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The Principles of
Design
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The rules that govern how artists organize the elements of art.
The principles are BALANCE, RHYTHM, REPETITION, PATTERN, MOVEMENT, PROPORTION, EMPHASIS, VARIETY, CONTRAST, and UNITY.
BALANCE Principle of design concerned with
equalizing the visual forces or elements in the work of art
The types of BALANCE areSymmetry or Formal BalanceAsymmetry or Informal BalanceRadial Balance
Symmetry Also called Formal BALANCE
Occurs when equal or very similar, elements are placed on opposite sides of a central axis
Examples of Symmetry or Formal BALANCE
Asymmetry Also called Informal
BALANCEOccurs when there is a
balance of unlike objects, such as a building on one side and a crowd or people on the other
Baby at Playby Thomas Eakins
The Great Wave Off Kanagawa by Katsushika Hokusai
Examples ofInformal BALANCEor Asymmetry
Radial BALANCE
Type of BALANCE in which forces or elements of a design come out or radiate from a central point
Examples ofRadial BALANCE
RHYTHMPrinciple of Design that indicates
movement by the repetition of elements
There are four types of RHYTHM Random
Regular
Alternating
Progressive
or
Progressive RHYTHM
TransformationsBy M. C. Escher
REPETITION Technique for creating RHYTHM and
UNITY in which a single element appears again and again
REPETITION is very similar to RHYTHM and they are usually used together. Sometimes there is RHYTHM without REPETITION (example, Progressive RHYTHM)
PATTERNA two-dimensional, visual
REPETITION
Examples of PATTERN are fabric, wallpaper, bed spreads.
PATTERN
Work by Henri Matisse that uses a lot of PATTERN
MOVEMENTPrinciple of design that
deals with creating the illusion of action or physical change in position
MOVEMENT
Dynamism of aDog on a LeashBy Giacomo Balla1912Oil on Canvas
The many REPETITIONs of the legs, feet, tail,and chain in this work give it the appearanceof actual MOVEMENT.
Nude Descending a Staircaseby Marcel Duchamp
Captures the feelingof MOVEMENT that occurswhen someone is walking down thestairs.
Most art does not really move, but these are some examples of mobiles byAlexander Calder thatdo move.
Mobile from National Gallery of Art
Lobster Trap and Fish Tail
PROPORTION The principle of design concerned with
the size relationship of one part to another
If you have ever tried to draw a human figure and realized that the head was too big or small compared to the rest of the body, you were already using the principle of PROPORTION.
Facial PROPORTIONs
Body PROPORTION
The basic rule of
thumb is that
the body is 71/2 or
8 times the size of
the head.
Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519), Study of proportions, from Vitruvius's De Architectura, pen and ink
Leonardo, inspired by the mathematician Vitruvius (Roman, 1st century BCE), drew this famous picture of Vitruvian Man -- a sort of ideal figure -- whose arm span is equal to his height -- a ratio of one, or 1:1.
An artist can changethe actual PROPORTIONat any time. In this work by Michelangelo,he made Mary much larger than the body of Jesus. If Mary could stand up, she would be about nine feet tall! He did this so that she wouldn’t look crushed bythe weight of the body.
The Pieta by Michelangelo
Examples of contemporary artwork with distorted
PROPORTION
EMPHASIS A portion of a work that is dominant
over the other parts The Focal Point is the first part of the
work to attract the viewer’s attention.
EMPHASIS by
LocationIn the Dining Roomby Berthe Morisot
The young woman appears to be in the center of this painting. A lot of times, we naturally look in the center of the picture first like we would with a photo or camera.
EMPHASIS byContrast
Rembrandt. Self-Portrait. c. 1629. Oil on canvas.
Rembrandt uses value contrast to create a focal point in this work. Only the head and the area immediately aroundit are painted in lightvalues. The background sinks into darkness.
EMPHASIS by Convergence
Baptism in KansasBy John Steuart Curry
In this painting allthe people arestaring at the preacher and the girl. The viewer becomes one of the crowd andstares too.
EMPHASIS with theUnusual
Time Transfixed, 1939 Artist: Rene Magritte (1898-1967) Surrealist
By placing veryunusual objects orimpossible activities in awork, an artist can also create a focal point.
CONTRAST or VARIETY
Principle of Design concerned with difference or CONTRAST.
An artwork which makes use of many different hues, values, lines, textures, and shapes would reflect the artist's use of variety.
CONTRAST or VARIETY
Variety – how an artist adds interest to the artwork. May be created through use of transition and
gradation. Transition moves the eye from one part of the work to the next. Gradations create illusions of space or distance.
This Art workcontainsdifferentcolors,shapes, andvegetables tomake thepicture moreinteresting.
Unity:
the arrangement of the elements to create a coherent whole
The elements work together to produce a sense of order.
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