'G5 . ;+Sn]z / kl/z'l4 oL b'O{ nIf0fn] o'Qm tjx j0f{g u/]/ k/dfy{ wd{nfO{ cgfj/0fu5{g\ .

t]>f] cyf{t b'O{ k|sf/sf u'0fxn] o'Qm sNof0fldqsf] ;DaGwdfaf]lwrof{jtf/df o;/L elgPsf] 5 M

sNof0fldqn] dxfofg wd{sf] dd{ /fd|f]l;t hfg]sf x'G5g\ .

cfgf] k|f0f} uPklg af]lw;jj|t lnPsf

sNof0fldqxsf] kl/Tofu gug"{ .(

csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], dxfofg wd{sf dd{1 Pj+ af]lw;j;+j/n] o'Qm af]lw;j g} t]>f] sNof0fldq x'g\ .

$= sNof0fldq;+>osf pkfox M sNof0fldq ;Dks{df cfPkl5 pgsf];+>o jf ;]jg ug]{ pkfox tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ M $=!= cfb/;Tsf/ /

;]jff/f ;+>o $=@= clwd'lQm Pj+ uf}/jf/f ;+>o, $=#= ;fwgf Pj+k|ltkltf/f ;+>o .

$=!= cfb/;Tsf/ / ;]jf f/f ;+>o M cfb/ ;Tsf/f/f ;+>o sf]cy{ sNof0fldqnfO{ jGbgf ug'{, pgL pkl:yt x'gf;fy t'?Gt} p7\g',pgnfO{ b08jt\ ug'{, kl/qmdf ug'{, pgL;Fu plrt ;dodf cfb/fyL{efjn] s'/f ug'{, / ct[Kt dgn] pgsf] af/Djf/ bz{g ug'{ xf] .pbfx/0fsf] nflu >]i7Lk'q ;'wg!) n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;+>o jf ;]jg

ug'{k5{ . u08Jo"x;"qdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

sNof0fldqsf] bz{g ubf{ slxNo} ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'Fb}g .

lsgsL pgsf] bz{g kfpg', pgsf] nf]sdf k|fb'{efj x'g'

pgLl;t ;dfud x'g' eg]sf] cToGt} sl7g s'/f xf] .!!


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;]jff/f ;+>o sf] tfTko{ wd{ cg';f/ ef]hg, j:q, cf]5fg,cf;g, cf}ifwL, wg OToflb pknAw u/fP/ cfgf] z/L/ / Hofgsf];d]t k/jfx gu/Lsg sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] . cfo{ ;bfk|?lbt!@n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ . >L;+ejljdf]Ifdf o:tf] elgPsf]5 M

sNof0fldqnfO{ pkf;gf u/]/ af]lw k|fKt x'G5 .

$=@= clwd'lQm / uf}/jf/f ;+>o M clwd'lQm Pj+ uf}/jn] ;]jf ug'{sf]cy{ sNof0fldqnfO{ a'4 7fGg', pgsf cfb]z pNn+3g gug'{, pgLk|ltclwd'lQm, uf}/j / k|;fb efjgf hfu[t ug'{ xf] . dxfkl08t g/f]kf!#n] h:t} sNof0fldqsf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ . PsfIf/Lgfd;j{tyfut k|1fkf/ldtfdf elgP em}F M

sNof0fldqk|lt oTgk"j{s uf}/j, k|]d tyf k|;fbsf] efjgf

hfu[t ug'{k5{ .

cgn!$ ljdf]If eGg] u|Gydf atfOP em}F cfgf ;a} ldYof ljsNkxnfO{ x6fP/ xfdLn] sNof0fldqsf pkfosf}znk|lt cTolws >4fpTkGg ug'{k5{ .

$=#= ;fwgf / k|ltklQf/f ;+>o M ;fwgf / k|ltklQf/f ;]jg ug'{sf]cy{ sNof0fldqf/f pklbi6 wd{ >j0f, lrGtg Pj+ efjgf u/]/ pgsf

zAbx?sf] k|dfl0fstf dxz'; ug'{ xf] . o;f] ubf{, sNof0fldq Psbdv'zL x'G5g\ . dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/df elgP em}+ M

h;/L sNof0fldqn] pkb]z lbG5g\ To;/L g} lzion] a'lemlbP

sNof0fldq clws k|;Gg x'G5g\ .!%

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sNof0fldq k|;Gg / ;Gt'i6 x'Fbf, xfdLn] af]lw k|fKt u5f}{F . oxLs'/f >L;Dejljdf]Ifdf klg elgPsf] 5 M sNof0fldqnfO{ cf/fwgfu/]/ g} ;d:t a'4xsf] af]lw k|fKt x'G5 .!^

tLg r/0fdf sNof0fldqaf6 pkb]z k|fKt ul/G5 M k|of]u -Preparation_, df}n -Actual Teachings_, k[i7 -Consequence_ .!&

k|of]u cj:yfdf af]lwlrQn] o'QmeO{ sNof0fldqnfO{ wd{b]zgfsf]nflu cg'/f]w ul/G5 . df}n cj:yfdf cfkm}nfO{ Ps /f]uLJolQm ;/x7fgL, wd{ pkb]znfO{ cf}ifwL / sNof0fldqnfO{ j}Bsf] ;+1f lbO{ wd{sf]>j0f ul/G5 . k[i7 jf To;sf] kmn:jk, 3f]K6fPsf], Kjfn k/]sf] /ljifn] el/Psf] efF8f] ;dfgsf bf]ifxnfO{ TofluG5 .

%= sNof0fldq;+>osf nfex M sNof0fldq ;+>o ugf{sf nfexaf/]>L;+ejljdf]Ifdf o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M

x] s'nk'q, sNof0fldqsf] kl/u[x k|fKt u/]sf af]lw;jx

b'u{ltdf ktg x'Ggg\ . sNof0fldqsf] ;'/Iff k|fKt u/]sfaf]lw;jx kfkL ldqxsf] jzdf kb}{gg\ . sNof0fldqf/f

z'4 kfl/Psf af]lw;jx dxfofg wd{af6 ljd'v x'Ggg\ .

sNof0fldqsf] ;xf/f kfPsf af]lw;jx k[yUhgxsf]

e"ldnfO{ kf/ u5{g\ .!*

PsfIf/Ldftfgfd;j{tyfut k|1fkf/ldtfdf elgPsf] 5 M

sNof0fldqxsf] kl/u[x k|fKt u/]sf] af]lw;jn] t'?Gt}cg'Q/ af]lw k|fKt u5{g\ .

;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{tsNof0fldq ;]jg gfds t[tLo kl/R5]b ;dfKt .


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efu $Mljifok|j]z

x]t'kL tyfutue{ xfdL ;a}df ljBdfg g} 5 . cgflbsfnb]lv of];+;f/df ef}Ftfl/g] qmddf s}of}+rf]l6 xfdLn] cf>okL b'n{e dg'iohGdx lnO;Sof}F . k|Too cyf{t sNof0fldqxsf] ;Dks{df klg cfof}F .x'gtM xfdLn] klxNo} a'4Tj k|fKt ul/;Sg' kg]{Yof] t/ To;f] lsg ePg o, s'g} wd{cfnDag, s'g} wd{ ljlw, s'g} wd{ lzIff, s'g} wd{ kmn x'G5 . o;k|sf/ af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] If]qleq gkg]{ s'g} klg dxfofg wd{ x'Fb}g .ltgsf ;d:t pkb]zx sNof0fldqaf6} pTkGg x'G5g\ / sNof0fldqd}cfl>t x'G5g\ . h:tf]u08Jo"x ;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M

;a} s'zn wd{sf pb\ud:yn sNof0fldq x'g\ .

/ sNof0fldqsf] pkb]zdfly g} ;j{1tf lge{/ x'G5 .


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o; hLjgsf ljifoxk|ltsf] cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIfAntidote to Attachment to this Life


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kl/R5]b $

clgTo efjgf

o; cWofodf xfdL o; hLjgsf ljifoxk|lt x'g] cf;lQmsf] k|ltkIfcyf{t clgTotfsf] efjgf af/] rrf{ ug]{5f}F . ;fwf/0ftof, ;a} ;+:s[twd{ clgTo x'g\ eGg] Jojxfl/s tYol;t of] ;DalGwt 5 . a'4 cfkm}n]klg eGg'ePsf] 5 M

x] leIf'x xf] ;a} ;+:s[t wd{x clgTo 5g\ .!

t}klg s:tf] k|sf/sf] clgTo egL s;}n] k|Zg ;f]Wof] eg] o;sf]hjfkm xf] M ;~rosf] cGt Ifo jf Joo, pTyfgsf] cGt ktg,ldngsf] cGt ljof]u / hLjgsf] cGt d[To' xf] . pbfgju{ sf] Pp6f

Znf]sdf klg oxL tYo atfOPsf] 5 M

x/]s ;~rosf] cGt Joon] x'G5 .

x/]s pTyfgsf] cGt ktgn] x'G5 .

x/]s ldngsf] cGt lj5f]8n] x'G5 .

