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TheWiley Blackwell Encyclopedia ofConsumption and Consumer Studies
Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedias in Social ScienceConsulting Editor: George Ritzer
Published
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of GlobalizationEdited by George Ritzer
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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and SocietyEdited by William C. Cockerham, Robert Dingwall, and Stella Quah
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and NationalismEdited by John Stone, Rutledge M. Dennis, Polly S. Rizova, Anthony D. Smith, and Xiaoshuo Hou
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer StudiesEdited by Daniel Thomas Cook and J. Michael Ryan
Forthcoming
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social TheoryEdited by Bryan S. Turner, Chang Kyung-Sup, Cynthia Epstein, Peter Kivisto, William Outhwaite, andJ. Michael Ryan
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality StudiesEdited by Nancy A. Naples, Renée C. Hoogland, Maithree Wickramasinghe, and Angela WongWai Ching
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family StudiesEdited by Connie L. Shehan
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional StudiesEdited by Anthony M. Orum
Related titles
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of SociologyEdited by George Ritzer
The Concise Encyclopedia of SociologyEdited by George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan
TheWiley BlackwellEncyclopedia ofConsumption andConsumer Studies
Edited by
Daniel Thomas Cookand J. Michael Ryan
This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available for this book.
ISBN 9780470672846
Cover image: Clockwise from top left: Market stall, Cuba © Desmond Boylan/Reuters/Corbis; Women at weeklymarket, Romania (c) Martin Roemers/Panos; Santa Claus dolls for sale in Manila, Philippines © RomeoRanoco/Reuters/Corbis; Shoppers in hypermarket, Poland © Piotr Malecki/Panos
Set in 10/12.5pt Minion by Laserwords, Chennai, India
1 2015
Contents
Editors viContributors viiLexicon xvTimeline xxiIntroduction xxvAcknowledgments xxvii
Consumption and Consumer Studies A–Z 1
Index 579
Editors
Daniel Thomas Cook is Professor of Childhood Studies at Rutgers University–Camden, USA. He has published widely on consumer culture, childhood, and theirintersections in culture and history. He is author of The Commodification of Childhood:The Children’s Clothing Industry and the Rise of the Child Consumer (2004), and editorof several books, including The Lived Experiences of Public Consumption (2008). He isco-editor of the journal Childhood.
J. Michael Ryan is Assistant Professor of Sociology at The American University inCairo, Egypt. He has previously taught at Facultad Latinoamericana de CienciasSociales (FLACSO) in Quito, Ecuador, and the University of Maryland, USA. He is co-editor (with George Ritzer) of The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology (Wiley-Blackwell,2011) and the forthcoming Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory (with BryanS. Turner et al.). Before returning to academia, he worked as a research methodologistat the National Center for Health Statistics (which is part of the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention) in Washington, DC. His research interests include consumerculture, gender, sexualities, and globalization.
Contributors
Sharad Agarwal, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India
Melike Aktas Yamanoglu, Ankara University, Turkey
Veronika A. Andorfer, University of Kassel, Germany
David L. Andrews, University of Maryland, USA
Katsuki Aoki, Meiji University, Japan
Janelle Applequist, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Patricia Arend, Fitchburg State University, USA
Denis G. Arnold, University of North Carolina, USA
Søren Askegaard, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Lucy Atkinson, University of Texas at Austin, USA
Minna Autio, University of Helsinki, Finland
Rob Beamish, Queen’s University, Canada
Russell Belk, York University, Canada
Michael M. Bell, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Yaara Benger, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany
Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska, University of Gdansk, Poland
David B. Bills, University of Iowa, USA
Rebecca Bishop, Independent scholar
David D. Blouin, Indiana University South Bend, USA
Whitney Erin Boesel, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Michele Bonazzi, University of Bologna, Italy
Michael Ian Borer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Jacqueline Botterill, Brock University, Canada
Gaspar Brändle, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Clair Brown, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Nicole Brown, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA
