the new world order & the cold war
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The New World Order & the Cold War
EQ: How did circumstances in Europe lead to a competition for power and the Cold War?
Beginnings of the United Nations
Built from what started as the Atlantic charter.
Idea first proposed by Roosevelt at Tehran Conference in 1943.
August – October 1944 Representatives from
France, China, Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union meet to outline purpose of the United Nations
Purpose of the United Nations
Maintain international peace and security
Maintain economic and social cooperation
Intended to either prevent wars, or make wars obsolete.
The Founding of the U.N.
First meeting occurs on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to discuss organization. 50 nations send
representatives U.N. Charter signed
on June 26. Charter officially
ratified on October 24th.
Organization of the U.N.
Permanent Security Council of five countries U.S., U.K., France,
China, Soviet Union Headquartered in New
York City at U.N. building.
Non-governmental organizations created in charge of everything from human rights to peacekeeping
Major Conferences
The Big Three:Leaders of United States,Britain & U.S.S.R.FDR/Truman, Churchill, &Stalin
War Strategies &Post-War Plans:Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945):
Agreed on the occupation of Germany
Axis Powers violated the 3rd Geneva Convention (1929), which was:An agreement governing the treatment of soldiers & POWsAxis Powers mistreated POWs in China, SE Asia
Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946):Trials against the Nazis for war crimesMany executed or given long prison terms
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann
Trial:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5ojhOzqNNUVerdict:http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=gvennk9Oyw4
Effects of WWII
GermanyDivided, communist in
the east, democratic inthe west
JapanOccupied by US,
governed by MacArthur
Eastern EuropeCommunist, under Stalin’s control
Post-War Superpowers:The US & the Soviet UnionBoth played decisive roles in defeated the Axis powers
Of the two, whom was strongest, and why?Arguably the US; booming economy after war, no major battle fought on US soil (except Pearl Harbor)
Division of Germany
After WWII Germany divided into democratic West Germany and Communist East Germany.
Berlin located in East Germany. Divided into Allied zone,
and Soviet zone. Berlin becomes last place
for emigration to the West.
The Marshall Plan Created by Secretary of
State, George C. Marshall in 1947
Purpose of the plan Rebuild Europe Strengthen U.S. allies Prevent the spread of
Communism
War Damage in Europe
Many of Europe’s largest cities completely destroyed by bombs.
Millions of people classified as “displaced persons.” People without homes, or
driven from their homes.
The Plan Communism only successful in countries with
economic problems. Plan provides $13 billion to European countries.
Soviet Union, and countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate. Soviets believe Marshall Plan is an attempt to buy
support from Europe. 1947 – Split between Soviets and U.S.
U.S. adopts policy of containment Keep communism in current borders, don’t allow it to
spread.
A map showing how the plan’s $20B was
distributed by country
MacArthur’s Plan for Japan
MacArthur placed in charge of Japanese occupation in 1945.
First priority is to establish food distribution network.
Seeks approval of Emperor Hirohito in order to win approval of Japanese people
The Occupation Japan Disarmed
Only allowed a “self-defense force.” Liberal land policies introduced
Land taken from wealthy land owners, sold to peasants.
Democratization Democratic government introduced. Emperor removed from politics.
Purging of war criminals Many Japanese generals and officials arrested
and put on trial for war crimes.
Origins of the Cold War
Yalta conference gave FDR confidence he could work with Stalin for a new peace
“I would minimize the general Soviet problem as much as possible because these problems, in one form or another, seem to arise every day and most of them straighten out.” –FDR’s last cable to Churchill
FDR dies, Truman becomes president
The Postwar Balance of Power
GNP, 1950(billions)
Defense Spending,
1948(billions)
United States $381 $10.9
Soviet Union $126 $13.1
Britain $71 $3.4
Germany $48 $0
Source: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
Origins of the Cold War
Truman is unversed in foreign policy Truman allows anti-Soviet hard-liners to
dictate policy; moderates and old FDR advisors are cut out
Truman also delivers hard diplomacy (and uncompromising demands ) to Stalin; Stalin, being paranoid and defensive, starts to change tone with US
The Iron Curtain
Winston Churchill gave the Iron Curtain speech in 1946
Map of the Iron Curtain
USSR Expansion1945-1947
Problems arise First in Eastern Europe: The Yalta Conference
Soviets Want Sphere of Influence in Eastern Europe.
U.S. Wants Independent Democratic Governments in the Region
Soviets Have Military Advantage; Install Pro-Soviet Governments Throughout Region Between 1946-49
Origins of the Cold War
Churchill speech repositions Britain /US and USSR into adversarial roles
After speech, relations deteriorate Soviet troops during WWII occupied Iran. The
US, seeing Iran as having a lot of oil, starts to make threats that the USSR must leave the area or “We’re going to drop it on you” (US ambassador to USSR rep)-1946
Soviets withdraw, now policymakers believe aggressive force can work on Soviets.
