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The new EU Directives The new EU Directives requirements and the innovation requirements and the innovation
in pesticide application in pesticide application tecniques.tecniques.
P. Balsari, P. MaruccoDEIAFA University of Torino (ITALY)
paolo.balsari@unito.it
The evolution of the spraying equipment for arboreal crops
1860 1900 1920 1940
1950 1960 1980 1990
2000
2010
2
The evolution of the spraying equipment over the last century
1860 - 1980MAIN OBJECTIVEMAIN OBJECTIVE
APPLY NEW CHEMICAL
IMPROVE SPRAYER FIELD CAPACITY
PRODUCTS
VOLUMES APPLIED AND TIME REQUIRED IN VITICULTURE
The evolution of the spraying equipment over the last century
YEAR VOLUME APPLIED TIME REQUIRED(l/ha) (h manpower/ha)
1860 1500 14
1920 1100 4
1950 800 2,5
1960* 100 0,2
* with helicopter
3
The evolution of the spraying equipment over the last century
1980 - 2010MAIN OBJECTIVEMAIN OBJECTIVE
IMPROVE SPRAYER PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF
EFFICIENCY OF THE APPLICATIONREDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEOPERATOR SAFETY
PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF
Evaporation Evaporation (4(4--6%)6%)
Drift losses Drift losses (10(10--15%)15%)SPRAY MASS SPRAY MASS
BALANCEBALANCE
THE PRESENT SITUATION IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (EU)
Spray Spray deposit on deposit on the target the target (20(20--55%)55%)
BALANCE BALANCE DURING DURING
APPLICATION APPLICATION IN VINEYARDS IN VINEYARDS IN ITALY AND IN ITALY AND
Ground lossesGround losses(30(30--60%)60%)
SPAINSPAIN(Balsari et al., Pergher (Balsari et al., Pergher
et al., Gil et al.)et al., Gil et al.)
4
WORLD PESTICIDES CONSUMPTION
Estimated amount of pesticides
Europe 28%South America 18%
Year 2004
pesticides yearly sold in
the world: >2.5 m tons
North America 25%
∼ 50% lost??
Asia 25%
Middle East / Africa 4%
America 25%
Source: Crop Life International
WATER CONTAMINATION DUE TO PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS USED
POINT DIFFUSE SOURCES SOURCES
5
WATER CONTAMINATION DUE TO POINT SOURCES
TransportStorage
Filling
PPP waste disposalCleaning
Residual mixture = 260 l/year
Internal washing and hydraulic circuit washing water = 660 l/year
Water for external washing = 670 l/year
EXAMPLE OF PPP POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (VITICULTURAL FARM)
Water for external washing = 670 l/year
TOTAL WASTE TO DISPOSE ~ 1600 l/year
PPP concentration = 0.1%,
1 5 k / f PPP di1.5 kg/year of PPP dispose of in less than 10 m2
6
PPP WATER CONTAMINATION DUE TO DIFFUSE SOURCES
SURFACE WATER
DriftDrift
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SPRAY DRIFT?
SPRAY DRIFT:“Quantity of plant protection product that is carried out of the sprayed (treated) area
by the action of air currentsduring the application process”
(ISO 22866)
Drift
7
25.98
100
rra
to) Primi stadi vegetativi
Piena vegetazione
SPRAY DRIFT VALUES ASSESSED IN ORCHARD)
Early growth stageLate growth stage
12.04
5.052.88
25.9814.41
0.971
10
riva
del p
rodo
tto a
tede
l vol
ume
dist
ribui
t Piena vegetazione
ay d
rift (
% o
f app
lied) Late growth stage
0.3
0.110.11 10 100
Distanza dall'area trattata (m)
Der (%
(Source: Ganzelmeier et al. 2000)
Distance from the treated area (m)
Spr
Buffer zone
THE CONCEPT
HOW TO PREVENT SPRAY DRIFT CONTAMINATION
NOT TREATED ZONE
Sprayed crop Sensitive area (or water course)
8
HOW TO PREVENT SPRAY DRIFT CONTAMINATION
SENSITIVE AREA BUFFER SENSITIVE AREA ZONE
HOW TO PREVENT SPRAY DRIFT CONTAMINATION
EXAMPLE OF DEFINITION OF BUFFER ZONES WIDTHS IN ORCHARDS ACCORDING TO SPRAYER TYPE AND
PPP APPLIED DOSE (LERAP, UK)
9
THE PRESENT EU LEGISLATIVE OUTLINE CONCERNING PESTICIDES
EU Framework Directive on Wastes
EC/12/2006
utilizzo
? ? ? ?