/ ;a} hLjgsf] cGt d[To'n] x'G5 .@

To;f]eP clgTotfsf] efjgf s;/L ug]{ t f] pkdfn] o;nfO{ cem :ki6l;t a'g ;lsG5 . h;/L kxf8Lvf]Fraf6 em/]sf] em/gf Ps If0f klg g?sL lg/Gt/ k|jflxt eO{/xG5,To:t} k|sf/n] dflg;sf] cfo' klg ?Sb}g . o; ;DaGwdf dxf;lGgkft/Tgs]t'wf/0fLdf pNn]v 5 M

;fyLx xf], kxf8af6 em/]sf] em/gfsf b|'t k|jfx emF}

of] hLjgsf] cfo' clt b'|tultn] JotLt e}/fv]sf] x'G5 .

d"v{xn] of] tYonfO{ a'g ;St}gg\ . To;}n] d"v{x

OlGb|o ljifoxdf pGdQ /xG5g\ .

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o;} ljifodf pbfgju{ df o:tf] pNn]v 5 M

dxfgbLsf] k|jfxh:t} k5fl8 x]b}{ gx]/L

of] cufl8 alu/xG5, alu/xG5 . !!#

t]>f] pkdf cg';f/ xfdL kmfF;L:yntkm{ 8f]ofpFb} nluPsfaGbLx ;/x xf}F . xfdLn] rfNg] x/]s kfOnf ;+u;+u} xfdL qmdzMd[To'sf] ghLs k'Ub} hfG5f}F . cfo{b|'d;"qsf] of] Znf]s pNn]vgLo 5 M

kmfF;L:yntkm{ 8f]ofpFb} nluPsf aGbLx h:t}

hlt hlt cfgf] kfOnf rfNb} hfG5

Tolt Tolt pm d[To'sf] ghLs k'Ub} hfG5 .

o;} ;DaGwdf pbfgju{df klg elgPsf] 5 M

d[To'b08 lbOPsf] JolQmn] rfNg] x/]s kfOnfn]p;nfO{ qmdzM kmfF;Lsf] ghLs ghLs k'ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .

dfG5]sf] cfo' klg To:t} xf] . !!$

@_ d[To' lglZrt 5 t/ d[To'sf] ;do eg] lglZrt 5}g . o;sfklg tLg k|df0fx 5g\ . @=!_ cfo'sf] clglZrttf, @=@_ ;f/xLgz/L/ / @=#_ d[To'sf cg]s sf/0fx .

@=!_ xf], cGoult jf Lkdf /xg] k|f0fLxsf] cfo' lglZrt xf]nf

t/ xfdL hDa"Lkdf a:g] k|f0fLxsf] cfo' lglZrt x'Fb}g . oxL s'/fclewd{sf]zdf klg atfOPsf] 5 M

oxfF lglZrt x'Fb}g sNkrqmsf] k|f/Dedf ckl/ldt cfo'

ePsf]df cGtdf uP/ bz jif{sf] klg x'g ;S5 .!@


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s;/L hDa"Lksf k|f0fLxsf cfo' clglZrt 5 t < o;sf]hjfkmpbfgju{sf] of] Znf]sdf kfOG5 M

sf]xL sf]vd} d5{g\ .

sf]xL hGdgf;fy d5{g\ .

sf]xL afd] ;g{ gkfpFb} d5{g\ .

sf]xL a'9f ePkl5 d5{g\ .

sf]xL afNofj:yfd} d5{g\ .

sf]xL hjfgLd} d5{g\ .

Pj+ /Ltn] ;a}n] dg'{k5{ . !&

@=@_ z/L/sf] ;f/xLgtfsf] cy{ s] xf] eg] xfd|f] of] z/L/df 5QL;k|sf/sf cz'rL b|Jox afx]s c s'g} ;f/o'Qm 7f]; tTj 5}g .h:tf]af]lwrof{jtf/df elgPsf] 5 M

klxn] cfgf] a'l4n] lrGtg ub}{5fnfsf] y}nf] lgsfn]/ x]/,

To;nfO{ klg k|1fkL z:qn] 5'fP/

cl:yk~h/af6 leGg u/ .

cl:yx, dHhf x]b}{ hfpm / cfkm} ljrf/ u/

ltdLn] s]xL ;f/o'Qm rLh e]fof} t

@=#_ d[To'sf cg]s sf/0fx x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] eg] k|s[ltdf To:tf]

s'g} j:t' 5}g hf] xfd|f] jf csf] d[To'sf] sf/0f gagf];\ . ;'Nn]vdf elgPsf] 5 M

of] hLjgdf w]/} ljg jfwfx 5g\ .

xfjfn] kfgLdf p7fPsf kmf]sfx eGbf clws clgTo 5 .

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Zjf; kmfn]kl5 km]/L lng] / lgGb|faf6 Ao'Flemg] cj;/

k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] 7"nf] cfZro{s} s'/f xf] .;'Nn]v %%

#_ d[To'kl5 sf]xLklg xfd|f] ;fydf x'Gg M d/0f;dodf xfd|f];fydf oL tLgdWo] s]xL klg /xGg . #=!_ wg;DklQ, #=@_ ;fyLcfkmGtx, / #=#_ xfd|f] cfg} z/L/

#=!_ d[To' ;dodf wg ;DklQ xfd|f] ;fydf /xGg eGg] af/]dfaf]lwrof{jtf/sf] of] Znf]s pNn]Vo 5 M

hlt;'s} nfe cfh{g u/] klg

hlt;'s} nfdf] ;'vef]u u/] klg

cflv/df s'g} n'l6Psf] JolQm em}F

gf} vflnxft g} hfg]5' .!$

wg;DklQn] d[To';dodf xfd|f] ;fy glbg] dfq geP/ o;nf]s

/ k/nf]s b'j}sf nflu Ps dxfljgsf] j:t' klg xf] . o; nf]sdfof] s;/L ljgsf/L x'G5 eg] xfdL o;sf] nflu ;w} em}emu8f u5f{},wg;DklQ :ofxfbf{ :ofxfb}{ o;}sf] bf; aGg'kg]{ b'Mv cfOk5{ . k/nf]sdf k'u]kl5 klg o;} b'Mvsf] kmn:jk xfdL b'u{ltdf hGdg'kg]{x'G5f}F .

#=@= ;fyLcfkmGtxsf] ;fy g/xg] ljifodf af]lwrof{jtf/dfo;/L elgPsf] 5 M

d[To'sf] 3l8 cfPkl5 xfd|f ;Gtfg, lktf, dftf s;}df klgz/0fsf] nflu hfg ;lsGg .

o;sf] cltl/Qm ;fyL cfkmGt xfd|f o; nf]s / k/nf]s b'a}sf nflu jfwsl;4 klg 5g\ . o; nf]sdf s;/L jfws 5g\ eg]


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pgLxsf] d[To' xf]nf ls eGg] 8/n] xfdLnfO{ ;b}j ;tfO/x]sf] x'G5,oxL+ 8/n] u|l;t eP/ xfdLn] 7"nf] b'Mv em]N5f}F h;sf] kmn:jk k/nf]sdf uP/ klg b'u{ltd} hGd lng k'U5f}F .

