the future of green energy technologies for municipalities ... · the future of green energy...
Post on 12-Jul-2019
214 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
The Future of Green Energy Technologies for Municipalities
Fuel Cells, Solar, Wind & Algae
Tom Mossinger – Carollo Engineers
2010 PNCWA Annual ConferenceOctober 25, 2010Bend, Oregon
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/2
Presentation Outline
•• The future of renewable energy for The future of renewable energy for municipalities municipalities –– 30,000 ft overview30,000 ft overview
–– Traditional TechnologiesTraditional Technologies–– Fuel cellsFuel cells–– SolarSolar–– WindWind–– AlgaeAlgae
•• Incentives to help with Incentives to help with implementationimplementation
•• Questions/answersQuestions/answers
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/3
Why is renewable energy so important?• Water & wastewater services account for 30-
50% of municipal energy use.
• Equivalent to 3-4% of the nation’s total energy use.
• Nearly 20% of electricity usage is associated with moving water
• 25 to 30% of the cost for water and wastewater systems operations is for power.
As primary consumers of electricity, water & wastewater organizations have the opportunity to dramatically affect overall energy consumption.
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/4
Drivers for Implementation
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/5
What Are The Emerging Technologies?
• Photosynthetic process enhancement (algae culturing/digestion)
• Alternate solar power generation equipment
• Cell lysis – pulsed electricity, mechanical destruction, temp/press control, ultrasonic
• New cogeneration technologies
• Biogas supply/wholesaling
• Renewable motor vehicle fueling
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/6
Cogeneration Technologies
• Reciprocating Engines (60 to >2,000 kW)
• Micro Turbines (30 to 1,000 kW)
• Gas Turbines (>3,000 kW)
• Fuel Cells (300 to 2,800 kW)
15-MW Cooper Bessemer Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System,Orange County Sanitation District, CA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/7
Traditional Digester Gas Power Generation
Technology
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/8
Reciprocating Engines • Proven technology for using digester
gas
• Electrical Output Efficiency = 30-35%
• Proven technology for over 40 years
• Strict (and getting stricter) air permit regulations
• Regulations moving towards oxidation catalysts, SCR and CEMS
• Installations now require extensive fuel conditioning to remove contaminants – no longer optional
2.35-MW Enterprise Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System,East Bay Municipal Utilities District, CA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/9
Micro Turbines
• Easy to permit (low emissions)• Only two manufacturer’s with DG
experience (limited)• Lower efficiency than engines;
approximately 25% • Requires >50 psi fuel pressure
250-kW Ingersoll-Rand Landfill Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, Lancaster, CA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/10
Gas Turbines
• Strict air permit regulations• Limited manufacturer’s with experience on DG• Effective fuel conditioning is required• Competitive only for
larger installations; greater than 3MW• Efficiency typically 25-35%• Requires >200 psi
fuel pressure
8-MW Solar Turbines Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, King County DNR, Renton, WA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/11
Fuel Cell Power Generation
Technology
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/12
What is a Fuel Cell?• Electrochemical Device Similar to a Battery
– Except Fuel Cells Use an External Supply of Reactants
• Hydrogen Fuel (Methane) and Oxygen (Air) In
• Electricity and Water (Exhaust) Out
H2
O2
Fuel CellH2 O
Electricity
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/13
Fuel Cell Types
Type ElectrolyteOperating Temp. °F
Single-Cycle Electrical
Efficiency %Expected
Capacity RangeBy-Product
Heat Use
PEM Polymer Membrane 180 30-35 5 kW to 250 kW Warm Water
Alkaline Potassium Hydroxide 200 <40 3 to 5 kW Warm Water
Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric Acid 400 35-40 50 kW to 200 kW Hot Water
Molten Carbonate
Potassium/ Lithium
Carbonate1200 45-57 300 kW to 2.4 MW
Hot Water or High Pressure
Steam
Solid Oxide (Tubular)
Stabilized Zirconium Dioxide
Ceramic1800 45-50 100 kW to 2 MW
Hot Water or High Pressure
Steam
Solid Oxide (Planar)
Stabilized Zirconium Dioxide
Ceramic1200-1600 45-60 3 kW to 10 kW
Hot Water or High Pressure
Steam
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/14
Fuel Cells
• Electrical Output Efficiency = 47%
– Constant from 50-100% load
• Advantages– Ultra low emissions– Highest efficiency– Minimal operator time for
O&M– Significant tax
credit/grant funding available
1-MW Fuel Cell Energy Fuel CellRiverside, CA WWTP
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/15
Environmental Benefits
• Nearly double the reduction in plant carbon footprint over other cogeneration technologies
• Significant overall reduction of emissions of criteria pollutants
– NOx, CO, VOC, PM– Order of magnitude reduction compared to
other generation equipment
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/16
Fuel Cells – Other Drivers
• Qualifies for simplified interconnection– All utility protection is built into inverter
• Federal Investment Tax Credit– 30% of qualified costs available as a tax credit– Up to $3000/kW
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/17
Drivers for Implementation
Fuel Cells Engines Microturbines Boilers Flares
Typical Emissions for Various Digester Gas Fueled Equipment
Average NOx (lb/MWh)
Average CO (lb/MWh)