PPP registration and introduction
on the marketUse of PPP
PPP residues
PPP wastes
EU Directive 91/414
and successive revisions
New EU Directive on the Sustainable Use of
Pesticides (text approved by EU Council in September 2009)
EU Regulation 396/2005
Water Framework Directive EC/60/2006
THE NEW EU DIRECTIVES RELATED TO PESTICIDE USE
NEW FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE
AMENDMENT OF EU MACHINERY
SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
DIRECTIVE 2006/42/EC
10
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES(COM 2006, 372 – FINAL TEXT APPROVED BY EU
COUNCIL ON 24 SEPTEMBER 2009)
PROMOTE STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AND TO
OPTIMISE THE USE OF PPP
LIMIT THE IMPROPER USE
OF PPP
MAXIMISE TREATMENT
EFFICACY AND LIMIT
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
RISK
PROMOTE INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
TRAIN PPP END USERS
RISK
IMPROVE SPRAYING
EQUIPMENT
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO SPRAYERS
MANDATORY PERIODICAL INSPECTION OF SPRAYERS IN USE
BY 2016 ALL SPRAYERS EMPLOYED IN EUBY 2016 ALL SPRAYERS EMPLOYED IN EU FOR PROFESSIONAL USE SHALL BE INSPECTED AT LEAST ONCE (OVER 2
MILLION SPRAYERS TO BE INSPECTED)
2016-2021: REGULAR INSPECTIONS EVERY 5 YEARS
11
MANDATORY PERIODICAL INSPECTION OF SPRAYERS IN USE – MAIN COMPONENTS TO BE INSPECTED
Pressure gauge
Boom cross flow distribution
Pressure regulator
Nozzles flow rate
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO SPRAYERSFARMERS TRAINING CONCERNING CORRECT
SPRAYER USE AND ADJUSTMENT
12
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO SPRAYERSBAN OF AERIAL SPRAY APPLICATION (EXCEPTIONS
CAN BE AUTHORISED IN PARTICULAR CASES)
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO SPRAYERSMITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK LINKED TO PPP
SPRAY APPLICATION
ADOPTION OF DEVICES ABLE TO REDUCE SPRAY
DRIFT
ESTABLISHING OF ADEQUATE BUFFER
ZONES
Sprayed crop
NOT TREATED ZONE
Sensitive area (or water course)
Sprayed crop
NOT TREATED ZONE
Sensitive area (or water course)
13
THE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE ON THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES
MAIN ASPECTS RELATED TO SPRAYERSESTABLISHING PROPER MANAGEMENT OF
PPP EMPTY CONTAINERS
AND OF PPP RESIDUAL AT THE END OF APPLICATION AND OF THE WATER USED FOR
SPRAYER CLEANING
Photo Jens Tonnesen - DAAS
PPP REMAINING AT THE END OF SPRAY APPLICATION
Spray mixture remaining in the tank is composed by two fractions
Consequence of improper sprayer adjustment
B
q p p p y j
AAmount not sucked by the pump
14
PPP REMAINING AT THE END OF SPRAY APPLICATION
Fraction A in new ENTAM certifiedFraction A in new ENTAM certified sprayers may vary from an average value of 6 litres for air-assisted sprayers up to an
average value of 12 litres for field crop sprayers, but in not certified sprayers or in
the obsolete ones this spray mixture remaining value may reach some dozens
litres.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER USED FOR SPRAYER CLEANING
INTERNAL CLEANING EXTERNAL CLEANING
Average water volume used: 60 litres
Average spray deposit on the external sprayer surfaces:
0.5÷2% of applied
15
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
IT MUST BE UNDERLINED THAT, FOR THE FIRST
TIME, TO APPLY THE CE MARK ON CROP
PROTECTON MACHINERY, THE
MANUFACTURER HAS TO FULFIL
REQUIREMENTS NOT ONLY RELATED TO
OPERATOR SAFETY BUT ALSO THOSE
RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
16
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
a) Sprayers and their components shall be reliable and so designed that they can be used properly in accordance with their intended use, without harming the environment unnecessarily. They shall be designed so that they can be safely operated, supervised and switched off immediately from the operator's positionswitched off immediately from the operator s position.
