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ContentsCO2 Utilisation as Feedstock for
Fuels, Chemistry and Polymers
Thomas Roos and Brian North
2
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
3
Policy – Renewable Energy Directive
• 23 April 2009: DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC
o Article 2 (a):
• ‘energy from renewable sources’ means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind,
solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas,
sewage treatment plant gas and biogases;
o Article 3, point 4:
• Each Member State shall ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of
transport in 2020 is at least 10 % of the final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State.
4
Policy - modifications to RED and FQD
• DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/1513 amending 2009/28/EC:
o approved 28 April 2015, published 9 September 2015
o Article 3, the following points are added:
• (d) … the share of energy from biofuels … from crops grown as main crops primarily for energy
purposes on agricultural land shall be no more than 7 % of the final consumption of energy in
transport in the Member States in 2020.
• Biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX shall not count towards the limit set out in the
first subparagraph of this point.
o ANNEX IX
• Part A. Feedstocks and fuels, the contribution of which towards the target referred to in the first
subparagraph of Article 3(4) shall be considered to be twice their energy content:
• (a) to (r) Various biomaterials …
• (s) Carbon capture and utilisation for transport purposes, if the energy source is renewable in
accordance with point (a) of the second paragraph of Article 2.
• (t) …
• Part B: (a) … and (b) …
5
Policy - modifications to RED and FQD
• DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/1513 continued:
o Article 3 is amended as follows: the following points are added:
• (e) each Member State shall seek … a minimum level of consumption on their territory of biofuels
produced from feedstocks and of other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX. …by 6 April 2017, each
Member State shall set a national target ... A reference value for this target is 0,5 percentage points
in energy content of the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport in 2020 …
• Member States may set a national target lower than …0,5 percentage points, based on …:
• (i) … limited potential for … sustainable production … or … limited availability … at cost-efficient
prices on the market;
• (ii) the specific technical or climatic characteristics of the national market for transport fuels, such as
the composition and condition of the road vehicle fleet; or
• (iii) national policies allocating commensurate financial resources to incentivising energy efficiency
and the use of electricity from renewable energy sources in transport.
• Summary:
o 10% transport energy/fuel must be renewable by 2020
o Only 7% may be 1st generation biofuel, leaving 3% gap
o 20 fuels (including CCU) counts twice toward national target
o Reference target of 0.5% per Member State, implied CCU market
6
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy: EU (2), Germany (2) and Nova
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
7
European Policy: Andreas Pilzecker: DG
Climate Action
• European Commission in February 2011:
o Reconfirmed objective of reducing CO2 emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990.
o For cost-effectiveness, transport sector was expected to reduce only by 60%
o Endorsed the binding target of 40% domestic reduction by 2030 compared with 1990.
• Transport is the second largest emitter in the EU (24%).
• All sector emissions declined except Transport, which kept increasing until 2008
8
European Policy: Søren Bøwadt,
DG RD&I
• Scoping Workshop on Transformation of CO2, March 2015, Brussels
o 80 participants: CO2 conversion activities of 7 EU States and 18 European companies
o TRL of activities spanned from 2 to 9, with most in 4 – 6 range
o Maturity of technologies is adequate
o Member States and the regions are willing to participate and contribute
o Companies are ready to invest
o Economics:
o Sustainable production of products from CO2 very difficult with present low oil and energy prices
o Sustainable production possible with higher energy prices and less red tape for companies
o Note: workshop took place before RED modification!
• New RTD calls addressing CO2 in H2020 WP 2016-2017
o 9 separate calls, each €6-8m
9
German Policy: Lothar Mennicken,
BMBF• Political Framework
o The New German HighTech-Strategy
o Research for Sustainable Development: FONA3
(Forschung für Nachhaltige Entwicklungen)
• Broadening the Raw Material Base
• Energiewende and CO2-sources
• 6 National calls:
o € 45- € 200m each
10
German Policy: Martin Lange,
Federal Environment Agency• Carbon Neutral Transport in Germany: Contribution of Power-to-X Fuels
o UBA-study: Germany in 2050 - a greenhouse gas-neutral country
o Goal: Reducing GHG emissions across all sectors by 95 % until 2050 compared to 1990
• Energy reductions by 2050
o Transport reduction small (aviation, shipping)
• Need new transport energy carrier
o No fossil fuels: post-fossil, near GHG-neutral
o electricity & electricity-based fuels from
renewable sources
11
German Policy: Martin Lange
• Is biomass the “magic bullet”?
• It is suitable for:
o Heat
o Transport
o Electricity
o Material utilization
• but comes with various problems:
o food competition
o fuel demand >> bioenergy potential
o environmental problems:o Acidification
o over-fertilization
o GHG emissions due to direct and indirect land
use changes
12
German Policy: Martin Lange
• Options in discussion – electricity-based fuels
13
Policy: Martin Lange
• Post-fossil, GHG-neutral supply options for transport in 2050: Specific energy supply
options for each transport carrier
Transport carrier Electricity PtG-H2 PtG-CH4/ Power-to-
Liquids
Passenger car √
Trucks short haul √
Trucks long haul ? Overhead catenary
? ?