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/18
Fuel Cell Air Emission Permits
Fuel Cells
NOX = 0.02
SOX = 0.001
PM10 = 0.01
CO = 0.05
VOC = 0.02
Recip Engines
<==> NOX = 3.4
<==> CO = 6.8
Emissions in lb/MWhr
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/19
Digester Gas Fueled Fuel CellsOperating Installations• Santa Barbara, CA• LA County San. District, CA• City of Tulare, CA *• DSRSD, CA• City of Riverside, CA• EMWD, CA (Moreno Valley) *• TID/City of Turlock, CA *• City of Rialto, CA
Under Construction• EMWD, CA (Perris Valley) *• City of San Jose, CA *• IEUA, CA
* CE involved in Design/Implementation
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/20
Digester Gas Fueled Fuel CellsProjects Under Active Consideration1. City of Davis, CA * 2. Union Sanitation District, CA *3. Palm Springs, CA *4. MRWPCA, CA *5. City of Visalia, CA *6. City of Livermore, CA *7. City of Redlands, CA *8. Las Virgenes Municipal Water District, CA9. EMWD, CA (Temecula) *10. City of Yuma, AZ *11. City of Salem, OR *12. Delta Diablo Sanitation District, CA *13. City of Fayetteville, NC *14. City of Fresno, CA *
* CE involved in Design/Implementation
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/21
Fuel Cell History
• Early Experience on DG– Santa Barbara– LA County Sanitation
District– Portland, OR– Renton, WA– Yonkers, NY– LADWP– Inland Empire Utilities
District
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/22
Fuel Cell Manufacturer’s• Currently manufacturing units:
– Fuel Cell Energy• Unit sizes: 300 kW, 1400 kW and 2800 kW• MCFC: 47% efficiency
– United Technologies Corporation• Unit size: 400 kW; not currently available for ADG,
but planned for 2010• Phosphoric Acid: 37-39% efficiency
– Bloom Energy• Unit size: Approximately 100 kW; not available for
ADG• No heat recovery possible• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell = 50-55% efficiency
• Potential Future manufacturer’s:– Agni GenCell
• Planned unit size range: Approx. 40 kW to 200 kW• Expected availability: 2010-2011• PEM/MCFC/SOFC units, MCFC to be used for power
generation
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/23
Tulare Fuel Cell Project Sample• Three 300 kW FCE 300MA units
– 4th unit being installed now– Digester gas treatment system
• H2 S, siloxanes, water, VOC, etc.– Electrical interface with utility– Hot water heat recovery
• Started operation in October 2007
• Generated >16 million kWh (thru May 2010)– Value of generated electricity to the City is over
$1.5 million
• Average availability greater than 98%
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/24
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/25
City of Tulare WPCF – AFT Fuel Conditioning System
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/26City of Tulare WPCF – 900 kW Fuel Cell Project
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/27
EMWD Moreno Valley RWRF – 750 kW Fuel Cell Project
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/28
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/29
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Fixed Axis
• Fixed roof mounted solar panels that do not track the sun
• $7,500/kW average cost
• Typically 12-18% efficiency
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/30
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Tracking
• Single axis tracker– $10,000/kW average cost– Panels rotate on a N-S
axis in E-W direction– Up to 30% increase in
energy output vs. fixed axis
• Dual axis tracker– $12,000/kW average cost– Rotates about two axes
to maximize solar exposure
– Up to 35% increase in energy output
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/31
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Concentrated• Uses lenses or mirrors
and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
• $10,000/kW average cost
• Approximately 40% efficiency
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/32
U.S. Solar Resources Map Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/33
Solar Power – Site Conditions
• Footprint– Minimum 4 acres for 1 MW
facility, tracking– Minimum 5 acres for 1 MW
floating panel facility
• Sizing– Dependent on panel
efficiency 12 - 40%– Dependent on orientation
and tracking Floating solar array in Oakville, CA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/34
Solar Power - Economics
• System procurement– Owner purchase
• Owner buys panel and pays for all maintenance• Full ownership of RECs
– Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)• Third party owns and operates the PV system and
sells power to City or Agency at agreed upon rate • Savings from 30% federal tax credit passed on to
owner with lower rates• RECs negotiable
– Best payoff when average electricity rate >$0.10/kWh
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/35
Wind
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/36
Wind Power - Turbines
• Small and medium wind– Small: <100 kW each– Medium: 100 – 1,000 kW each– Primarily used to reduce onsite
energy consumption– $5,000 - $8,000/kW average
cost– Architectural wind turbine
• Utilizes building aerodynamics
• Large wind (1 MW - 2.5MW ea)– Used for utility wind farms– $2,000/kW average cost
• Future sizes expected up to 5.0 MW
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/37
U.S. Wind Resources Map Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/38
Wind Power - Site Conditions
• Wind turbines operation dependent on site specific wind characteristics
• Wind study needs to be performed to determine availability and speed of wind onsite
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/39
Wind Power - Economics
• Payback period– Dependent on wind
resource quality, siting, permitting costs, energy costs, and turbine performance
– Greater payback potential for energy costs over $0.10/kWh