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
b) Easy and safe filling and complete emptying of the sprayer tank shall be possible. This includes that filling levels and limits shall be determined easily. Unintentional dispersal of liquid shall be avoided.
17
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
c) Sprayers shall be equipped with devices enabling the adjustment of the volume application rate in an easy, accurate, and repeatable way.
Source: www.hardi-international.com
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE d) Sprayers shall be designed so that an even distribution and an adequate deposition can be achieved. When the application system is off, any dispersal of PPP shall be avoided.
18
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
e) Easy, safe, and complete emptying and cleaning of the sprayer shall be possible, especially regarding the main tank.
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
f) Changing worn parts shall be possible. For checking the sprayer and verifying its correct functioning, it shall be possible to connect measuring instruments to the sprayer components.
Source: www.aams.be
Source: www.hardi-international.com
19
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
g) Nozzles shall be marked in such a way that they can be identified directly or from information given in the instruction handbook. At least, type and size shall be indicated.
ISO 10625
P t t 3 0 b Di i
Portata a 3.0 bar Dimensione(tolleranza ± 5%) Ugello Colore Codice
l/min RAL0.2 0050 Pearl violet 4011
0.3 0075 Light pink 3015
0.4 01 Pure orange 2004
0.6 015 Traffic green 6024
0.8 02 Zinc yellow 1018
1.0 025 Signal violet 4008
Portata a 3.0 bar Dimensione(tolleranza ± 5%) Ugello Colore Codice
l/min RAL1.2 03 Gentian blue 5010
1.4 035 Wine red 3005
1.6 04 Flame red 3000
2.0 05 Nut brown 8011
2.4 06 Signal grey 7004
3.2 08 Traffic white 9016
4.0 10 Light blue 5012
6.0 12 Yellow green 6018
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE
h) Filters shall be marked in such a way that they can be identified directly or from information given in the instruction handbook. At least, type and mesh size shall be indicated. ISO 19732
20
AMENDMENT OF THE EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE i) in the instructions handbook the following indications shall be
reported:1) filling and precautions to be taken to avoid contamination of the environment,2) conditions of use (for example maximum driving2) conditions of use (for example maximum driving speed) and the corresponding adjustment of the sprayer enabling an even spray distribution on the target without dispersals,3) type and size of nozzles and type and mesh size of filters,4) time frequency for checking nozzles and filters4) time frequency for checking nozzles and filters,5) any restriction of use for certain type of pesticides,6) additional equipment or attachments for the sprayer according to the intended use, and7) inspections to be made on the sprayer, according to the rules of the pertinent EU Directives.
SPRAYER INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES
SPRAYER INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES
DEVELOPING DEVELOPEDDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES GREENHOUSES
21
SPRAYER INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
MAIN GOALS:Environmental protection – Operator and consumer safety
LESS PPP LOSSES
LESS PPP USE
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT
ON THE TARGET
IMPROVEMENT OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC
DEVICES
LESS PPP LOSSES
Internal
Clean water
External cleaning device
Anrtidrip
Control panel:- Speed- Flow rate- Cleaning system
Pressure
ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SPRAYERENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SPRAYER
Internal cleaning device
tankAnrtidrip nozzles
- Pressure
Induction hopper
Minimum PPP
mixture remaining
Proper agitation systemFan air outlet
adjustable and closing independently on each side
22
LESS PPP USEPATCH WEED CONTROLPATCH WEED CONTROL
BY WEED OR BY WEEDBY WEED OR SEEDS MAPPING
BY WEED SENSORS
Direct scouting
Aerial photo