The Truman Doctrine 1947
President Truman outlined the Truman Doctrine to a joint session
of Congress in March of 1947
From Allies to Enemies
“If we see that Germany is winning the war we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany and in that way let
them kill as many as possible.”
Harry S. Truman, 1941
The Cold War begins
Truman doctrine gave aid to Turkey and Greece in the hopes that this funding would keep their governments from falling into communism (policy criticized by most moderates at the time (Wallace, Marshall, etc.)
Truman accepts a policy of containment: Communism must not spread else it might start the domino effect
Containment theory originated with George Kennan (Soviet expert who quickly regretted his words and how they justified military expansion)
Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation from the Capitalist West.
Domino effect: One country falls to communism, more are to follow
COLD WAR BEGINS!
The Cold War The Cold War: The struggle between the US
and the Soviet Union for influence, military might, and political/economic control over the world. (1947-1991)
Cold War was largely fought between proxies; never directly militarily
Cold War will define the 2nd half of the 20th century
The Conflict Intensifies
1947-1949The United States
Truman Doctrine and Containment, March 12, 1947. Aid To Greece and Turkey Broader Strategic Agenda
The Marshall Plan, June 5, 1947. Foreign Aid to European Countries to
Assist Reconstruction and Prevent Communist Victories.
Marks the Beginning of the Partition of Europe.
The Soviet Union Responds The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, June 24,
1948 - May 12, 1949. Soviets Explode Atomic Bomb in 1949.
The United States Responds NSC-68 and The Militarization of the US-
Soviet Conflict.
Ordered by Truman in Early 1950 in Response to Soviet A-Bomb.
Evaluate Nature of Soviet Threat and US Policy Toward the Soviet Union.
NSC-68 Concludes That: USSR is Inherently Expansionist
Expansion Fuelled by Messianic Faith that was Antithetical to American Way of Life.
Containment would Require Global Offensive Against Soviet Bloc.
Advocated Substantial U.S. Rearmament
NSC-68The Containment Doctrine would
later be expanded in 1949 in NSC-68, which called for a dramatic increase in defense spending
From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be paid for with a large tax increase.
NSC-68 served as the framework for American policy over the next 20 years.
Impact of NSC-68
Immediate increase in defense spending
Demonstrated American commitment to win the Cold War
FY 1950: Defense budget $14.1 billion33% of national budget, 5% 0f GNP
FY 1951: Defense budget $33.6 billion 73% of national budget, 10% 0f GNP
Source
Berlin Blockade and AirliftJune 1948 - May 1949
What Caused the Blockade?
Europe was not recovering from the war as quickly as hoped
The United States came up with the idea of combining the three western zones into “Trizonia” to help Germany recover
The Soviet Union, opposed Germany unity and imposed a short, possible test, blockade in April 1948, preventing supplies from reaching Berlin
Factors Causing the Blockade
1. Marshall Plan2. Union of Western German (Bizonia) states
creating its own currency• Eastern European countries would buy Western
Germany currency which devalues the Eastern European currency
3. Differing aims for Germany• Russia wants it to crumble• US/ BR want to rebuild its economy
Therefore, Russia blocks off surface routes from Western Germany to West Berlin
Berlin Blockade1948- 49
Federal Republic of Germany
General Lucius Clay
Called for armed convoys to push through the blockade
Plan was never implemented
American ground forces in Europe were not strong enough to defeat the USSR
Berlin Airlift US decides not to start a war and decides to send
supplies to West Berlin by air (British proposal) Shows the resolve of the US to keep West Berlin
C-47: Used to carry supplies (3.5 tons each)
“Little Lift” Using the C-47s
in April 1948 (102 C-47s available)
Gatow and Tempelhof used as landing strips
Back in November 30, 1945, it was agreed in writing, that there would be three 20-mile wide air corridors providing access to the city
"Operation Vittles” "Operation Plane Fare" 3,475 tons of supplies were
needed daily to keep the over 2 million people alive 3475 ÷ 3.5 (capacity of C-47) =
approximately 1000 flights/day needed!!!
Coal was the largest necessity (industries)
Later in June, C-54’s were used (10 tons) – faster too
Spacing of 3 minutes, both types of planes were used
Airlift Facts The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months) In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat 4 hours of electricity/day 275,000 flights carried over 1½ million tons of supplies (2.3 million with Britain) On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies in one day Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets
Significance May 1949 Soviets end the blockade
They did not want war either Airlift continues for a few more months to stock
Berlin in case of another blockade 2.5 million West Berliners saved without violence US would see the importance of air transport
and increases production of transport planes Template for Cold War conflicts – push to the
point of war but drawing back just before (“Brinkmanship”)
Leads to the creation of NATO
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Formed
in response to Berlin Crisis and to forge a new Western alliance
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization Truman Doctrine = political warning Marshal Plan = economic resistance NATO = military alliance
US, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Italy, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
Significance Organized defence of the West European-American cooperation – total end
of isolationism First American peace time military alliance Soviets will respond with the Warsaw Pact
in 1955
NATO Treaty, 1949. Warsaw Pact, 1955.