Annechen Bahr Bugge, National Institute for Consumer Research, Norway
Thomas C. Burr, Illinois State University, USA
John Edward Campbell, Temple University, USA
Jessica Carbino, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Vince Carducci, College for Creative Studies, USA
Vander Casaqui, Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, Brazil
Emma Casey, Kingston University, UK
Christopher Chávez, University of Oregon, USA
Katherine K. Chen, City College of New York; Graduate Center, City University ofNew York, USA
Chih-Chin Chen, University of Maryland, USA
Hélène Cherrier, Griffith University, Australia
Elizabeth Chin, Art Center College of Design, USA
Sung-Chang Chun, Mercy College of Ohio, USA
Hannah Clarke, University of Arizona, USA
Bryan C. Clift, University of Maryland, USA
I. Glenn Cohen, Harvard Law School, USA
Daniel Thomas Cook, Rutgers University–Camden, USA
Matteo Corciolani, University of Pisa, Italy
Patricia Cormack, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada
Natalie Coulter, York University, Canada
Patrick Cox, Rutgers University, USA
Linden Dalecki, Kelce College of Business at Pittsburg State University, USA
Adel Daoud, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Andrea Dassopoulos, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Piergiorgio Degli Esposti, University of Bologna, Italy
Tim Delaney, State University of New York at Oswego, USA
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Dominique Desjeux, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
Sara Di Chiazza, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Randal Doane, Oberlin College, USA
Paddy Dolan, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
Paul Eisewicht, TU Dortmund University, Germany
Karin M. Ekström, University of Borås, Sweden
Susan Falls, Savannah College of Art and Design, USA
Mark Featherstone, Keele University, UK
Krisztina Fehérváry, University of Michigan, USA
Mary Beth Finch, Northwestern University, USA
Penelope Francks, University of Leeds, UK
Peter N. Funke, University of South Florida, USA
Dustin Garlitz, University of South Florida, USA
John Germov, University of Newcastle, Australia
Kevin Fox Gotham, Tulane University, USA
Maaike Gottfried, DePaul University, USA
Ove Granstrand, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Kent Grayson, Northwestern University, USA
David Grazian, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Kjerstin Gruys, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Alya Guseva, Boston University, USA
Clara Gustafsson, Lund University, Sweden
Sejung Ham, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Markus Hadler, Macquarie University, Australia
Michael A. Haedicke, Drake University, USA
Hans Peter Hahn, Goethe-Universität, Germany
Benjamin Halligan, University of Salford, UK
Eugene Halton, University of Notre Dame, USA
Christoph Henning, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
x CONTRIBUTORS
Aaron Hess, Arizona State University, USA
Clare Hinrichs, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Rutgers University, USA
Morris B. Holbrook, Columbia University, USA
Marcus Holgersson, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Kim Humphery, RMIT University, Australia
Eva Illouz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Devon Johnson, Montclair State University, USA
Josée Johnston, University of Toronto, Canada
Ellis Jones, Holy Cross College, USA
Annamma Joy, University of British Columbia, Canada
Nathan Jurgenson, University of Maryland, USA
Andreas M. Kaplan, ESCP Europe, France
Douglas Kellner, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Martha W. King, Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA
Andrzej Klimczuk, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
Karin Knorr Cetina, University of Chicago, USA
Krzysztof Kubacki, Griffith University, Australia
Kathleen Kuehn, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Kalevi Kull, University of Tartu, Estonia
Chenjerai Kumanyika, Clemson University, USA
Klaus R. Kunzmann, Emeritus, TU Dortmund University, Germany
Craig D. Lair, Gettysburg College, USA
John T. Lang, Occidental College, USA
Beryl Langer, La Trobe University, Australia
Lauren Langman, Loyola University Chicago, USA
Jörgen Larsson, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Stacey J. Lee, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Ming Lim, University of Leicester, UK
CONTRIBUTORS xi
Yu-Wei Lin, University for the Creative Arts, UK
Jan Logemann, University of Göttingen, Germany
Janet A. Lorenzen, Williamette University, USA
Paolo Magaudda, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
Amias S. Maldonado, University of Texas at Austin, USA
Lidia K. C. Manzo, University of Trento, Italy
Stephen T. Margulis, Grand Valley State University, USA