#=#_ xfd|f] cfg} z/L/ klg cfgf] ;fydf g/xg' sf] cy{ s] xf]eg] d[To'sf] a]nf g t z/L/ g} cfkm";+u x'G5 g t o;sf u'0fx g}x'G5g\ . xfd|f u'0fx xfd|f] ;fydf cfpFb}gg\ eGgfsf] dtnj xfdLhlt;'s} anjfg / zlQmzfnL eP tfklg d[To'af6 pDsg ;Sb}gf}F .xfdL hlt;'s} b|'tultn] bf}8\g ;Sg] ePtf klg d[To'nfO{ pl5g]/ bf}8\g;Sb}gf}F . xfdL hlt;'s} ljfg tyf s'/f ug{ l;kfn' eP klg d[To'nfO{s'/f u/]/ 6fg{ ;Sb}gf}F . kxf8 d'lg c:tfPsf] ;"o{nfO{ /f]Sg jf kqmgg;Sg] dflg;;/x xf}F xfdLx . o; ;DaGwdf af]lwrof{jtf/dfo:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

w]/} sl7gfOx em]n]/ k|fKt ePsf]

cGgn] kf]lift ul/Psf] / sk8fn]

9flsPsf] of] z/L/ ltdLl;t hfFb}g .r/f / s's'/xn] vfG5g\ To;nfO{ .

bgbGtL an]sf] cfuf]df hn]/ ;vfk x'G5 .

kfgLleq ;8\5 jf hldgdf ufl8G5 .

d[To'sf] ;dodf dfq ;fy glbg] geP/ of] z/L/ o; nf]s / k/nf]s b'j}sf nflu klg clxts/ g} 5 . o; nf]sdf of] z/L/n] /f]uvKg ;Sb}g, tftf] lr;f] ef]s / Kof; ;xg ;Sb}g, dg]{ eo, aGwgsf]

eo jf 5fnf sfl9g] eo /lx/xG5 . o; eojf6 7"nf] b'Mv pTkGg x'G5h;sf] kmn:jk k/nf]sdf uP/ klg b'u{ltd} hGd lngk'U5 .

cf= k/;Gtfgaf6 lgisif{ lgsfNg' M c d/]sf] b]v]/, ;'g]/ jf ;+em]/To;nfO{ cfg} ;Gtfgdf ;Da4 u/]/ efjgf ug'{ g} o; lzif{ssf]

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tfTko{ xf] . csf] d[To' ePsf] b]Vbf cfgf] klg ToxL ult x'g]5 egLefjgf ul/G5 . ;f] efjgf o; lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 M

klxn] Psbd anjfg, t]ho'Qm d'vd08n ePsf], :j:y / d[To'af/] ;f]FRb} g;f]Rg] cfkmGt jf ;fyLsf] Tof] z/L/ cfh k|f0f3fts /f]un]u|l;t 5 . cfgf] an ;a} x/fP/ a:g} g;Sg] ePsf] 5 . p;sf] d'vlgit]h, rfp/L k/]/ km'n]sf] 5 . of] Hj/f] / /f]usf] sf/0fn] cfgf] b'Mv;xg g;sL pm c;xfo 5 . cf}ifwL pkrf/n] klg sfd ug{ 5f]8\5,k"hfn] klg 5'Fb}g . cfkm"df sfd ug{] zlQm g/x]sf] / cfkm"d/0ff;GgePsf] p;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 .

clGtd sfndf cfkm"jl/k/L 3]/]/ al;/x]sf cfkmGtx;fd'Gg]p;n] cfgf] clGtd ef]hg u|x0f u5{ / clGtd zAbx af]N5 . Tof];a} b]v]/ xfdLn] o:tf] larf/ ug'{k5{, d klg j:t'tM pm h:t} x'F,p;s} :jefj ddf klg 5, p;s} u'0f ddf klg 5, pm eGbf clnsltklg km/s 5}g d .

clg To;kl5 p;sf] Zjf;k|Zjf; /f]lsG5, klxn] hlt;'s} ;'Gb/

/ 3/d} /flv/fv"F h:tf] ePsf] JolQmnfO{ cfh s;}n] Ps lbgsf] nfluklg 3/df /fVb}g . p;sf] nf;nfO{ 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ v6df /fvL ;'tfOG5 .nf; p7fpg] dfG5]xn] To;nfO{ aflx/ nU5g\ . 3/sf s]xL dflg;xn]nf;nfO{ c+ufnf] df5{g\ / To;}df :g]xk"j{s 6fFl:;G5g\ . c dflg;x?G5g / b'MvLt ePsf] clego u5{g\, sf]xL d'5f{ k5{g\ . sf]xL sf]xLn]o;f] ;fGTjgf klg lbG5g\ of] z/L/ s]jn df6f], kTy/ ;/x xf], o;/Lljnfk ug'{sf] s]xL cy{ 5}g . nf;nfO{ b}nf] s6fpgf;fy, slxn] klg3/df kms]{/ cfpFb}g, xfdLn] o:t} :d/0f u/]/ xfd|f] klg o:t} cGt

x'g]5 egL ;f]FRg'k5{ .ctM nf;nfO{ d;fglt/ NofOG5, / ToxLF kmfn]/ uOG5 . o;nfO{

s's'/ / AjfF;f] / c h+unL hGt' jf k+IfLn] vfOlbG5g\ / p;sfcl:yx otfptf 5l/G5g\, of] ;a b]v]/ jf :d/0f u/]/ o:t} xfdLnfO{klg x'g ;S5 egL lrGtg ug'{k5{ .


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xfd|f] b]zdf, ufpFdf jf 3/df s'g} j[4 jf o'jf dflg; jf ldqsf]d[To' ePsf] s'/f ;+lemb} o:t} xfdLnfO{ klg clt zL3| g} x'g;S5 egL;f]FRg'k5{ . t;y{ ;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M

ef]ln jf k/nf]sdf s'grflxF

klxn] cfpF5 lglZrt gx'g] x'Fbf

ef]lnsf] nflu ;+3if{zLn geO{

k/nf]ssf] nflu tTk/ eO{ a:g".

#= cg'z+;f M clgTo efjgfsf] nfe s] xf] eg] ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo5g\ eGg] s'/f a'lem;s]kl5 xfdL o; hLjgk|lt cfzQm x'g]5}gf}F . oltdfq xf]Og, xfd|f] >4fnfO{ kf]if0f ldNg] x'Fbf xfd|f] jLo{ pT;fx a9]/cfpF5 . /fu ]ifaf6 d'Qm eO;s]kl5 ;j{ wd{;dtf jf]w ug{df cfwf/k|fKt x'G5 .

;4d{lrGtfdl0fd'lQm/Tgfn+sf/ cGtu{t;+:s[t wd{sf] clgTotf lgb]{zgfds rt'y{ cWofo ;dfKt .

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ej;'v jf ;+;f/sf ;'vk|lt cfzlQmsf] k|ltkIfAntidote to Attachment to Samsaras Pleasures


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sf]xL sf]xL dflg; o;/L ;f]R5g\ M ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo ePsf]sf/0fn] d]/f] d[To' g} ePklg s] ljU|of] / < csf]{ hGd ePkl5 t km]/Ldg'io jf b]jsf] z/L/ / wg;DklQ Pj+ j}ej dnfO{ k|fKt x'g]g} 5 .d]/f] nflu ToxL+ kof{Kt 5 . o;/L ;f]+Rg' ej;'vk|ltsf] cfzlQm xf] .o;sf] k|ltkIf ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf] efjgf ug'{ xf] . h;sf] JofVof o;kl/R5]bdf ul/g]5 . ;+If]kdf M

lgDg tLg lzif{sxdf ;f+;fl/s b'Mv ;d]l6G5 M;+:sf/ b'Mvtf, ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf / b'Mv b'Mvtf

oL tLg b'MvnfO{ pkdff/f o;/L a'g ;lsG5 . ;+:sf/ b'MvtfsfFrf] kmn h:t} xf], ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf ljif ldl;Psf] hfpnf] h:t} xf]eg] b'Mv b'Mvtf 9';L k/]sf] kmn h:t} xf] . ;+:sf/ b'Mvtfdf pk]Iffsf]j]bgf x'G5, ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtfdf ;'vsf] j]bgf x'G5 eg] b'Mvb'Mvtfdfb'Mvsf] j]bgf x'G5 . ca oL tLg k|sf/sf b'MvxnfO{ ltgsf nIf0fsf]cfwf/df JofVof u/f}+ .

!= ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf M pkfbfg:sGw! nfO{ u|x0f dfq u/]sf] v08df

klg JolQm ;+:sf/ b'Mvtfn] kLl8t x'gk'U5 . h;/L Kn]u /f]uf/flkl8t JolQmn] cfgf] z/L/df clnslt klg tftf]lr;f]sf] cg'e"lt ug{;Sb}g To;/L g} k[yUhgxn] o;nfO{ b'Mv g} 7fGb}gg\ . t/ Kn]u /f]ulgsf] eO;s]sf] dflg;n] h;/L cfgf] z/L/df clnslt tftf] lr;f]kbfy{ kbf{ klg rfn kfpF5 To;/L g} >f]tfkGg e"ld k|fKt ul/;s]sf

kl/R5]b %

;+;f/sf] b'Mv


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68

d'lgx ;+:sf/ b'MvnfO{ klg b'Mv g} 7fG5g\ . cyjf oxfF csf]{ pkdfklg lbg ;lsG5 M s]zsf] Pp6f /f}+ xTs]nfdf /fVbfv]/L To;n] ;'v,b'Mv jf pk]Iff s'g} klg j]bgf u/fpFb}g t/ ToxL /f}+ cfFvfdf kg{ uof]eg] To;n] b'Mv j]bgf jf kL8f pTkGg u5{ . ;+:sf/ b'Mvtf klg o:t}xf] . of] b'Mv k[yUhgdf /lx/x]tfklg o;af6 p;nfO{ b'Mvsf] cg'e"lteg] x'Fb}g . s]jn d'lgxn] dfq o;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} cg'ej ug{;S5g\ . t;y{clewd{sf]z6Lsfdf elgPh:t}M

xTs]nfdf /x]sf] /f}+n]

s'g} j]bgf u/fpFb}g .

t/ ToxL /f}+ cfFvfdf k:of] eg]

b'Mv j]bgf / kL8f pTkGg u5{ .

d"v{x ToxL xftsf] xTs]nf h:t} x'g\ .

ltgLxn] xTs]nfdf /f}+ ePsf] rfn} kfpGgg\ .

