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The Globalization of
International RelationsCHAPTER ONE
Dr. Clayton ThynePS 235-001: World Politics
Spring 2010
Goldstein & Pevehouse, International Relations, 8/e
Student notes version
The Study of International Relations
• International relations concerns…
• Narrowly defined:
– Many other actors exist – …
– Relationships cannot be understood...
– Central trend in IR today:
IR and Daily Life
• IR profoundly affects your life as well as that of other citizens.
• War is among the most pervasive international influences in daily life, even in peacetime.
• World is shrinking year by year.
Core Principles
• IR revolves around one key problem:
• How can a group – such as two or more nations – serve its ________________ when doing so requires its members to forego their ________________ interests?
• Example:
• 3 solutions…the next 3 slides (see Table 1.1 on p. 6)
CA solution #1: Dominance• Solves the collective goods problem by…
• Advantage(s):
• Disadvantage(s):
• Nuke example:
CA solution #2: Reciprocity• Solves the collective goods problem by…
• Advantage(s):
• Disadvantage(s):
• Nuke example:
CA solution #3: Identity• Solves the collective goods problem by…
• Advantage(s):
• Disadvantage(s):
• Nuke example:
IR as a Field of Study• IR is about international politics, but the field is _________________
• Practical discipline
• IR is 1 of 4 subfields in political science. The others are…– _______________________
– _______________________
– _______________________
• General focus of IR:
State Actors• Most important actors in IR are __________________.
• State:– State government exercises ___________________over its territory.– Recognized as ____________________ by other states– Seat of government with a leader
• State definition versus:- Nation:- Country:- Nation-state:
• Some “quasi-states”:
State Actors
• International system– Def:
– Modern international system has existed for less than _____________________ years.
– Great variation on a number of key variables, including…[see next 6 slides].
The World Today: Major Powers
State % of powerFRN .022824UKG .024668GMY .029424JPN .051258RUS .052549CHN .128823USA .149792
The World Today: Concentration of Power
020
4060
80%
of s
tate
s
0 .05 .1 .15Capability
010
2030
40F
requ
ency
-10 -5 0 5 10Polity Scale
Distribution of Democracy
The World Today: Democracy
0.2
.4.6
Pro
port
ion
Dem
s
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Proportion of Democracies in the System
Figure 1.1
very low (87)low (5)moderate (46)high (45)
Economic Output
very poor (45)poor (44)medium (45)wealthy (44)No data (5)
GDP/capita
very low (46)low (46)medium (46)high (45)
population
very repressive (41)non-democracies (37)moderate democracies (45)strong democracies (32)No data (28)
Democracy
very low (46)low (44)moderate (45)high (45)No data (3)
Military Expenditures
050
0010
000
1500
0#
of M
ilita
ry P
erso
nnel
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Year
US Military Personnel Military Personnel-Global Average
US vs World Mean Military Personnel
A Closer Look at the US
01.
00e+
082.
00e+
083.
00e+
08M
ilita
ry E
xpen
ditu
res
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Year
US Military Expenditures Military Exp-Global Avg.
US vs World Mean Military Expenditures
A Closer Look at the US
Nonstate Actors• Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
• Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
• Multinational corporations
• Substate actors
• Individuals
Levels of Analysis• Many actors involved in IR
• Response:
Levels of Analysis• Levels of analysis help…
• No correct level for a given “why” question
• Example: War in Iraq
– Individual:
– Domestic:
– Interstate:
– Global:
Globalization• Many trends:
• Globalization: Three conceptions of this process compete.
1. Liberal economic principles/global marketplace:
2. Skepticism:
3. Middle ground:
• Globalization is changing both international security and IPE, but ________________ more quickly and profoundly.
The Evolving International System
• The basic structures and principles of international relations are deeply rooted in historical developments.
• WWI and WWII occupied only ten years of the 20th century, but shaped the character of the century.
• We’ll briefly look at key events of the 20th century, focusing on the post Cold War era (1990+), including…– WWI (1914-18)– WWII (1939-45)– Cold War (1946-90)
WWI (1914-18)• WWI (the war to end all wars):
• WWI was not short or decisive:
• 2 main outcomes:1. Ended w/ __________________________
2. Led to the ____________________________________
WWII (1939-45)• U.S. ___________________
between WWI and WWII, declining _______________ power, and a _________________ crippled by its own revolution left a power vacuum in the world.
• In the ____________, Germany and Japan stepped into the vacuum w/ aggressive expansionism.
• Policies of _________________ allowed Hitler to occupy almost all of Europe
WWI & WWII: contradictory lessons
• Lesson from WWI:
• Lesson from WWII:
• IR scholars have not discovered a simple formula for choosing______________________.
The Cold War, 1945-1990• U.S. and Soviet Union – two superpowers of the post-WWII era:
• Central concern of the West:
• Sino-Soviet alliance:
• Scholars do not agree on why the Cold War ended:
0.1
.2.3
.4%
of w
orld
's p
ow
er
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
US strength USSR strength
The Cold War, 1945-1990
• Key events:– Korean War– Vietnam War– Afghanistan War– Many other proxy wars…
•Greek Civil War, 1946-1949 •Malaysian Emergency, 1948-1960 •Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-Present •Korean War, 1950-1953 •Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 •Tibetan insurgency, 1954-1973 •Vietnam War, 1957-1975 •Guatemalan Civil War, 1960-1996
•Congo Crisis, 1960-1965 •Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 •Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 •Angolan Civil War, 1974-2002 •Ogaden War,1977-1978 •Afghan-Soviet War, 1979-1989 •Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 •Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988 •Invasion of Grenada, 1983
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
• Many key events…– Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990 Gulf War
– Collapse of Soviet Union
• Declaration of republics as sovereign states
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
• Western relations with Russia mixed since the 1990s– Little external aid for Russia during the harsh economic transition
– Break-up of the former Yugoslavia– Rwanda genocide– US “go it alone” policies– 9/11 attacks– War on Terrorism: Iraq and Afghanistan– Nuke problems w/ Iran and N. Korea
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