Yeld mapWeeds
PATCH WEED CONTROL (by weed or seeds mapping)
LESS PPP USE
Weeds seeds bank
WEEDS MAP
PATCH SPRAY
23
PATCH WEED CONTROL BY WEED OR SEEDS MAPPING
W d
LESS PPP USE
Weeds seeds bank
Aerial photo
Direct scouting
Yield map
regulation
SPRAYER WITH INJECTION SYSTEM FOR PATCH WEED CONTROL BY WEED MAPPING
LESS PPP USE
boom
mixing system
gsystem
dosing pump control panel
PPP tank
main pumpspeed sensorinjection system
24
PATCH WEED CONTROL BY WEED SENSOR
LESS PPP USE
Optical weed sensor
Control unit
Electric valve
herbicide
Forward direction
LESS PPP USE
THE GreenSeeker® SYSTEMBoom forward direction
Sensor window
LED dual
Spray nozzle
Solenoid valve
LED dual wavelength light source
Target plant
25
THE GreenSeeker® SYSTEMPossible applications
LESS PPP USE
Optimising PPP spray distribution
Weed control under vine rows
Spray application inSpray application in vineyard in the early
growth stages
UP TO 70% PPP SAVINGS
Sprayer able to adjust distribution as a function of
ground slope
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT ON THE TARGET
g p
PPP losses PPP losses during spraying in high transverse slope vineyard
1.0 m19
24%
2.0 m
0.5 m
19%
12%
69% 14
%
62%
36%
26
PendulumControl panelActuators
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT ON THE TARGET
Actuators
Sonar sensorHydraulic cylinder
on the helm
Device able to modifie nozzle position
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT ON THE TARGET
Electronic pendulum
Electronic pendulum able able to find row transverse slopeto find row transverse slope
27
Sonar sensor able to determine the distance
between sprayer and rows.
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT ON THE TARGET
Sonar sensor
Hydraulic cylinderon the helm able tomaintain the sprayer maintain the sprayer in the interin the inter--row row centercenter
Hydraulic cylinder
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT ON THE TARGET
PPP savingsPPP savings1515--20%20%losses
Conventional situationConventional situation Innovative sprayerInnovative sprayer
28
LESS PPP LOSSES
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
MORE PRECISE AND UNIFORM PPP DEPOSIT
ON THE TARGET
CASA SPRAYER
LESS PPP USE
• identification of PROBLEMCHS Crop Health Sensor
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
CHS – Crop Health Sensor
• identification of TARGETCIS – Crop Identification System
• identification of ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES
EDAS – Environmentally Dependent Application System
29
Integrated System
CHS
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
CASACrop Adapted Spray Application
CONTROLLER CISSONIC SENSOR
CHSSPECTRAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM
GPS
CAN bus LINE
SONIC ANEMOMETER
EDAS
EnergyEnergy ReflectionReflectionspectrometry spectrometry
EmissionEmissionfluorometryfluorometry
Spectral analysis for identification of object properties
Crop Health SensorCrop Health Sensor
AbsorptionAbsorption
Identifying plant stress(hiperspectral analysis)
100
80
60
40ecta
nce
(%)
100
80
60
40ecta
nce
(%)
TransmissionTransmission500 1000 1500 2000
20
0
Ref
le
Wavelenght [nm]500 1000 1500 2000
20
0
Ref
le
Wavelenght [nm]
30
Spectral analysis of Elstar leaves
0,6
HEALTHY LEAVES INFECTED LEAVES(ascospores of Venturia inaequalis)
0,60,60,6
Spectral analysis for identification of object properties
Crop Health SensorCrop Health Sensor
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Serie1Serie2Serie3Serie4Serie5Serie6Serie7Serie8Serie9Serie10 0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6Series7Series8Series9Series100
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6Series7Series8Series9Series100
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6Series7Series8Series9Series10
NDVI estimation based on reflectance wavelength groups:675, 679, 680 nm745, 750, 755 nm
Early detection of apple scab (reduced NDVI) – 2 days after infection
Identification of plant size and density Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
31
Identification of plant size and density
Ultrasonic sensors identifying canopy WIDTH and tree DENSITY
Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
SENSOR II