;+:sf/ b'Mvtfsf] klg rfn} kfpGgg\

t/ cfFvf;dfg d'lgxn] o;nfO{ b'Mv g} 7fGb5g\ .@

@= ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtf M bf]>f] k|sf/sf] b'MvnfO{ ljkl/0ffd b'Mvtflsg elgPsf] xf] eGbfv]/L ;+;f/df hltklg ;'v 5g\, tL ;a} cflv/b'Mvd} kl/0ft x'G5g\ . t;y{dxfs?0ffk'08/Ls ;"qdf elgPsf] 5M

b]jtfxsf] /fHo b'Mv ;d'bosf] sf/0f xf] To:t} dg'iosf]

nf]s klg b'Mv ;d'bosf] sf/0f g} xf] .

To;}n] s'g} dg'io rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 g} ePklg cGttM p;sf] ;'vb'Mvd} kl/0ft x'g]5 . h:tf] ;'Nn]v df pNn]v 5 M

;+;f/df rqmjtL{ ;d|f6\ klg km]l/ gf]s/ eP/ hGdG5g\.


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69

oxL ;a}yf]s xf]Og . b]j/fh OGb|s} lbJo b]x / j}ej k|fKt ug]{k|f0fL klg cflv/ dg}{k5{ / pm p;sf] Tof] pRr :yfgaf6 Ro"t eP/tn v:5 . To:t};'Nn]vdf elgPsf] 5 M

clt k"hgLo b]j/fh OGb| klg sd{sf] ann] ubf{

km]l/ k[YjL d} ktg x'G5g\ .

olt dfq xf]Og, sfd/fuaf6 d'Qm Pj+ ;dflw;dfklQ ;'v k|fKtb]jflwklt a|Xdf jf pgL h:tf c b]jtfx klg cGttM cfgf] pRrkbaf6 Ro"t eP/ tn v:5g\ . ;'Nn]vdf elgPsf] 5 M

a|Xdfs} lj/fu;'v k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn] klg cljlr g/ssf]

cfuf]df OGwg eP/ cgGt b'Mv ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .

#= b'Mv b'Mvtf M t]>f] b'Mv, b'Mv b'Mvtf M pkfbfg :sGw u|x0f ug'{

cfkm}df b'Mvsf] Pp6f k xf] . To; afx]s oL gfgf k|sf/sf b'Mvxb]vfkl//xG5g\, b'Mv b'Mvtf eg]s} ToxL+ xf] . of] b'Mv b'O{ k|sf/sf]x'G5 M b'u{ltsf] b'Mv / ;'ultsf] b'Mv

b'u{lt eGgfn] g/s, k|]t / lto{s nf]s u/L tLg nf]sx x'g\ .ca x/]s nf]ssf e]b, :yfg, b'Mvsf] lsl;d Pj+ cfo'sf af/]df larf/u/f}F .

#=!= g/s nf]s M cf7 pi0f -tftf]_ / cf7 zLt -lr;f]_ u/L hDdf

;f]xj6f g/sx 5g\ . ltgdf klg k|fb]lzs g/s / pT;b g/s oLb'O{6f g/sx yk]kl5 hDdf c7f/j6f g/sx x'G5g\ .

#=!=!= pi0f g/sx M pi0f g/sx o; hDa'Lkd'lg kb{5g\lsgsL o; nf]saf6 tL g/sxdf hfg] k|f0fLxsf] ;+Vof lgs}

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70

w]/} x'G5g\ . To;}n] hDa'Lkb]lv ToxfF;Ddsf] dfu{ klg 5f]6f] g} 5 .ltgdWo] ;a}eGbf tn /x]sf] g/s cjLlr g/s xf] . To;kl5 qmdzMdfly tkm{ k|tfkg, tfkg, dxf/f}/j, ;+3ft, sfn;"q / ;~hLj g/skb{5g\ . clewd{sf]zdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

oxfFeGbf aL; xhf/ of]hg

tn cjLlr g/s 5 .

To;dfly ;ftj6f g/sx 5g\ .#

tL g/sxsf gfdfs/0f ToxfF k|f0fLxn] ef]Ug] b'Mvsf] cfwf/dful/Psf] 5 h;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 . ;+hLj g/sM klxnf] g/s ;+hLj g/s xf] . o; g/sdf k|f0fLxnfO{ Pscfk;df afFwL 5]l8G5 / sf6]/ dfl/G5 . To;kl5 lr;f] jfo'ax]/ dfl/Psf ;a} k|f0fLxnfO{ km]/L hLljt kfl/G5 . o; g/sdfltgLxsf] cfo' gl;l4pGh]n of] k|s[of oyfjt rlng} /xG5 .

sfn;"q g/s M o; g/snfO{ sfn;"q lsg elgPsf] eGbfv]/LToxfFsf afl;Gbfxsf] z/L/df lrXgsf] kdf sfnf] wfuf] tflgG5/ To;} lrXg cg';f/ z/L/nfO{ k|Hjlnt s/f}ltn] lr/]/ 6'qmf 6'qmfkfl/G5 . h:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

s;}nfO{ s/f}Fltn] sfl6G5 eg]

s;}nfO{ tLvf] wf/ ePsf] aGr/f]n] lrl/G5 .

;+3ft g/sM ;+3ft g/sdf k|f0fLx Ps cfk;df h'Wg nfu]sfb'O6f ljzfn kxf8x jf kmnfd] yfnsf] aLrdf k/L lkl;O d5{g\ .klxnf] l:yltdf, e]8fsf 6fpsf] h:tf b'O{j6f ;dfg b]lvg] kxf8xaLr k|f0fLx k5{g\, oL kxf8x cfO{ Ps cfk;df 7f]lsG5g\ / ltg}aLr lylrP/ ltgLxsf] d[To' x'G5 . kl5 km]l/ Ps lr;f] jfo' jUg


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yfN5 / dl/;s]sf ;a} k|f0fLx k"ghL{ljt eO{ klxNo}s} cj:yfdfkms{G5g\ . km]l/ To;/L g} b'O{ kxf8xaLr lylrG5g\ km]/L d5{g /km]/L o;/L g} hLljt x'G5g\ . of] oftgf tj;Dd rlng}/xG5 hj;DdltgLxsf] cfo' ;dfKt x'Fb}g . h:tf]lzion]vdf n]lvPsf] 5 M

b'Oj6f eofjx, ljzfn, kxf8h:tf b]lvg] e]8fsf

l;x Ps cfk;df h'w]kl5 aLrdf k/]sf k|f0fLx

lkl;P/ w"nf] w"nf] x'G5g\ .$

sf]xL b'O6f kmnfd] yfnsf] aLrdf kl/ lylrP/ d5{g\ / rf/gbLsf kfgL a/fj/ /ut aU5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M

s;}nfO{ ltn em} k]lnG5 .

To;} u/L s;}nfO{ ldlxg kL7f] em} lklwG5 .