– Average Wind Payback Period: 25-40 years
Wind Farm Palm Springs, CA
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/40
Algae
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/41
Algae: WEFTEC 08
• Meeting drew over 80 people from academia, industry, municipalities, consultants and manufacturers
• Significant impacts to water and wastewater community
– Algae-to-fuel requires large volumes of water– Algae-to-fuel effort faces discharge concerns, nutrient
controls and water use constraints
• Meeting conclusions:– Knowledge gaps and regulatory impacts must be
addressed– Focus on algae as a treatment technology with biofuel
production as an added benefit– Core advisory group has been formed
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/42
Biodiesel from Algae
• Algae can generate biodiesel, ethanol, or cellulose
• Average production:– Algae: up to 6,000 gallons biodiesel per acre
per year– Soybeans: up to 70 gallons biodiesel per acre
per year– Corn: up to 420 gallons of ethanol per acre
per year
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/43
Growing Algae• Variables: Temperature,
light, water level, salinity, pH, turbulence
• Outdoor ponds – Low capital cost– Undesirable strains can
contaminate ponds
• Enclosed atmospheres – Continuous harvest– Higher output– Less fouling– High capital cost
• Cannot easily be grown in areas where it freezes in winter
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/44
Harvest and Extraction
• Harvesting technologies still developing (centrifuge, DAF, fine screens)
• Coagulants for DAF or settling affect biodiesel production
• Cost of harvesting affects economic payback
• Oil extraction remains a challenge– Currently, it takes more energy
to extract the oil than the energy in the oil
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/45
Methane from Algae
• Single phase digestion has led to digester upsets and decline in methane production
• Two-phase digestion promising. Acid phase lyses algae cells open, methane phase digests the contents
• Promising technology from Europe for cell lysing may benefit algae digestion
Acid Phase Digester, TMWRF, NV
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/46
Carbon Credits
• Potential to generate carbon capture credits
• Algae extracts carbon from the air turning CO2 into O2
• Additional CO2 can be introduced into ponds from fuel cell exhaust; resulting in CO2 capture credit if fuel was NG and increasing algae growth rate
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/47
Sampling of Incentives/Credits/Grants For Cogeneration Projects
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/48
Identifying Funding Opportunities Is Important to the Feasibility of any Project
Funding Opportunities
Incentives
Tax CreditsLoans
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/49
Potential Tax Incentives
• Business Energy Investment Tax Credit– U.S. Government– Provides a 30% corporate tax credit
for installation of fuel cell projects and 10% corporate tax credit for other technologies
• $3,000/kW maximum for fuel cells• $200/kW maximum for microturbines
– Can now be realized as a one-time Grant payment
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/50
Other Incentives
• Renewable Energy Production Incentive – U.S. Department of Energy– Provides incentive payments for
electricity produced from renewable sources
• Up to $0.021/kWh for first 10 years of operation
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/51
Potential Tax Incentives May Be Available
• Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit– U.S. Government– Provides corporate tax credit for
renewable energy systems• Up to $0.022/kWh for 1st 10 years of
operation– Applicability for digester gas
questionable
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/52
Available Loan Programs
• U.S. Department of Energy - Loan Guarantee Program
• Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs)
• Commercial Loan Programs– Non-government sponsored loan
programs
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/53
Grants, Funding – California• Self Generation Incentive Program
– $4,500/kW to $1,125/kW (based on size) for fuel cell projects
• Up to $7,875,000 per project for 3.0 MW system– $1,500/kW for wind projects
• California Solar Initiative– Performance-based incentive rate:
• Currently $0.26/kWh produced for 5 years - Municipal– Approx $2,750,000 total incentive for 1 MW system
• California Energy Commission– Energy Efficiency Financing Program; Up to
$3 million; 3.95% fixed APR; up to 15 year term
• California G$S$ Smart Program– Energy Efficiency Financing; >$1 million; approx. 4% APR;
negotiable terms up to 12 years
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/54
Grants, Funding - Oregon
• Oregon Department of Energy – Business Energy Tax Credit– Up to 50% of Total Project Costs for Renewable Energy
Generation Projects– Can be passed through to Municipal entities
• Energy Trust of Oregon – Open Solicitation Program– Innovative/Renewable Energy Projects
• Oregon Department of Energy – Small Scale Energy Loan Program – Loans up to $20 million for municipal renewable energy
projects
• PACE Loans & Small-Scale Energy Loan Program• Community Renewable Energy Feasibility Fund
Program
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/55
Grants, Funding – Idaho
• Renewable Energy Equipment Sales Tax Refund• Renewable Energy Project Bond Program• Low-Interest Energy Loan Programs
– 4% for 5 years up to $100,000; $15,000 for solar
Tgm
409c
wea
-Fut
ureG
reen
.ppt
/56
Grants, Funding – Washington
• King County - Green Building Grants Program– Up to $35,000 grant
• Washington Renewable Energy Production Incentives– Up to $5,000 per year
• Renewable Energy Sales and Use Tax Exemption
Thank You
top related