Piezoelectric Element
Power supply:9 ÷ 17 VLEVEL II
LEVEL III
30°
60 cm
SENSOR III
SENSOR I
Distance range :60 ÷ 500 cm
Ultrasound frequency:45 kHz
Ultrasuonic impulse frequency:10 Hz
Precision of distance detected:< 1% of measured value
LEVEL I
m
100 cm
ACQUISITION OF SENSORS DATA IN THE FIELD WAS CARRIED OUT DURING THE WHOLE SEASON Comparison between figures from sensors and
Identification of plant size and density Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
Comparison between figures from sensors and percentage of “gaps” in the vegetation wall assessed by
image analysis
6060 cm
32
60%
RESULTSComparison between figures from sensors and percentage of “gaps” in the
vegetation wall assessed by image analysis
Identification of plant size and density Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
30%
40%
50%
60%
ntag
e of
"ga
ps"
R2 = 0.92
0%
10%
20%
0 500 1000 1500 2000Sensors data (index value of vegetation density)
Perc
en
PRESSURE
PNEUMATICVALVES NOZZLES4.0 m
CIS spray application system
Identification of plant size and density Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
VALVE
1.6 m
2.8 m
LEVEL II
LEVEL III
4 nozzles per air spout individually
controlled by on/off pneumatic valves
P0.4 m
LEVEL I
33
Results – Volume (dose) appliedOrchard A – 2-year ‘Gala’ h = 2,2 mOrchard B – 11-year ‘Red Chief’ h = 4,0 m Orchard C – 13-year ‘Gala’ h = 4,0 m
Identification of plant size and density Crop Identification SystemCrop Identification System
500
600
700
800
900
plic
atio
n ra
te (l
/ha)
Orchard AOrchard BOrchard C
Reference: 850 l/ha
Δ = 45%
Δ = 31%
100
200
300
400
22-apr 12-mag 01-giu 21-giu 11-lug 31-lug 20-ago 09-set 29-set 19-ott
Volu
me
app
Δ = 82%
Δ = 64%
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
Environmentally Dependent Application SystemEnvironmentally Dependent Application System
Concept
Sprayer position is based on DGPS SYSTEMWind velocity and direction are measured with ULTRASONIC ANEMOMETER
WIND
SONICANEMOMETER
NAVSTAR SATELLITE
Application parameters are adjusted depending on sprayer position and wind situation, in order to minimise spray drift and protect sensitive areas from contamination:
- SPRAY QUALITY – by alteringSPRAY QUALITY by altering FINE/COARSE SPRAY nozzles
- AIR FLOW – independently for left and right sides
34
Adjustment of SPRAY QUALITY
Environmentally Dependent Application SystemEnvironmentally Dependent Application System
air-inclusion nozzle 90°
COARSE SPRAY
standard flat fan
Pneumatic valves
standard flat-fan nozzle 90°FINE SPRAY
Environmentally Dependent Application SystemEnvironmentally Dependent Application System
• Air vane
Adjustment of AIR FLOW
directing air flow LEFT/RIGHT
• Diaphragm leaf shutter
restricting air flow on fan inlet
• Electric actuators controlling shutter and vane
35
Environmentally Dependent Application SystemEnvironmentally Dependent Application System
AIR-20% +20%
WIND
Buffer zone Low drift zone
POND/WELL
SPRAYERS INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
MORE DIFFUSE PPP APPLICATION SYSTEMS
Knapasack sprayer
PPP LOSSES > 70% OF APPLIED VOLUME
36
SPRAYERS INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA
SPRAYERS
CCC MARK
SPRAYERS
PRODUCT QUALITY
CERTIFICATION
MARKET ACCESS
CERTIFICATION
MANUFACTURERADVISEMENT
CERTIFICATION
SPRAYERS INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA
MORE ATTENTION GIVEN TOMORE ATTENTION GIVEN TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
AIR INDUCTION NOZZLES
BOOM SPRAYERS
EQUIPPED WITH AIR SLEEVES
ELECTRONIC SENSORS
PRECISION AGRICULTURE
AIR SLEEVES
37
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
About 400000 hectares of protected crops only in the
Mediterranean regions
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
Extension of the growing season
MAIN PROBLEMS
Favourable environment for
Elevated temperatures
High humidity
Different range of crops and of crop size and shape
P tt d d b ddi i
pests and disease
High numberPotted and bedding growing High number of applications
per year
38
Different range of crops and of crop size and shape
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
EXTREMELY REDUCED FREE
SPACE