/f}/j g/s M /f}/j g/sdf k|f0fLxnfO{ lhpFb} hnfOG5 . Tof]c;Xo kL8f vKg g;sL ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx eofgs lsl;dn] ?g]s/fpg] u5{g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ /f}/j egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

dxf/f}/j g/sM dxf/f}/jdf /xg] k|f0fLxsf] qmGbg t cem /f}/jjf;Lsf] eGbf eofgs x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ dxf/f}/j elgG5 . tfkgM tfkg g/sdf /xg] k|f0fLxnfO{ cfuf] / tfkf/f oftgflbOG5 . tftf] kUn]sf] lktnsf] emf]n ltgLxsf] d'vdf vGofOG5 .clg pgLxsf] cfGb|f hn]/ v/fgL x'G5 . ToxfFsf jfl;GbfxnfO{

dnf/b]lv 6fpsf];Dd jf/kf/ x'g]u/L lqz'nn] 5]l8G5 . k|tfkg g/s M k|tfkg g/ssf jfl;GbfxnfO{ ljz]if tj/n]oftgf lbOG5 . tftf] kUn]sf] lktnsf] emf]n z/L/leq vGofOFbf z/L/sf gf}j6f l5b|xaf6 cfuf]sf nKsf lg:sG5g\ / ToxL a]nf dnf// v'fb]lv 6fpsf] / kfv'/f;Dd jf/kf/ lg:sg] u/L lqz'nxn]

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5]l8G5g\ . k"/} z/L/ hn]/ ;vfk x'G5 / Ps 6'qmf 5fnf klg afFsL/xGg . o; g/s af/] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

s;}nfO{ kufn]sf] tftf] lktnsf] emf]ndf pdflnG5 .

s;}nfO{ /ftf] x'g]u/L ttfOPsf] efnfdf 5]F8]/ /flvG5 .

cjLlr g/s M o; g/sdf hGdg] k|f0fLxnfO{ o;/L oftgflbOG5 . 7"nf] 8]UrL h:tf] ljzfn s'08df kufn]sf] lktnsf] emf]nPp6f 7"nf] efF8f]df vGofOG5, ToxL efF8f]df k|f0fLxnfO{ /fvL PsbdblGsPsf] cfuf]df ksfOG5g\ .

s;}nfO{ 7"nf] kmnfd] v8\s'nf]df /fv]/

eft h:t} u/L ksfOG5 .

o; k|sf/ lg/Gt/kn] k|f0fLxnfO{ oftgf lbOg] x'gfn] o; g/s

nfO{ cjLlr elgPsf] xf] .oL g/sxsf k|f0fLxsf] cfo'clewd{sf]zdf o;/L atfPsf] 5 M

;+hLj nufot klxnf] ^ g/sxsf] Ps lbg/ft

sfdk wft'sf b]jtfxsf] cfo' a/fa/ x'G5 .

t;y{ tL g/sxsf jfl;Gbfsf cfo' sfdk

wft'sf b]jtfxsf cfo'af6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .%

rt'd{xf/fhxsf] s'n cfo' ;+hLj g/ssf] Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 .To;} cg';f/ tL; lbgn] Ps dlxgf x'G5, / afx| dlxgfn] Ps jif{x'G5 . Tof] lx;fjn], ToxfFsf k|f0fLxsf] cfo' To:tf] kfFr ;o jif{sf]x'G5 . h;nfO{ dg'iosf cfo'l;t bfFh]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] !^ v/j @) c/j-!,^@),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'g cfpF5 .


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To;}u/L qfol:q+z b]je'jgsf b]jtfxsf] s'n cfo' -Psxhf/ jif{_ sfn;"q g/ssf] Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 . To;}sf] ;docg';f/ sfn;"q g/ssf jfl;Gbfxsf] cfo' Ps xhf/ jif{sf] x'G5h;nfO{ dg'iosf cfo'l;t bfFh]/ x]bf{ ! gLn @( v/a ^) c/a-!@,(^),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'g k'U5 .

ofd b]j e'jgsf b]jtfxsf] s'n cfo' ;+3ft g/ssf] Ps lbga/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ;+3ft g/ssf jfl;Gbfx b'O xhf/jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] cfo'sf] lx;fjn] b; gLn 5QL; v/jc:;L c/a -!)#,^*),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .

/f}/j g/ssf] Ps lbg t'lift b]je'jgsf b]jtfxsf] s'n cfo'a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ /f}/j g/ssf jfl;Gbfx rf/ xhf/jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ *@ gLn ($ v/a $)c/a -*@(,$$),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .

dxf/f}/j g/ssf] Ps lbg lgdf{0f/lt b]je'jgsf b]jtfxsf] s'ncfo' a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx cf7 xhf/

jif{ cfo'sf x'G5g\ hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ z+v # gLn %% v/a@) c/j -^,^#%,%@),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .tfkg g/ssf] Ps lbg k/lgld{tjzjtL{g b]jtfxsf] s'n cfo'

a/fa/ x'G5 . To; ;do cg';f/ ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx ;f]x xhf/ jif{cfo'sf x'G5g\ . hf] dg'iosf] ;do cg';f/ %# z+v * gLn $! v/a^) c/j -%#,)*$,!^),))),))),)))_ jif{ x'G5 .

k|tkg g/s jf;Lxsf] cfo' cfwL cGts{Nk a/fj/ x'G5 . cjLlrg/sjf;Lxsf] cfo' Ps cGts{Nk a/fa/ x'G5 . h:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M

k|tkgdf cfwf cGts{Nk cjLlrdf Ps cGts{Nk cfo' x'G5 .^

#=!=@= pT;b g/sxM pT;b g/sx dfly pNn]lvt cf7 g/sxsf rf/ cGtlb{zfxdf cjl:yt x'G5g\ .

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pT;b g/sxdWo] klxnf] g/s s's"n g/s xf] . o; g/sdf3'F8f;Ddsf] pFrfO{df /ftf] x'g]u/L aln/x]sf] sf]Onfsf y'|kf] /flvPsfx'G5g\ . k|f0fLx s'g} cf>o:ynsf] vf]hLdf otf ptf ef}Ftfl/b} Totflt/cfOk'U5g\, ltgLxsf v'fn] tL aNbf sf]Onfxdf s'Nrgf;fy v'fsf5fnf, df;', /ut ;a} cfuf]n] kf]n]/ gi6 x'G5 . t/ v'f prfNgf;fykm]/L klxn]sf] h:t} aG5 . of] klxnf] pT;b oftgf xf] .

s's"n g/s;+u} csf]{s'0fk g/s /x]sf] 5 . Tof] g/s dnd'qtyf lxnf]n] el/Psf] x'G5 hxfF ;]tf] hLp / sfnf] 6fpsf ePsfls/fx a:5g\ . tL ls/fxn] cfgf ;'O h:tf tLvf r'Rrfn]ToxfFsf k|f0fLxnfO{ xf8x dfq afFsL /xg] u/L 6f]S5g\ . of] bf]>f]pT;b oftgf xf] .

s'0fk g/s;+u} oL tLgj6f g/sx k5{g\ M If'/dfu{-hxfF af6fe/L5'/fx lj5fPsf x'G5g\_, cl;kq jghxfF kmnfd] bfx|f ePsf r08s's'/x a:5g\ / zfNdzLnjghxfF kmnfd] r'Rrf / g+u|f ePsfsfux /xG5g\ . tL g/sdf k|f0fLxn] c;Xo kL8fx vK5g\ . of]

t]>f] pT;b oftgf xf] .tL g/sx;+u} eses plDn/x]sf] kfgL ePsf] j}t/0fL gbLaU5 . j}t/0fLsf] pDnbf] kfgLdf kf]n]/ k|f0fLx d5{g\ . Tof] gbLsf] b'j}lsgf/df z:q lnPsf g/skfnx t}gfy /xG5g\ h;n] k|f0fLxnfO{gbL aflx/ cfpg lbb}gg\ . of] rf}yf] pT;b oftgf xf] .

x/]s cGtlb{zfdf rf/j6f pT;b g/sxsf] Ps ;d'x x'G5 o;/LhDdf !^ pT;b g/sx 5g\ . h:tf]clewd{sf]ifdf elgPsf] 5 M

rf/ cGtlb{zfdf qmdzM s's"n, s'0fk, If'/dfu{ / j}t/0fLgbL /xG5g\ .&

s] dg'io h:t} b]lvg] /Ifsx, kmnfd] r'Rrf ePsf sfux,OToflb g/skfnx ;flRrs} 5g\ t< o;df ljjfb /x]sf] kfOG5 . j}


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pTkn g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLxsf 5fnfsf] / gLnf] x'G5, / z/L/dfkfFr jf 5 j6f Kjfnx k/]sf x'G5g\ . kb\d g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLxsf5fnfsf] / gLnf] af6 /ftf]df ablnG5 / z/L/df !) jf ;f]eGbf a9LKjfnx b]vfkg{ yfN5g\ . dxfkb\d g/ssf k|f0fLxsf 5fnfsf] /uf9f /ftf] x'G5 / z/L/df !)) jf ;f]eGbf a9L Kjfnx x'G5g\ .