Martha A. Martinez, DePaul University, USA
Gary T. Marx, Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Nita Mathur, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India
Cynthia Maurer, Rutgers University, USA
Christopher Mayes, University of Sydney, Australia
Matthew P. McAllister, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Matthew McDonald, Assumption University, Thailand
Octavio Medina, The World Bank, USA
Steven Miles, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Candace N. Miller, University of Virginia, USA
Toby Miller, Cardiff University, UK; Murdoch University, Australia
Murray Milner Jr., University of Virginia, USA
Ross Mouer, Meiji University, Japan
Isaac I. Muñoz, University of Dallas, USA
Rolland Munro, University of Leicester, UK
Dhiraj Murthy, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
Agnes Nairn, EM-Lyon Business School, France
Stephanie O’Donohoe, University of Edinburgh Business School, UK
Cele C. Otnes, University of Illinois, USA
Yok-Fong Paat, University of Texas at El Paso, USA
Madeleine Pape, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Aaron Passell, Furman University, USA
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Georgios Patsiaouras, University of Leicester, UK
Lisa Peñaloza, Kedge Business School, France
Mark Allen Peterson, Miami University, USA
Simone Polillo, University of Virginia, USA
Ethan Prall, Harvard Law School
Harland Prechel, Texas A&M University, USA
Allison J. Pugh, University of Virginia, USA
P. S. Raju, University of Louisville, USA
Silver Rattasepp, University of Tartu, Estonia
David Redmon, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK
Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Lucia A. Reisch, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Raquel Barbosa Ribeiro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Petra Riefler, University of Vienna, Austria
Viviane Riegel, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
George Ritzer, University of Maryland, USA
Alexandra Rodney, University of Toronto, Canada
Chris Rojek, City University, London, UK
Jörg Rössel, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Mark Rubinfeld, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, USA
Joe Rumbo, Texas State University, USA
Julie A. Ruth, Rutgers University–Camden, USA
J. Michael Ryan, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
Michael T. Ryan, Dodge City Community College, USA
Robert W. Rydell, Montana State University, USA
Ethan D. Schoolman, University of Michigan, USA
Juliet B. Schor, Boston College, USA
Jonathan E. Schroeder, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Justin L. Schupp, Kenyon College, USA
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Rachel Schwartz, St. Joseph’s College, USA
Richard Sharpley, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Michael Siciliano, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Régine Sirota, Université Paris Descartes, France
Leslie Sklair, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Don Slater, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Alexandra Nutter Smith, University of Washington–Tacoma, USA
Jennifer Smith Maguire, University of Leicester, UK
Isabel Soares, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Anna Sparrman, Linköping University, Sweden
Andre Spicer, City University London, UK
Keith Spiller, Open University, UK
Michael K. Stein, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
Joel Stillerman, Grand Valley State University, USA
Inger L. Stole, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Per Strömberg, Telemark University College, Norway
Anthony Sullivan, University of the Arts, London, UK
Cass R. Sunstein, Harvard University, USA
Yvette Taylor, London South Bank University, UK
JacobThomas, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
DeborahThorne, Ohio University, USA
Joseph J. Tohill, York University, Canada
Keila Tyner, Texas State University, USA
Koen Van Bommel, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands
Joeri Van den Bergh, InSites Consulting, Netherlands
Jacquelien van Stekelenburg, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
Alladi Venkatesh, University of California, Irvine, USA
Luca M. Visconti, ESCP Europe, France
Faye Linda Wachs, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA
xiv CONTRIBUTORS
Randi Wærdahl, Agder Research, Norway
Chris Warhurst, University of Warwick, UK
Stephen L. Wearing, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Christine A. Wernet, University of South Carolina, USA
Frederick F. Wherry, Yale University, USA
Jennifer M. Whitmer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Wendy A. Wiedenhoft-Murphy, John Carroll University, USA
Lauren T. Williams, Griffith University, Australia
Todd Wolfson, Rutgers University, USA
Newman ChunWai Wong, Midwestern State University, USA