Urban buses √
Rail traffic √
Aviation √ (PtL)
Sea transport Short haul √
14
Policy: Michael Carus, Nova
15
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations: CarbonOrO, Antecy
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
16
CO2 scrubbing: Pieter Verberne
• Conventional amines:
o Tdesorber ~ 130°C
o (Tdesorber -Tgas) ≈ 90°C.
o Cost: 50 - 60 €/t CO2
• CarbonOrO amine:
o Special mixture of amines, polymers
and solvents
o Tdesorber ~ 70°C
o (Tdesorber -Tgas) ≈ 30°C.
o Drops CCS OPEX by 50%
o Target cost: 30 €/t CO2
o At lower temperature amines are:o Less corrosive
o Less volatile
o CO2 capture done at atmospheric
conditions, not requiring compression
17
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological: Joule
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
18
Bio: Kees van der Kerk
• Channelling photosynthesis to harvest solar power into fuels
ALGAE CYANOBACTERIA
19
Bio: Kees van der Kerk
• Demo plant on Hobbs, NM
20
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic: Johannes Kepler University
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
21
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis: Boston College
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
22
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL): Hochschule Für Technik Rapperswil, CRI, Bremen University
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
23
Electrolysis: Markus Friedl
• What is Power-to-gas?
24
Electrolysis: Markus Friedl
The state of the art:
• Germany:
o Power-to-Methane, 300 kW, Stuttgart, ZSW + Etogas
o Power-to-Methane, 6 MWel, Werlte, Audi
• Switzerland:
o Power-to-Methane, 25 kWel, Rapperswil, IET HSR
o Power-to-Methane, 2 MWel, Villingen, PSI
• Denmark:
o Power-to-Methane, 1 MWel, Electrochaea
• Several Power-to-Hydrogen Pilot & Demonstration Plants in Germany + Switzerland
25
Electrolysis: Benedikt Stefansson,
Carbon Recycling International
Low carbon intensity methanol: energy carrier
26
Electrolysis: Benedikt Stefansson
27
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL): NewCO2Fuels, sunfire
o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
28
Thermoelectrical: David Banitt
• Technology basics of high temperature electrolysis
29
Thermoelectrical: David Banitt
30
Thermoelectrical: Christian von
OlshausenPower-to-X with reversible Solid Oxide Cell (SOC)
31
Thermoelectrical: Christian von
OlshausenrSOC works out cheaper because it runs all the time:
• Makes fuel in “oversupply” periods
• Makes electricity in “undersupply” periods
32
Thermoelectrical: Christian von
Olshausen
33
Thermoelectrical: Christian von
Olshausen
• Test Plant Start-up: Product Quality
34
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL): MicrobEnergy/Viessmann, CSIR
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
35
Bio + electrochem: Thomas Heller
36
Bio + electrochem: Thomas Heller
37
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL)
o Thermochemical: Bauhaus Luftfahrt
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
38
Thermochemical: Andreas
Sizmann
Emission target for 2050 (IATA)
39
Thermochemical: Andreas
Sizmann
40
Thermochemical: Andreas
Sizmann
• SOLARJET solar thermochemical syngas production
41
Thermochemical: Andreas
Sizmann
• Efficiency potential
42
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis: Joint Centre for Artificial Photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers
• Conclusions
43
Contents
• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Presented Policy
• CO2 capture innovations
• Different fuel pathways:
o Biological
o Bio-Electrocatalytic
o Photo-Electrolysis
o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)
o Thermoelectrical (PtL)
o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL)
o Thermochemical
o Artificial photosynthesis
• Chemicals and Polymers: University of York, Covestro, University of Sheffield
• Conclusions
44
Conclusions
So what?
45
Very high solar irradiation in South Africa is a competitive
advantage
46
Power‐to‐X provides a huge potential for South Africa
South African renewable electricity will always be cheaper than in most other countries in the world
o Excellent solar & wind resources let South Africa achieve some of the world’s lowest renewables tariffs
o Cheapest renewable electricity is a competitive advantage that will always be there
In addition, South Africa has vast experience in the creation of synthetic liquid fuels
o The country gets roughly 1/3 of its liquid fuel demand from CTL and GTL
o Sasol is one of the largest CTL producers globally, PetroSA has many GTL innovations
This combination provides a huge opportunity for South Africa to commercialise renewable‐electricity‐based, carbon‐neutral synthetic fuels from different processes
The CSIR will pilot a PtL plant on its campus to help commercialise the technology in South Africa, and we
are looking for partners in this endeavour
With appropriate bilateral agreements with European countries, in South Africa:
o A long-term market may be created for SA-produced CCU fuels under the RED
o Emitters can capture CO2 emissions (more cheaply than before) and sell downstream, mitigating carbon tax
exposure and recouping capture costs
o Renewable fuel plants can produce product more cheaply than elsewhere
Thank you
T H Roos (throos@csir.co.za)
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