oL gf/sLo k|f0fLxsf] cfo' slt x'G5 t < eujfg a'4n] o;sf]hjfkm o;/L Pp6f pkdfsf] dfWodn] lbg'ePsf] 5 M

x] leIf'x dfgf} o; duw b]zdf /x]sf] c:;L vf/L

-bushel_!! ltn c6fpg] cGgfuf/ k"/} ltn} ltnn] el/G5 . ca

s'g} JolQmn] Ps Ps zo jif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6f Pp6f

ltnsf] bfgf ToxfFaf6 lemSb} hfG5 . Tof] k"/f cGgfuf/

l/Tofpg hlt ;do Tof] JolQmnfO{ nfUbf] xf] Tof] ;do

t cj'{b g/sjf;Lxsf cfo' g} x'G5 . x] leIf'x cj'{b

af;L k|f0fLxsf] aL; jif{ lg/j'{b af;L k|f0fLxsf nflu

Ps jif{ x'G5 . x] leIf'x o;} qmdn] dxfkb\ddf a:g]k|f0fLxsf nflu Tof] Ps jif{ Ps zo jif{ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .!@

o;nfO{ cfrfo{ a;'jGw'n] o;/L ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 M

s'g} cGgfuf/af6 Ps Ps zo jif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6f

Pp6f ltn lgsfNb} hfg] xf] eg] Tof] cGgfuf/ k"/} l/Tof

pg hlt ;do nfU5 Tolt g} ;do cj'{b g/ssf

jfl;Gbfxsf] cfo' x'G5 . c g/sxsf jfl;Gbfxsf]cfo' qmdzM aL; u'0ff x'G5g\ .!#

ctM ltn} ltnn] el/Psf] cGgfuf/ k"/} l/Tofpg hlt ;do nfU5Tolt g} ;do ca'{b g/sdf a:g] k|f0fLxsf cfo' x'G5 eg] lg/a'{bjf;Lsf


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aL; cGgfuf/, c66jf;Lsf rf/;o, xxjsf cf7 xhf/, x'x'jsf Psnfv ;fL xhf/, pTknsf aQL; nfv, kb\dsf 5 s/f]8 rfnL;nfv / dxfkb\d g/ssf jfl;Gbfxsf cfo' Ps c/a c7fO; s/f]8cGgfuf/ k'/} l/Tofpg nfUg] ;do a/fa/ cfo' x'G5 .

#=!=$ k|fb]lzs g/s M b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf Hofbf k|f0fLxsf cfgf sd{xsf] kmn:jk k|fb]lzs g/sxsf] pTklQ x'G5 . k|fb]lzs g/sljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ / ltgsf] :yfgklg lglZrt x'Fb}g . s'g} k|fb]lzsg/s gbLgfnfdf kfOG5 eg] s'g} kxf8 jf eofjx d?e"lddf klgkfOg] u5{g\ . cfo{ dxfdf}b\uNof0f*n] b]Vg'eP adf]lhd s'g} k[YjLd"lgx'G5g\ eg] s'g} dg'ioxs} lgjf;:yfg klg x'G5g\ . d?e"ldsf] k|fb]lzsg/s cfo{ ;+3/lIft**n] b]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . k|fb]lzs g/sdf cfo' klgclglZrt g} x'G5 .

gf/sLo ;j k|f0fLxsf] b'Mvsf] j0f{g oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .

#=@= k|]t nf]s M k|]txsf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . k|]t/fh od, /pgLf/f k|]lift k|]tx . ltgLx sxfF a:5g\ t < k|]t/fh odsf]jf;:yfg of] hDa'LkeGbf kfFrzo of]hg tn 5 . hasL pgLf/f k|]lift k|]txsf :yfg lglZrt x'Fb}g . ltgLx slxn] d?e"lddf a:5g\t slxn] stf .

odf/f k|]lift k|]tx tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ . cfxf/ k]o;DaGwL afXob[li6 cfj/0f ePsf, cfxf/ k]ok|lt leqL b[li6 cfj/0f ePsf, / b'O{6}}cfj/0f ePsf k|]tx

oL ljleGg k|sf/sf k|]txn] s:tf lsl;dsf b'Mvx ef]U5g\ t f]0fsf]6Ls0f{n] of] ;a} b[ios'g} eofjx d?e"lddf b]v]sf lyP .

tL k|]txsf] cfo' slt 5 eGbfv]/L dflg;xsf Ps dlxgf

pgLxsf nflu Ps lbg a/fa/ x'G5 . tbg';f/ pgLxsf] cfo' kfFr;o jif{ x'g cfpF5 . o;af/] o:tf] pNn]v 5 M

dflg;xsf] Ps dlxgf k|]txsf nflu Ps lbg a/fa/

x'G5 . To; cg';f/ pgLxsf] cfo' kfFr ;o aif{ x'G5 .!$

#=#= lto{s nf]s M lto{s -kz'_ rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ ax'kfb, rt'ikfb, lkfb / ckfb

tL kz'x kfgLdf, ;'Vvf hdLgdf / h+undf /xG5g\ . t}klgltgsf d'Vo jf;:yfg eg] dxf;fu/ g} xf] .

lto{sxn] s:tf b'Mvx ef]U5g\ t < ltgLxsf] b'Mv g} sfo{dfk|of]u, dfl/g] b'Mv / k/:k/ eIf0f -Psn] csf{nfO{ df/]/ vfg]_ sf]b'Mv .


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sfo{df k|of]u ul/g] b'Mv tL kz'xn] ef]U5g\ hf] dflg;sf] jzdfk/L bf; h:t} aG5g\ . o;af/] o:tf] pNn]v 5 M

ljr/f lg/Lx kz' h;nfO{ dflg;xn] xftn] s'6\5g\,

nfQfn] xfG5g\, sf]/f{n] lxsf{pF5g\, c+s'z nufO{ sfddf

k|of]u u5{g\ .

bf]>f] dfl/g] b'Mv ef]Ug] kz'x lzsf/sf kz'x OToflb x'g\ . tLkz'xsf] af/] o:tf] pNn]v kfOG5 M

s]xL kz'xnfO{ df]tL, pmg, xf8, df;' / 5fnfsf] nflu

dfl/G5 .

t]>f] k/:k/ eIf0fsf] b'Mv ef]Ug] kz'x d'VotofM dxf;fu/df/xG5g\ . tL kz'xsf af/] o:tf] atfOPsf] 5 M

tL kz'xn] ltgLxsf] d'vdf h] cfxf/ jf vfg]s'/f k5{

ToxL vfG5g\ .

kz'xsf cfo' clglZrt x'G5, w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd afRg] kz'sf]cfo' Ps cGt/sNk x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf o:tf] syg kfOG5 M

kz'xsf] clwsQd cfo' Ps sNk x'G5 .!%

b'u{ltsf b'Mvxsf] j0f{g oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .;'ultsf b'MvnfO{ tLg ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 M dg'ioxsf] b'Mv, c;'/of]lgsf] b'Mv / b]jof]gLsf] b'Mv .

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#=$= dg'io nf]s M dg'ioxsf b'Mv cf7 k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . uef{jqmflGt;"qdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

hGdg' b'Mv xf], h/f b'Mv xf], Joflw b'Mv xf], d/0f b'Mv xf],

lk|ohgaf6 ljof]u x'g' b'Mv xf], clk|ohgx?l;tsf] ldng

b'Mv xf], ceLi6 a:t' k|fKt gx'g' b'Mv xf], Pj+ pknAw

a:t'sf] ;+/If0f b'Mv xf] .

hGd b'MvM hGdg' g} cGo ;d:t b'Mvxsf] d'xfg xf] . hGd rf/k|sf/af6 x'g ;S5 .!^ t/ oxfF h/fo'h cyjf sf]vaf6 hGdg'nfO{ g}k|;+u agfOPsf] 5 . cGt/fejaf6 ue{df s;/L k|j]z ul/G5 o;sf]j0f{g lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

cGt/fejdf ;a} k|f0fLx Cl4n] ;DkGg x'G5g\ . pgLx cfsfzdfu{af6 hfg ;S5g\ / cfgf lbJorIf'f/f hlt;'s} 6f9f /x]sf] cfgf]efjL hGd:yn klg ;lhn} b]Vg ;S5g\ . t}klg To;a]nf cfgf]

sd{sf] kmn:jk pgLxn] $ k|sf/sf e|flGtdo cg'e"ltx dx;";u5{g\ M cfFwLj]x/L x'g', 3G3f]/ j[li6 x'g', k"/} cfsfz cFWof/f] b]lvg', y'k|}dflg;x s/fPsf] h:tf] eofgs sf]nfxnk"0f{ cfjfhx ;'lgg' .To;kl5, pgLxsf s'zn jf cs'zn sd{ cg';f/ bz e|flGtdoljrf/x pTkGg x'G5g\ . pgLx ;f]R5g\, d lbJo dxndf k|j]zul//x]sf] 5', 3/sf] bf]>f] tNnf pSnb}5', cf;gdf r9\b}5', 3fF;sf]5fk|f]df k|j]z ub}{5', kftn] ag]sf] 3/df k:b}5', 3fF;sf] laraf6hfFb}5'', h+un leq k:b}5', kvf{nsf] Kjfndf k|j]z ub}5', k/fnleqaf6

hfFb}5' . o;/L ;f]FRb}, pgLxn] 6f9}af6 cfgf efjL dftflktfn] ;Def]uul//x]sf] b]V5g\, / ToxLF hfG5g\ . hLljt 5Fbf ljk'n k'0ox ;l~rtu/]sf /x]5g\ h;sf] kmn:jk pRr s'ndf hGd x'g'kg]{ x'G5 eg]ltgLxn] lbJo dxn, b'OtNn] ejg / c s'g} dxn b]V5g\ / Tot}tkm{ bu'5{g\ . h;n] dWod s'ndf hGdfpg] dWod k'0ox ;~ro


