topic 1 – transportation and geography
Post on 31-Dec-2015
42 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
GEOG 80 – Transport GeographyProfessor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Topic 1 – Transportation and Geography
A. What is Transport Geography?B. Transportation and SpaceC. Historical Evolution of Transportation ID. Historical Evolution of Transportation II
C – Historical Evolution of Transportation I
■ 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s)■ 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-
1870)■ 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-
1920)
1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s)
■ Limited transport technology• No mechanized forms of transportation.• Harnessing animal labor and wind.• Isolation and limited long distance trade.• Reliance on maritime and fluvial transportation for long distance
trade.• High value commodities (e.g. Silk Road).
■ Transportation and empire building• Roman Empire (road network, 80,000 kilometers, 200 AD).• Chinese Empire (canal system, 2,500 kilometers).
The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes
Guangzhou
Xi’an
Lanzhou
Dunhuang
Turpan
Hotan
KashgarSamarkand
Merv Bactra
Bukhara
ReyHamadan
Baghdad
Berenike
Alexandria
Tyre
Antioch
ConstantinopleAthens
Rome
Muza
Aden
Kané
Muscat
Sur
Mogadishu
Mombasa
Barbaricon
Barygaza
Muziris
Calcutta
CHINA
INDIA
PERSIA
ARABIA
EUROPE
EGYPT
JAVA
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
Sout
h C
hina
Sea
Mediterranean Ocean
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Gobi Desert
Taklimakan Desert
Atlantic O
cean
Pac
ific
Oce
anRed Sea
SOMALIA
500 Miles
Malacca
Bay of Bengal
Roman Road Network, 200 AD
500 km
AtlanticOcean
Red Sea
Black SeaAdriatic Sea
Mediterranean Ocean
Grand Canal System
■ The Grand Canal• Achievement of Imperial
hydrological engineering.• First segments completed
around 602 AD (Sui Dynasty).• At its peak during the Ming
dynasty (1368-1644 AD).• Totaled about 2,500 kilometers,
1,700 still in use today.• Grain distribution through the
empire, notably its capitals.
Hangzhou
Suzhou
Yangzhou
Chuzhou
Jizhou
KaifengLuoyang
Beijing
HuaiyinBian Canal(Song)
Tongji Canal (Sui)
Jizhou Canal(Yuan)
Yangzhou Canal(Song and Yuan)
Jiangnan Canal(Sui, Song and Yuan)
Yongji Canal(Sui and Yuan)
Tonghui Canal(Yuan)
Yongji Canal(Sui)
Jiao-Lai Canal(Yuan)
400 km
Old course ofthe Yellow River(Song)
Yellow Sea
East ChinaSea
1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s)
■ European expansion• Mastery of sailing and artillery.• Eastern trade route:
• Discovered by Portugal.• Cape of good hope reached by 1481.• Gama (1497-99) first to reach India.• China reached by 1513.
• Western trade route:• Discovered by Columbus (1492).• Failed to reach Asia (America discovered).• Cabot tried (1497), but also failed.• Magellan (1519-22) successful to round the world.
• Establishment of colonial empires.
Caravel, 15th Century
Early European Maritime Expeditions
Treaty of Tordesillas Line (1494)
Cabot (1497)
Colombus (1492-93)
Gama (1497-99)
Magellan (1519-22)
Cape Verde370 leagues
Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century
0 1,000 2,000 3,000500Miles
North Atlantic Ocean
North America
Africa
Europe
South America
West Indies
Dominant wind
Trade Route
Slaves, Gold, Pepper
Sugar, Molasses, FruitsTobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves
2) Flour, Meat, Lumber
Man
ufac
ture
s
1 2
2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870)
■ Mechanization of transportation• Steam engine (as a water pump).• First steamship on the Delaware river (1790).• Would lead to the development of railways.
■ Regular maritime routes• Notably over the North Atlantic (Europe – North America).• The era of clipper ships:
• Fast cargo ships used for intercontinental trade (Asia, Europe, America).• The emergence of the steamship:
• Savannah (first to cross the Atlantic in 1820).• Great Britain (first steel and helix propelled ship, 1844).
Clipper Ship “Flying Cloud”
An Early Steamship, “The Great Britain”, 1845
Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1830 1855 1880 1905 1930 1955
2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870)
■ Land transport systems• Serious problems of land transportation.• Roads were commonly unpaved and could not be used to
effectively carry heavy loads.• Attempts to develop toll road systems (Turnpikes in UK).
■ Freight shipping canals• Bridgewater Canal, Britain, 1761.• Erie Canal, New York, 1825.• Linking different segments of fluvial systems into a
comprehensive waterway system.• Fluvial barges.• Lowered significantly land transport costs.• Permitted initial industrialization.
Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850
Km
Mail Coach, Great Britain, 18th Century
Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767
Erie Canal, New York, 1829
2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870)
■ Railway systems• First commercial rail line in 1830 (Manchester-Liverpool; 40
miles).• Access to national resources and markets:
• The triumph of inland transportation.• First urban systems.
• End of the canal era:• Many canals fell into disrepair.• Unable to compete with the speed and flexibility of rail.• Only the most strategic links were kept.
• From a point-to-point to an integrated rail system:• Large companies.• Standard gauge.
Completion of the Transcontinental Railway, 1869
3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920)
■ Growth of international transportation• Shift from coal to oil in ships:
• Reduce their energy consumption by a factor of 90%.• Increase in ship size (no longer limited by wood).• Construction of the Suez and Panama canals.
■ Dominance of the rail transport system• By the early 20th century, most systems reached their peak.• Overinvestment and over development.• A phase of decline then began.
Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1840-2003
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Mile
s of
trac
ks
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Rai
l Car
riers
Rail Track Mileage
Class I Rail Carriers
Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869
16,000 KM
10,000 KM
Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal, 1914
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
21,000 KM
Panama Canal
8,000 KM
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920)
■ Modern urban transportation• Increase in urban population.• Introduction of tramways (1880; horse drawn, and then electric).• Urban sprawl and the specialization of economic functions.• Underground metro systems in large cities (London, 1863).• Bicycle (1867); cheap mobility for the masses.
■ Modern telecommunications• Telegraph (1844).• Associated with the growth of railways and international shipping.• Business transactions became more efficient.• Creation of standard times zones (1884).• Every continent was linked by telegraphic lines (1895).
D – Historical Evolution of Transportation II
■ 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970)■ 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era
(1970-)■ 3. Future Transportation
1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970)
■ Internal combustion engine• Diesel engine (1885).• Extended flexibility of movements.• Fast, inexpensive and ubiquitous transport modes (cars, buses
and truck).■ Mass production system• Applied by Ford for car manufacturing.• Ford Model T: about 14 million Ford Model T were built (1913-
1927).• Increased demand for oil products and other raw materials (steel
and rubber).
Assembly Line of the Ford T Model, 1913
Ford T Coupelet, 1915
1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970)
■ Economies of scale• Mass consumption of resources.• Bulk commodities such as minerals and grain over long
distances.• Oil Tankers.
■ Propelled flight• Wright brothers (1903).• Commercial air transport service between England and France
(1919).• Expansion of regional / national air transport services (1920s-
1930s).• Douglas DC-3 (1935).• First commercial jet plane (Boeing 707; 1958).
Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker
19421975Modern VLCC (305 m)
T2 Tanker (153 m)
ULCC, Persian Gulf
Wright Brothers First Airplane, 1903
Douglas DC-3, 1937
Boeing 707, 1960
1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970)
■ Telecommunications• Mass market media.• Telephone (1878).• Radio (1920).• Television (1950)
■ Automobile• Massive diffusion (1950s).• Suburbanization and expansion of cities.
2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-)
■ Telecommunications• Merging with information technologies.• Information highway (Internet).• Growth in processing power of computers:
• Moore’s law.• Number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18
months.• Satellite communications.• Wireless networks.
Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2002
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2002 (in millions)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Cel
lula
r Pho
ne S
ubsc
riber
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Inte
rnet
Hos
t Com
pute
rs
Cellular Phone Subscribers
Internet Host Computers
2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-)
■ Globalization of trade• Fragmentation of the production.• International division of labor.• The principle of “just-in-time”.• Development of logistics.
■ Containerization• Increased flexibility of freight transport.• First containership, Ideal-X (1956).• Cellular containerships (1967).
■ Massification of air transport• Boeing 747 (1969).
Cellular Containership, La Havre, France
Boeing 747
2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-)
■ High-speed train networks• Shinkansen, Japan (1964).• TGV, France (1981).
■ Globalization of car manufacturing• Three major players, US, Germany and Japan.• New producers (Korea).• 80% of oil consumption attributed to road transportation.
■ Transport crisis• Innovations in transport modes.• Reduction of energy consumption.• Alternative sources of energy.
Shinkansen, Japan
Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2004 (in millions)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Germany
Japan
United States
World
3. Future Transportation
■ Cyclic character of transport innovations• Innovations lead to a wave of development.• Introduction:
• Private entrepreneurs and innovators.• Growth:
• Fast adoption.• Often involves a “paradigm shift” event.
• Maturity:• Maximal spatial coverage.• Government involvement (investment, regulations, etc.)
• Rationalization/obsolescence:• Diminishing returns (Segment or system-wide).• A mix of regulations (protect public interests) and deregulations (increase
productivity).• Our current freight transport systems are in a phase of rationalization.
Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century
Canals
RailRoads
Air
Maglev
1836
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 20500%
1%
2%
3%
4%
1891 1946 2001
Δt= 30 years
Δt= 55 years Δt= 65 years Δt= 70 years
1825
18691913 1969
1836
1825 Paradigm shift
Peak year
1800
1900
1950
2000
Maritime Road Rail Air
Docks
LocksRailsOmnibus
Steam engine
Electric motorBalloons
DirigiblesIronhulls
Internal combustion engineMetro
TramwayAutomobileLiners
Bicycles
PlanesTrucks
Buses
Electriccar
Hydrogencar
Airfoils
Supertankers
TGV
Maglev
Jet engine
Jet Plane
Containerships
Helicopters
Bulk ships
Highways
Jumbo Jet
Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000
Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour)
100
500
1000
1800 1900 20001850 1950
50
250
750
Stage CoachRail
Automobile
TGVPropeller Plane
Jet Plane
LinerClipper Ship Containership
Road
Maritime
Rail
Air
3. Future Transportation
■ Promising technologies• Maglev:
• Magnetic levitation (no friction with its support and no moving parts)• Operational speeds of 500 km per hour.
• Automated transport systems:• Complete or partial automation of the vehicle, transshipment and control.• Improvement of existing modes (Automated highway systems).• Creation of new modes and new transshipment systems (Public transit
and freight transportation).• Fuel cells:
• Electric generator using the catalytic conversion of hydrogen and oxygen.• Applicable only to light vehicles, notably cars, or to small power systems.• Low environmental impact alternative to generate energy.• Fuel cell cars are expected to reach mass production by 2010.
Maglev Train, Shanghai 2003
ULTra (Urban Light Transport) System, Cardiff, UK
top related