M .J. Xavier, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India
Jane Zavisca, University of Arizona, USA
Dennis Zuev, CIES-ISCTE, Portugal
Sharon Zukin, City University of New York, USA
Lexicon
Technology and New MediaApple 19Beauty Industry 38Credit Cards 206Digital-Mobile Consumption and
Marketing 244eBay 251Edutainment 260Facebook 277Generation Y 321Hollywood 353Infomercial 363Infotainment 364Intellectual Property 366Internet, The, and Consumption 368Las Vegas 377Marketing/Marketing Science 389
Mass Culture 407Mass Marketing 410Mass Media 411Methods of Consumer Research 422Music and Consumer Experience 435Obsolescence: Planned, Progressive, Stylistic
451Open Source and Consumption 455Outsourcing 457Peer-to-peer File Sharing 461Popular Culture 467Prosumption 476Simulations 516Social Media 519Visual Consumption 556YouTube 576
GlobalizationAmericanization 12Capitalism 67Coca-Colonization 89Commodification 90Commodity Chains 95Consumer Cosmopolitanism 110Consumer Society 145Culture-Ideology of Consumerism
220Culture Industries 222Disneyization 246Ecotourism 255Fair Trade 280Finance/Financial Markets 293Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones
310
Global Justice Movement 328Global Markets 331Globalization and Consumption 333Glocalization/Grobalization 338Green Consumption 346Homogenization and Heterogenization
356Locavorism 387Mass Culture 407Mass Marketing 410Mass Media 411Material Culture Studies 414McDonaldization 416Medical Tourism 418ModernizationTheory 428Nike 445
xvi LEXICON
Occupy Movement 453Outsourcing 457Slow Food Movement 517Starbuckization 524
Sweatshops 534Tourism 549World’s Fairs and International Expositions
571
IdentitiesAfrican Americans and Consumption 10Asian Americans and Consumption 23Beauty Industry 38Behavioral Economics and Consumption
41Body and Consumer Culture 49Brand Loyalty 57Brand Mascots 58Brands and Branding 59Burning Man 65Celebrity 71Children’s Consumer Culture 75Citizenship and Consumption 81Class 86Commodities 93Commodity Racism 99Conspicuous Consumption 101Consumer Activism 103Consumer Behavior 105Consumer Socialization 144Consumer Society 145Consumers, Flawed 154Consumption and Identity 162Consumption, Postmodern 183Consumption Rituals 187Consumption and Sport 191Cosmetic Surgery 202Cultural Capital 209Dandyism 229Diderot Effect 243Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247
Downshifting 248Education and Consumption 257Emotions, Consumption and 263Fashion 286Femininities 290Flâneur/Flânerie 295Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing
313Gender and Consumer Culture 316Generation Y 321Girl Culture 326Latinos and Consumption 379Lifestyle 383Locavorism 387Masculinity 403Metrosexual 427Mothers/Motherhood 433Narcissism 439Niche Marketing 443Nostalgia 447Pets 462Politics and Consumer Culture 463Popular Culture 467Privacy 473Prosumption 476Quality of Life, Measurements of 481Sexualities and Consumption 501Teens 543Tweens 551Youth Culture(s) 573
InequalitiesBankruptcy 28Capitalism 67Citizenship and Consumption 81Class 86Coca-Colonization 89Commodity Chains 95
Commodity Racism 99Conspicuous Consumption 101Consumer Activism 103Consumer Protection Agency 137Consumer Society 145Consumers in Emerging Economies 150
LEXICON xvii
Cooperatives 200Cultural Capital 209Debt 235Diderot Effect 243Economy, Informal 252Elias, Norbert 261Ethical Consumption 268Fair Trade 280Farmers’ Markets 284Finance/Financial Markets 293Flea Markets 296Food Deserts 300Frankfurt School 305Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones
310Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing
313Gender and Consumer Culture 316Gifts 324Global Justice Movement 328Green Consumerism 342Green Consumption 346Housing/Housing Markets 357
Leisure and Consumption 381Marketplace Trust 393Markets, Moral Aspects of 395Marx, Karl 397Medical Tourism 418ModernizationTheory 428Needs, True and False 440Needs and Wants 442Obesity 449Occupy Movement 453Open Source and Consumption 455Outsourcing 457Politics and Consumer Culture 463Quality of Life, Measurements of 481Scarcity and Artificial Scarcity 489Slow Food Movement 517Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM)
523Sustainable Consumption 530Sweatshops 534Taxes 541Veblen, Thorstein 555Wal-Mart 559
Key FiguresAdorno, Theodor 1Barthes, Roland 32Baudrillard, Jean 33Benjamin, Walter 42Birmingham School 47Bourdieu, Pierre 51Consumer Activism 103Consumer Movements, Contemporary
128Consumer Protection Agency 137
Consumer Resistance Movements 139Cooperatives 200de Certeau, Michel 230Debord, Guy 233Elias, Norbert 261Frankfurt School 305Marx, Karl 397Veblen, Thorstein 555Warhol, Andy 561Williams, Raymond 569
MovementsAnti-Consumption Tactics 15Boycotts 55Burning Man 65Consumer Movements, Contemporary
128Consumer Resistance Movements 139Cooperatives 200Culture Jamming 226
Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247Downshifting 248Ecotourism 255Ethical Consumption 268Fair Trade 280Farmers’ Markets 284Gentrification 322Global Justice Movement 328
xviii LEXICON
Marx, Karl 397Occupy Movement 453Open Source and Consumption 455Politics and Consumer Culture 463Recycling 485
Slow Food Movement 517Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM)
523Sustainable Consumption 530
PracticesAdvertising 2Anti-Consumption Tactics 15Arcades 21B2B Marketing 27Body and Consumer Culture 49Boycotts 55Character Licensing 74Christmas 77Consumer Activism 103Consumer Behavior 105Consumer Resistance Movements 139Consumer Socialization 144Consumption and Identity 162Consumption Rituals 187Cosmetic Surgery 202Counterfeiting/Piracy 204Cultural Omnivores 214Culture Jamming 226Dandyism 229Death and Consumption 231Decluttering 238Department Stores 240Diderot Effect 243Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247Downshifting 248Economy, Informal 252Ethical Consumption 268Experiential Consumption 273Fair Trade 280Farmers’ Markets 284Fashion 286Flâneur/Flânerie 295
Flea Markets 296Food 297Fordism/Post-Fordism 301Franchising 304Gentrification 322Gifts 324Hyperconsumption 360Leisure and Consumption 381Lifestyle 383Locavorism 387Marketing/Marketing Science 389Medical Tourism 418Merchandising 421Metrosexual 427Money 430Music and Consumer Experience 435Open Source and Consumption 455Outsourcing 457Peer-to-Peer File Sharing 461Prosumption 476Public Relations 477Recycling 485Servicescapes 499Shopping 505Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM)
523Stealth Marketing 526Sustainable Consumption 530Sweatshops 534Waste 563Weddings 566
Race, Gender, Body, and SexualityAfrican Americans and Consumption 10Asian Americans and Consumption 23Barbie 30Beauty Industry 38
Behavioral Economics and Consumption41
Body and Consumer Culture 49Citizenship and Consumption 81
LEXICON xix
Commodity Racism 99Consumption and Identity 162Consumption and Sport 191Cosmetic Surgery 202Cultural Capital 209Emotions and Consumption 263Fashion 286Femininities 290Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing
313Gender and Consumer Culture 316
Girl Culture 326Global Justice Movement 328Latinos and Consumption 379Lifestyle 383Masculinity 403Metrosexual 427Mothers/Motherhood 433Nike 445Sexualities and Consumption 501Warhol, Andy 561Weddings 566
Situated ConsumptionAmericanization 12Arcades 21Authenticity 25Big-Box Stores 45Bricolage 63Burning Man 65Carnivals/Carnivalesque 69Children’s Consumer Culture 75Cities, Visual Consumption of 79Commodities 93Commodity Fetishism 97Consumers in Emerging Economies 150Consumption in Africa 157Consumption in China 159Consumption in India 167Consumption in Japan 170Consumption, Landscapes of 173Consumption in the Middle East/Arab World
174Consumption in Postcommunist Countries
179Consumption in the United States 195
Dandyism 229Department Stores 240Economy, Informal 252Ecotourism 255Farmers’ Markets 284Flea Markets 296Food Deserts 300Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones
310Global Markets 331Las Vegas 377Locavorism 387Medical Tourism 418Occupy Movement 453Servicescapes 499Shopping Malls 509Supermarkets 528Tourism 549Wal-Mart 559Whole Foods Market 567World’s Fairs and International Expositions
571
TheoriesAdorno, Theodor 1Authenticity 25Barthes, Roland 32Baudrillard, Jean 33Behavioral Economics and Consumption
41Benjamin, Walter 42Birmingham School 47
Bourdieu, Pierre 51Commodification 90Commodity Fetishism 97Commodity Racism 99Conspicuous Consumption 101Consumer Culture, History of 118Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) 124Consumer Movements, History of 133
xx LEXICON
Consumer Socialization 144Consumer Society 145Consumers, Flawed 154Consumption and Identity 162Consumption, Postmodern 183Consumption, Spectacles of 189Coolhunting 199Cultural Capital 209Cultural Studies 216Culture Jamming 226Culture-Ideology of Consumerism 220de Certeau, Michel 230Debord, Guy 233Disneyization 246Elias, Norbert 261Ethical Consumption 268Experiential Consumption 273Failing Consumption 279Fashion 286Fordism/Post-Fordism 301Frankfurt School 305
Gender and Consumer Culture 316Gifts 324Glocalization/Grobalization 338Governmentality and Consumer Culture
339Homogenization and Heterogenization
356Hyperconsumption 360Just-in-Time Production 373Marx, Karl 397Material Culture Studies 414McDonaldization 416Methods of Consumer Research 422ModernizationTheory 428Needs and Wants 442Needs, True and False 440Semiotics 492Starbuckization 524Symbolic Exchange 536Symbolic Value 538
Timeline
YEAR EVENT4000 bc Bartering is common method of trade500 bc – ad 400 Greek agoras dominate Mediterranean commercial life210 bc – ad 1450s The Silk Road is an important trade route between Europe,