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u/]sf x'G5g\ ltgLxn] 3fF;sf] 5fk|f] jf c 5fk|f] s'6Lx b]V5g\ /Tot}tkm{ nfU5g\ . hLljt 5Fbf s'g} k|f0fLn] s'g} k'0o sd{ g} u/]sf] /x]g5eg] To:tf k|f0fLsf] hGd lgDgs'ndf x'g] x'Fbf, kvf{nsf] Kjfndfq b]v]klgTot} tkm{ bu'5{g\ . Tof] cGt/fejLo ;j tL 7fpFxdf uP/ ue{leqk:5g\ . k'?if eP/ hGdg] k|f0fLsf] dgdf cfdfk|lt /fu / afa'k|lt3[0ff pTkGg x'G5 . To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] :qL eP/ hGdg] k|f0fLsf] dgdfcfdfk|lt ]if / afa'k|lt /fu pTkGg x'G5 . /fu jf ]if efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ePkl5 Tof] lj1fgo'Qm cGt/fejL k|f0fL cfdfafa'n] :vng u/]sf]jLo{ / /hdf uP/ ldl;G5 . o;j]nf b]lv Tof] k|f0fL c8\tL; xKtf;Ddcfdfs} ue{df /lx/xG5 eGg] egfO 5 . sf]xL sf]xL eG5g\ aRrfxcf7, gf} jf b; dlxgf;Dd ue{df /xG5g\ . sf]xL eG5g\ olQ g} dlxgfx'G5 eGg ;lsGg . sf]xL sf]xL t ;f7L jif{;Dd klg aRrfx cfdfsf]ue{df /xG5g\ eg]/ eG5g\ .

klxnf] xKtfdf cfdfsf] ue{leq /x]sf]] Tof] k|f0fLn] sfo]lGb|o /lj1fgf/f Pp6f tftf] s/fO{df cfkm"tfl/Psf] ;/x c;Xo kL8fsf]

cg'ej u5{ . o; cj:yfdf ue{sf] e"|0fnfO{ snn elgG5 h'g hfpnf]jf dxL h:t} b]lvG5 .To;kl5 bf]>f] xKtfdf cfdfsf] ue{af6 Pp6f ;+:kz{ gfds jfo'

pTkGg x'G5, Tof] jfo'n] ue{nfO{ 5f]Pkl5, rf/wft'x!& :jt pTkGgx'G5g\ . o; ;dodf e"|0f nfDrf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ cj{'b eg]/elgG5 / afSnf] t/ jf hd]sf] o"em} b]lvg yfN5 .

t]>f] xKtfdf sf]if gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5, Tof] jfo'n] ue{nfO{5f]Pkl5, rf/wft'x k"0f{kn] cleJoQm x'G5g\ . o; cj:yfdf e"|0f

nfO{ k]zL elgG5 / kmnfd] rDrf jf sldnf em} b]lvG5 .qmdzM ;ftf} xKtfdf cfjQ{s gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5 . Tof] jfo'n]

ue{nfO{ 5f]Pkl5 e"|0faf6 xft v'fx lgSng yfN5g\ . o; r/0fdfs'g} alnof] xfjfn] cfgf c+ux ha/h:tL tfg]/ s;}n] ltgnfO{nLn] a]:;/L lk6]sf] h:tf] kL8f x'G5 .

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83

k]zLdf 3gTj cfpg yfN5

Tolt eO;s]kl5

6fpsf] / rf/ cx pTkGg x'G5g\

/ xf8x Ps 7fpFdf ldn]/ z/L/ aG5

oL ;a} sd{s} sf/0f x'G5g\ .

To;kl5 clGtddf k|fd'vL gfds jfo' pTkGg x'G5 . o;n]lzz'nfO{ cwd'G6f] kfl/lbG5 / lzz' xft km}nfP/ ue{af6 aflx/lg:sG5 . o;a]nf kmnfd] tf/xn] ag]sf] hfnLsf] Kjfnaf6 a]:;/Ltfg] ;/x kL8f x'G5 .

s'g} lzz' ue{d} d5{ / s'g} hGd k|s[ofdf cfdf;+u} d5{ . hGdgf;fylzz'nfO{ e"OFdf /flvG5, To;a]nf p;nfO{ Ps v;|f] ;txdf /flvP em}+si6 x'G5 . ha klxnf]rf]l6 p;sf] z/L/nfO{ ?dfn jf cGo rLhn]k'l5G5, Tof] a]nf kvf{ndf l3l;|P/ 5fnf v's]{sf] h:tf] kL8f x'G5 .nfdf];do;Dd gjhft lzz' kL8f, tfk, cGwsf/ / b'Mv j]bgf em]n]/

a:5 . ltdL b'O{ lbg;Dd kmf]x/n] el/Psf] Pp6f sfnsf]7/Ldf a:g',d To;sf] abnfdf tLgj6f c;kmL{ lbG5' egL s;}n] ltdLnfO{ eG5eg] ltdL hlt;'s} nf]eL ePklg ToxfFleq a:g dfGb}gf} . ue{leqsf]kL8f t Tof] eGbf klg clws x'G5 . h:tf]lzion]vdf klg elgPsf]5 M

c;Xo b'u{Gwsf] cfj/0fdf 9flsP/

clt ;Ggf6fk"0f{ cGwsf/df s'l07t eP/

g/sh:tf] ue{df a:bf p;sf] z/L/ v'lDrP/clt kL8fbfoL cj:yfdf k'U5 .!*

olt ljg b'Mv x'G5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 sf]xLklg k|f0fLn] Psrf]l6sf] nflu klg ue{df k|j]z ug]{ cfF6 ub}{g .

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84

j[4fj:yfsf]b'MvM j[4fj:yfsf b'Mv klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . ;+If]kdfoL b'Mvx bz k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M kdf kl/jt{g, s]zdf kl/jt{g,5fnfdf kl/jt{g, j0f{df kl/jt{g, andf kl/jt{g, t]hdf kl/jt{g,efUodf kl/jt{g, :jf:Yodf kl/jt{g, lrQdf kl/jt{g / hLjgsf]cGTo glhlsPkl5 d[To' x'g' .

kdf kl/jt{g M h'g z/L/ PskN6 alnof], s8f lyof] Tof] caabn]/ s'k|f] 6]9f] x'G5, st} lx8\gsf] nflu nf}/f]sf] ;xf/f lng'kg]{ x'G5 .

s]zdf kl/jt{g M h'g s]z jf skfn klxn] sfnf] df}/Lh:t} Psbd sfnf] / rlDsnf] lyof] Tof] ca abn]/ ;]tf] km'n]sf] x'G5 . s;}sf]t tfn' g} v'OlnG5 .

5fnfdf kl/jt{g M klxn] Psbd agf/;L sk8fem} 5'g dgnfUg]ldlxg, g/d / ;'ulGwt 5fnf a[4fj:yfdf afSnf] v;|f], ?vf], 6'qm]sfr'/fx;/L rfp/L k/]sf] x'ghfG5 .

j0f{df kl/jt{gM ev{/ kmqm]sf] sdnsf] km"n em}F rxlsnf] / t]lhnf]j0f{ kl/jlt{t eP/ cf]OnfP/ em/]sf] km"n em} lg:t]h x'gk'U5 .

andf kl/jt{g M klxnf h'g pT;fx / zlQm lyof] ca Tof] /xGg .;a} IfL0f eP/ ;'S5g\ . zfl//Ls zlQm g} gePkl5, p;nfO{ sfd ug}{ufxf] x'G5 . OlGb|ox ;a} IfL0f x'Fbf sfd ug]{ hfFu/ klg /xGg, s'g}klg rLh bxf] lsl;dn] ;dfTg ;Sb}g, ;a} cfkm"n] rfx]eGbf ljkl/teOlbG5g\ .

t]hdf kl/jt{gM h'g JolQmnfO{ klxn] cn] cfb/ ;Tsf/ / k|z+;fug]{ uy]{, cfh cfP/ ToxL JolQmnfO{ cfkm"eGbf ;fgfn] klg x]KgyfN5g\ . pm s;}sf] Kof/f] x'g]5}g . t'R5 JolQmn] klg x]Kg yfN5 .