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
High volume spraying (up to 6000 l/ha)
CLASSIFICATION
High volume spraying (up to 6000 l/ha)high pressure (up to 6 MPa) - fine spray
Low volume spraying (50-100 l/ha)- very fine spray
Fogging (less than 5 l/ha)ogg g ( ess t a 5 / a)- fine aerosol
39
High volume sprayingStationary or mobile sprayer with a long hose
with a spray lance at the end for spot treatments
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
treatments
Stationarysprayer
High volume sprayingPROS
CONSLow investmentHi h l
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
Low pesticide residues on harvested product
High spray losses
Low distribution uniformity Low concentration of active ingredient (low effectiveness against pests)g p )High contamination risk for the userLow labour productivity
40
PESTICIDE APPLICATION IN GREENHOUSES
0.93.3 7.2
Average PPP operator contamination
4.8
2.9
29
40.2 9.2
25.4
16.2Considering 70 applications per year
> 6 litres of PPP per year on the
HorticultureHorticulture
Total = 19.2 ml/hTotal = 19.2 ml/hFlowersFlowers
Total = 89.7 ml/hTotal = 89.7 ml/h
14.3
OlivesOlives
Total =83.5 ml/hTotal =83.5 ml/h
25.5operator body
Flying doctor (IMAG)
Self driving robotrotary nozzlesVMD 60-80 μmworking width 350 cmcontrolled by a PLC
Low volume spraying
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
Flying doctor (IMAG) controlled by a PLCsprayer automatically rinsed in the home position
41
Low volume sprayingSatellite sprayer travelling
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
Air assisted sprayersJKI (ex BBA) prototype
Satellite sprayer travelling on rails
Ganzelmeier, 2001
Automatic single pot pesticide application
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
Robot realized by DEIAFA - CNR - IMA
42
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
USE OF ROBOTICS
SPRAY INNOVATION PERSPECTIVES IN GREENHOUSES
IMPLEMENTATION OF REMOTE CONTROL SPRAYERS
43
CONCLUSIONSThe use of pesticides will remain essential in future (world population = 9 billions in 2050)
More food quantity, quality and profitability
New demands
Equipment operator safety
Protection for the environment
Consumers safety
Key roles of the sprayer and application techniques
Necessity to improve sprayer performances
New regulations
New market opportunity
CONCLUSIONS
Due to the necessity to pay more attention to the environmental aspects and due to the
EU Directive, there will be a new improvement in spray application
technology and an input for the sprayers and components market
New sprayers
Repair of sprayers in use
44
COUNTRYAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCzech Rep.DenmarkFranceGermany
FIELD SPRAYERS380001900045003500
30000200000130000
AIRBLAST SPRAYER206002200300
2500
15000051000
TOTAL58600212004800600030000
350000181000
SPRAYERS IN USE IN EU (source: Spise)
yGreeceUngaryIrelandItaltLatviaLithuaniaNorgePolandPortugalRomania
4500030000120002000002300
15000170003000005600015000
10700010000
100350000
20150100
24000
5600
1520004000012100
55000023201515017100
3240005600020600Romania
SerbiaSlovakiaSlovenjiaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandThe NetherladsUnited KingdomTOTAL
15000190003700
200007000019000250001300044000
1331000
56002000750
8000140000
500
20002000
878820
2060021000445028000
21000019500250001500046000
2209820
SPRAYERS COMPONENTS TO BE REPLACED DUE TO THE INSPECTION (average of inspection activity results in Belgium, Italy and Germany)
Nozzles -15% Pressure regulator - 20%
Pump membranes - 5%
Pump - 5%Filters - 5%
Manometer - 5%
p %
Antidrip - 5%
45
NUMBER OF PIECES REQUIRED AND EU MARKET VALUE IN THE FOLLOWING 7 YEARS
6.000.000
1.000.000
50.000
Average EU market ~1.000.000.000 €
NUMBER OF SPRAYERS TO BE REPLACED DUE TO THEIR INABILITY TO PASS THE INSPECTION
IN EU ~ 35.000 sprayers (1.5% of the inspected)inspected)
250 million of Euro
+ 33% of the present market value
(750 million of Euro)
46
CONCLUSION
Due to the EU Framework Directive, the EU field crop and orchardthe EU field crop and orchard
sprayers market will be improved about
1 3 billion Euro1,3 billion Euro
within the next 7 years
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