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia100 bc – ad 476 Roman Forums are leading centers of commercial activityad 600s Paper money becomes common in China during the Tang
Dynasty1400s Markets become centerplace of trading, including a number of
prominent souks in the Middle East1602 The Dutch East India Corporation was founded, progenitor of
the modern corporation1760s – 1840s The height of the Industrial Revolution1780s Palais-Royal opens in Paris as first arcade1786 First advertising agency – William Taylor – opens1844 French Industrial Exposition of 1844 is predecessor to World’s
Fairs1851 The Crystal Palace is constructed as part of the Great
Exhibition of 18511852 Bon Marché opens in Paris as world’s first department store1859 A&P opens in the United States as first chain store1867 First industrial assembly line is used by the meatpacking
industry in Chicago1893 World Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, making use of a
“midway” and “anchor” exhibits as forerunners of shoppingmalls and amusement parks
1911 Hollywood produces its first film shot by Nestor MotionPicture Company
1913 First Bollywood film produced – Raja Harishchandra byDadasaheb Phalke
1916 Market Square opens in Chicago
xxii TIMELINE
YEAR EVENT1923 Country Club opens in Kansas City, Missouri
The Frankfurt School, associated with the Institute for SocialResearch, is established in Germany
1924 A&W opens first food service franchise1936 First issue of Consumer Reports is published1940s Hotel-casinos being to appear on “strip” in Las Vegas1945 End of WWII1946 Levittown founded on Long Island, New York1947 Northgate opens in Seattle, Washington1949 Diners Club issues first universal credit card1954 Northland opens outside Detroit, Michigan1955 McDonald’s begins franchising
Disneyland Resort opens in Anaheim, California1956 Southdale opens in Edina, Minnesota as world’s first enclosed
shopping mall1957 First superstore opens as predecessor to Toys ’R Us1959 First Barbie doll sold
First free trade/export processing zone in the world establishedin Ireland
1962 SamWalton opens Walmart Discount City in Rogers, Arkansas1964 Center for Contemporary Culture Studies founded at
University of Birmingham (UK) by Richard Hoggart1964 Nike begins operations as Blue Ribbons Sports1967 First international McDonald’s open in Canada and Costa Rica1967 Journal of Consumer Affairs launched1970 First outlet mall opens outside Reading, Pennsylvania1971 First Starbucks opens in Seattle, Washington1974 Journal of Consumer Research launched1976 Apple founded1980 Whole Foods Market opens first store in Austin, Texas1981 West Edmonton Mall opens in Canada1985 Home Shopping Network is launched1986 First Burning Man event held in Black Rock desert of Northern
Nevada1986 Slow Food Movement founded by Carlo Petrini to promote
traditional and regional cuisine1988 First Wal-Mart Supercenter opens1989 Adbusters is founded as an anti-consumerist organization in
Vancouver, Canada1992 Mall of America opens in Bloomington, Minnesota
TIMELINE xxiii
YEAR EVENT1992 First Buy Nothing Day is held in Canada as an international
day of protest against consumerism1993 Consumer Research Network of European Sociological
Association begins1995 amazon.com begins operations1995 eBay begins operations1996 Wal-Mart opens first cybermall1996 Celebration, Florida opens as example of new urbanism1997 Ericsson introduces the first device known as a "smartphone"1997 Consumption, Markets, and Culture (journal) launched1998 Google founded1998 PayPal founded as online payment processing and money
transfer service1999 Easton Lifestyle Center opens phase I in Columbus, Ohio1999 Battle for Seattle protests break out over WTO in Seattle,
Washington1999 Napster begins operating as a peer-to-peer file sharing service2001 The first iPod is released by Apple, Inc.2001 Journal of Consumer Culture launched2003 iTunes store opens2004 Child and Teen Consumption biennial international
conference launched2004 Facebook begins operations2005 YouTube begins operations2006 Consumer Culture Theory annual conference and consortium
launched2006 Twitter begins operations2009 The Dubai Mall, currently the largest shopping mall in the
world by total area, opens in the United Arab Emirates2011 Occupy Movement takes off2012 Sociology of Consumers and Consumption Section of the
American Sociological Association launched2015 Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer
Studies publishedJ. Michael Ryan
Introduction
The academic interest in consumption and consumer studies has its primary origins inthe interwar period in Europe. The social importance of consumption to everyday lifeand politics, however, dates back to the beginnings of permanent settlements amonghumans. From the early days of bartering, to the Greek agoras, to the Roman Forums,to McDonald’s, Wal-Mart, and the internet, the exchange of goods and services andtheir relevance as markers of individual social identity and engines of large-scale socialchange has, in many ways, been at the heart of human sociality.Although consumption was once arguably more of a necessary practice to obtain