5f]/fxsf] ckdfg wDsL ;xg'kg]{5, gfltxn] ;d]t luHofpFg]5g\ .efUodf kl/jt{g M xfdLn] klxn] klxn] vfg] u/]sf, pkef]u ug{]

u/]sf vfgfx, zfl//Ls ;'vdf klg xfd|f] ?rL 36\b} hfg yfN5 . Gofgf]sk8f klxl/Pklg z/L/df Gofgf]sf] cg'ej k6Ss} x'Gg, / :jflbnf]vfgf vfPklg lha|f]df s'g} :jfb x'Gg . laz]ifu/L gePsf rLhx


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dfq vfg dg nfU5 . To:tf] a]nfdf :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ / cfkm"n]rfx]sf] j:t' pknAw ul/lbg]x klg x'Fb}gg\ .

:jf:Yodf kl/jt{g M j[4fj:yf ;a} /f]uxsf] h8 xf] . k|f0fL a'9f]x'Fb} uPkl5 ;a} k|sf/sf /f]ux klg nfU5g\ . To;}n] ;a}n] p;nfO{ufnL u5{g\, pmaf6 6f9f /xg vf]H5g\ .

lrQdf kl/jt{g M cfkm}n] s]xL a]/ cl3 eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ klg p;n]t'?Gt lj;{G5 . e|ldt eO{ hyfefjL af]N5 .

hLjgsf] cGTo glhlsPkl5 d[To' x'g' M Zjf; km]g{ sl7gfO{ x'G5 /cfjfh klg n/al/g yfN5 . lrQsf ;a} zlQm IfL0f x'Fb} uP/ cGTodfd[To' cfOk'U5 . h:tf]nlntlj:t/df elgPsf] 5 M

h/fn] ;'Gb/ knfO{ s'k agfOlbG5,

h/fn] :jf:Yo / ansf] x/0f u5{ .

h/fn] ;'v x/]/ b'Mv NofpF5 .

h/fn] d[To' NofpF5 / t]h klg x/]/ nfG5 .!(

Joflwsf]b'MvM Aoflwsf b'Mv klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . ;+If]kdf Joflwsfb'Mv & k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M tLj| kL8fhlgt b'Mv, si6bfoL pkrf/ em]Ng'kg]{ b'Mv, rsf]{ cf}ifwL vfg'kg]{ b'Mv, cfkm"n] rfx]sf] vfg]s'/f vfgaf6lgif]l4t x'g'kg]{ b'Mv, lrlsT;sxsf] ;Nnfx dfGg'kg{] afWotfsf] b'Mv,;DklQ l;l4g] b'Mv / d[To'sf] 8/ . nlntlj:t/df elgPsf] 5 M

of] ;+;f/ ;of}F k|sf/sf /f]uxaf6 pTkGg b'Mvn] u|:t

5 . lzsf/Lf/f ;tfOPsf d[ux em}F ;a} ;j -k|f0fL_xoL /f]uxf/f lkl8t 5g\ .@)

d/0fsf] b'Mv M d/0fsf b'Mvx klg c;Lldt g} 5g\ . h:tf]/fhfjjfbs;"qdf elgPsf] 5 M

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86

x] dxf/fh o;/L od/fhsf lqz'nn] ;j -k|f0fL_sf hLpdf

5]F8]kl5 ;a} cx+sf/x p8]/ hfG5g\ . p;n] vfgsf] nflu

s]xL ef]hg x'Gg, p;sf s'g} z/0f, /Ifs jf ldq cfkmGt

x'Gg . /f]un] u|:t eO{ p;sf] d'v Kof;n] ;'Sg yfN5 . p;sf]

cg'xf/sf] / ablng yfN5 . xftv'6f n/a/fpg yfN5 .

s]xL sfd ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 . ofn, l;fg, lbzf, lkzfj,

jfGtf, vsf/ OToflbn] k"/} z/L/ n6kl6G5 . lrlsT;sn]

cf;} 5f]8]/ pkrf/ ToflulbG5 . pm d[To'z}ofdf ;'lt

/xG5 / o; nf]ssf] ej;Gtlt cGt/fejdf 8'Ag vf]H5 .

odb'txb]lv pm 8/fpF5 . Zjf; k|Zjf; /f]lsG5 . d'v /

gfs v'Nnf /xG5 . pm of] ;+;f/ Tofu]/ c nf]sdf hfG5 .

pm ;bfsf] nflu Tof] 7fFp TofuL Ps eLif0f ;Ggf6f ePsf]

cGt/fejdf k'U5 . pm eo+s/ ulx/f] vf8ndf v:5 /

dxf;fu/n] p;nfO{ aufP/ nfG5 . sd{sf] jfo'n] p;nfO{

tfGb} To:tf] 7fpFdf k'ofOlbG5 hxfF s'g} bl/nf] hdLg}

x'Gg . p;n] cfgf] wg;Dklt bfdf;flxdf k/]sf] b]V5,x] d]/L cfdf x] d]/f a'af x] d]/f ;Gtfgx eg]/ pm

hlt;'s} cQflnP/ s/fPklg x] dxf/fh, p;sf] wd{ l;jfo

s]xL z/0f x'Gg .

lk|ohgaf6 ljof]usf]b'MvM xfd|f Kof/f a'jf, cfdf, 5f]/f5f]/Lx/ gfltgfltgLx ;a} Pslbg d5{g\ . ltgLxsf] d[To'df xfdLn] tLj|zf]s u5f{}F, kL8fsf] cg'ej u5f}{F, ?G5f}F, s/fp5f}F . o;/L c;Lldt b'Mv

ef]U5f}F . of] g} lk|ohgaf6 ljof]usf] b'Mv xf] .

clk|ohgl;t ;+of]u x'Fbfsf] b'Mv M xfd|f zq'x x'G5g\ . tLzq'xl;t ]ifsf] jzdf kl/ jfbljjfb, df/kL6 OToflb u/]/ b'Mvxem]N5f}F .


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clGtd b'O{ j6f b'Mvx -clei6 ck|flKt b'Mv / pknAw a:t'sf];+/If0fdf sl7gfO{_ a'g Tolt ufxf] gePsfn] oxfF ltgsf] JofVoful//xg cfjZos gxf]nf .

#=%= c;'/ nf]s M c;'/xsf] b'Mv klg b]jtfxn] ef]Ug] b'Mv g}x'g\ . t/ tL afx]s klg c;'/xnfO{ cx+sf/, O{iof{ / o'4sf] b'Mv klgx'g] u5{ . o; af/] o:tf] elgPsf] 5 M

c;'/xdf b]jtfxsf] P]Zjo{k|lt :jefj}n]

Oiof{ x'g] ePsfn] dfgl;s b'Mv w]/} g} x'G5 .

#=^= b]j nf]s M sfdwft'sf b]jtfxn] klg c;'/xl;t n8\g'kg{]b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ . of] afx]s pgLxn] sfdef]uaf6 c;Gt'i6 x'g'kg{] b'Mv,ckdflgt x'g'kg]{ b'Mv, dfl/g] b'Mv, lgisf;g, Ro'lt tyf ktgsfb'Mvx ef]Ug'k5{ . o; af/] o:tf] egfO 5 M

b]jtfsf] d[To' ;dodf kfFr k|sf/sf nIf0fx b]vfk5{g\ .

p;sf] j:q d}nf] x'G5 p;n] nufPsf dfnfsf km"nx

cf]OnfP/ em5{g\ p;sf] sfvLaf6 kl;gf lg:sG5 p;sf]

z/L/af6 b'u{Gw cfpg yfN5 p;nfO{ cfg} cf;g clk|o

nfUg yfN5 .

k / ck wft'df o:tf b'Mv kfOFb}g . t/ tL 7fpFxklg Ro"lt

Pj+ :yfgaf6 :jtGq rflxF 5}g . ToxfFsf k|f0fLxn] bf}i7"No b'Mv-ToxfFaf6 ktg eP/ c b'u{ltdf ef]Ug'kg]{ b'Mv_ ef]U5g\ . cfkm"n]k"j{hGddf ;+u[lxt u/]sf] sd{n] k|f0fLn] o:tf] ;'ult Pj+ :ju{sf] ;'vef]U5 . t/ cfgf ;f/f sd{sf] Ifo eO;s]kl5 pm ToxfFaf6 k'gMb'u{ltd} ktg eP/ b'Mv ef]U5 .

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