President Truman Expands fed govt size and powerExecutive Order 9835
Barred members of the Communist Party from federal employment. Fascists too States started to do this too Loyalty oaths
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Republican facing defeat in election of 1950
Turns to a platform of anti-Communism
The List “I have here a list of 205 names that were
made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.”
Definition of McCarthyism
The fear, suspicion, and scapegoating that surrounded McCarthy, his accusations and the general curtailment of civil rights during the Cold War era. It was a witch-hunt style campaign to silence critics of the Cold War.
House UnAmerican
Activities Committee
(HUAC) Subcommittee of the House of Representatives
Purpose: To root out “subversion” of the American system
The Question: “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?”
The McCarran Act Formal name: The Internal Security Act Requires communist organizations to register
with the Subversive Activities Control Board Authorizes the arrest of suspect persons
during national emergency Six concentration camps built for this purpose
The Immigration and Nationality Act
Another McCarran-authored law Barred people who were deemed
either “subversive” or “homosexual” from becoming citizens or even visiting the U.S.
Power to deport immigrants who were members of the Communist Party, even if they were citizens
In effect until 1973
Examples of McCarthyism
In NYC, citizens must take loyalty oath to receive a fishing license
FDR’s New Deal is re-evaluated as “a socialist conspiracy” and “20 years of treason”
Jonas Salk invents vaccine for Polio; a congressman suggests that it be distributed to all school-age children for free. Eisenhower’s Secretary of Health rejects the idea as an attempt to “socialize medicine through the backdoor.”
The Nuclear Arms Race
The beginning July 16, 1945 – Trinity
Test marks the beginning of the nuclear age. First atomic bomb
exploded by U.S. in New Mexico
Aug. 6. and 9 – Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by U.S.
The Soviet Reaction
Truman tells Stalin about the bomb at Potsdam, July 24th, 1945.
Stalin seems unconcerned.
Truman thinks Stalin doesn’t understand.
Espionage Soviet government
already knows about U.S. atomic bomb.
Manhattan project infiltrated by Soviet spies who send information back to Russia.
First Russian bomb will be an almost exact copy of American bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
The Arms Race/Cold War Begins
Soviets detonate first atomic bomb on august 29th, 1949. U.S. had thought
Soviets were years away from bomb.
U.S. and Soviet Union begin competing to create more powerful weapons, and build larger arsenals of weapons.
The Hydrogen Bomb
U.S. begins working on hydrogen bomb during Manhattan Project.
Hydrogen bombs use a fission bomb to start a fusion reaction.
Much more powerful than a standard atomic fission bomb. Measured in megatons
instead of kilotons.
Hydrogen Bomb continued
First hydrogen bomb detonated by U.S. in 1952. 10.4 megatons Over 450 times
more powerful than bombs dropped on Japan.
U.S. research shifts to making warheads smaller and more reliable.
Soviet H-Bomb Soviets begin working
on fusion bomb in 1949. First successful
detonation in 1955. In October 1961 Soviets
detonate “Tsar Bomba” Designed as a
demonstration of Soviet capabilities.
50 megatons Largest nuclear weapon
ever detonated.
Nuclear Proliferation
As nuclear arms race continues other nations develop nuclear weapons.
Britain – 1952 France – 1960 China – 1964 India -1974 Pakistan – 1998 North Korea - 2006
M.A.D. Military strategists
develop the mutually assured destruction strategy. Build as many
nuclear weapons as possible.
If attacked, counter attack, thus assuring destruction of both sides.
Height of the Arms Race
Both United States and Soviet Union create thousands of nuclear weapons in 1960s.
Stockpiles grow larger and more powerful.
Fleets of bombers, submarines, and missiles increase dramatically.
Defending against Nuclear Weapons
Both United States and Russia build early warning radar sites throughout countries.
Spy satellites launched to watch over nuclear launch sites
Air forces and navies increase in size to combat bombers and submarines
Programs begun to attempt shooting down nuclear missiles in space.
The Consequences
By 1970 billions of dollars spent in both Russia and U.S. on development of nuclear weapons and defenses.
Becoming a strain on both governments’ finances.
Environmental damage caused by nuclear testing.
The S.A.L.T. Treaty
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Negotiations begun in Helsinki in 1969.
Treaty signed in May 1972.
What did S.A.L.T. do?
Freezes the number of missile launchers at current levels.
Doesn’t allow new submarines to be built until missile launchers deactivated.
Allows only one site in the country to be protected by an anti-ballistic missile system.
The end of the arms race
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty – 1970 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty – 1991
After breakup of Soviet Union in 1991 both countries drastically reduce spending on Nuclear Weapons, arms race ends.
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