needed goods and services (something it still is today), it has now also become a formof social diversion, entertainment, and lifestyle among those of us who are privilegedenough to be able to take part in what somemight see as its excesses.The appearance ofshopping malls, the spread of local and international franchises, the appearance of thecredit card, and,more recently, the internet have all pushed consumption from themar-gins to the center in the everyday lives ofmany.This push to the center has also occurredwithin the academy, where a growing number of institutions now offer courses, majors,and even departments devoted to the study of consumer culture.The social-cultural study of consumers and consumption stands today as a robust
area of scholarly inquiry, growing largely since the end of the last century and contin-uing apace as the landscapes of various consumer cultures arise and transform. Overthe last two decades, scholars from around the world have produced influential the-ories and substantive empirical research on consumers and consumption that touchupon virtually all key aspects of social life and social thought. Recent scholarship drawsupon and speaks to key questions and problems claimed within the social and culturalsciences, broadly speaking – for example, power, inequality, social differentiation andidentity, ecological impact, meaning, structure and agency, and the relations betweenmicro-interactions and large-scale patterns.In this light, we have curated the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption
and Consumer Studies (ECCS) as an accessible and focused reference, suitable forinstructors, seasoned researchers, and students alike. It is a tool and resource for thosewho seek thoughtful yet to-the-point discussions of key concepts, issues, and figuresin this growing, expansive field. The distinctive feature of the ECCS is the diversityof voices, paradigms, and disciplines it brings to bear on the study of consumers andconsumption. Renowned and emergent scholars from sociology, communication,consumer behavior, marketing, psychology, and a variety of other fields offer a breadthof perspectives and approaches to the topics they address in their respective entries.This volume has benefited not only from the fresh perspectives of advanced graduate
xxvi INTRODUCTION
students and early-career scholars from a variety of disciplines, but also from theexpertise of well-established experts in the field of consumption. As well, we includeauthors from countries around the world, including Brazil, Canada, Egypt, France,Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Sweden, the United Kingdom, andthe United States, among others.Assembling such texts from such a wide range of fields and varying national contexts
into a single compact volume has proven both challenging and rewarding, with gapsand omissions of people and concepts unavoidable. We, as co-editors, have made noattempt to reconcile the perspectives and paradigms offered by the different authors,preferring to allow each to speak for her- or himself. As a reference text, the ECCS isnotmeant to be read cover to cover for ideological or theoretical consistency, but to offerperspectives on an open and dynamic area of inquiry. In that way, we hope to make theECCS an open resource available for a plethora of uses and needs and another step inhelping to coalesce this dynamic field of inquiry.We hope you find the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer
Studies to be both enjoyable as well as practical, at once handy and engaging.
Daniel Thomas CookRutgers University–Camden, USA
J. Michael RyanThe American University in Cairo, Egypt
Acknowledgments
This project is the result of the hard work of not only the editors but also the manycontributors, the publishers, and the unnamed others who have been involved in itsproduction. The primary thanks belong to the dedicated contributors who took thetime and energy to write the outstanding entries that make up this work. We were trulyimpressed by the caliber of scholarship among them, a feature which certainly madeour jobs as editors much easier. It is to them that the quality of this project is trulyattributable.We would also like to thank the outstanding team at Wiley Blackwell for their
support and dedication to this project. Justin Vaughan, our publisher, has been a realsource of encouragement in helping make the dream we had of producing this kindof resource into a reality. Ben Thatcher has also been an invaluable support throughhis attention to detail, his patience, and for being always willing to offer guidance andassistance.
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