toxic air pollution in jefferson county, · pdf filedemographics surrounding nucor steel...

TOXIC AIR POLLUTION INTOXIC AIR POLLUTION INJEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMAJEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMA

HEALTH RISKS, ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE,HEALTH RISKS, ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE,AND PROPOSED REGULATORY SOLUTIONSAND PROPOSED REGULATORY SOLUTIONS

Presented ByLEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE FOUNDATION, INC.

[www.leaflaw.org]June 17, 2006

ADEM REFORM COALITIONADEM REFORM COALITIONEnvironmental Justice and Human Health AgendaEnvironmental Justice and Human Health Agenda

1. Establish a Division of Environmental Justice and Health

2. Prepare disparate impact assessments for permitted activities (diligent implementation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act)

3. Adopt rules establishing health-based limits for single and multiple pollutant exposures

4. Enact legislation prohibiting disparate impacts on minority and poor communities in the permitting of pollution sources

5. Include demographic data in public notices of proposed permits

6. Increase diversity in ADEM workforce

PREVIOUS PRESENTATIONSPREVIOUS PRESENTATIONSAND SUBMISSIONS TO THE EMCAND SUBMISSIONS TO THE EMC

Race, Poverty and Environmental Burdens:Injustice in Alabama

Part I – Municipal Solid Waste LandfillsAugust 24, 2004 (Rev. Oct. 2004)

Race, Poverty and Environmental Burdens:Injustice in Alabama

Part II – Toxic Air Pollution FacilitiesSeptember 13, 2004 (Rev. Oct. 2004)

Introduction to Cumulative Health Risk AssessmentApril 8, 2005

Cumulative Health Risks of Selected Air Pollutants andImplications for Environmental Justice in Mobile County, Alabama

November 4, 2005

www.leaflaw.org

Toxic Air Pollution Facilities and AmbientToxic Air Pollution Facilities and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations in Jefferson County, AL Air Monitoring Stations in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions

4113 Shuttlesworth Drive3009 28th Street No.

1242 Jersey Street 841 Finley Avenue

1801 Bruce Shaw Road

Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

55%

Manganese & Compounds

Lead & Compounds

Cadmium & Compounds

Chromium & Compounds

Carbonyl sulfide

Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds

Xylene (mixed isomers)

Naphthalene

Hydrogen fluoride

Zinc compounds

Formaldehyde

Other

Relative Contribution of ManganeseRelative Contribution of ManganeseEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA, Jefferson County, AL Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999

36%

64%Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources

Mobile Non-Road

Mobile On-Road

Manganese Emission Facilities (23) and AmbientManganese Emission Facilities (23) and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, ALAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions

ManganeseManganeseSafe Chronic Exposure Concentration (Safe Chronic Exposure Concentration (RfCRfC) = 0.05 ) = 0.05 μμg/mg/m33

Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ManganeseSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ManganeseCough

BronchitisShortness of Breath During Exercise

Susceptibility to Infectious Lung DiseaseSlow Visual Reaction Time

Poor Hand SteadinessImpaired Eye-Hand Coordination

Weakness and LethargyGait Disturbances

ClumsinessTremors

Speech DisturbancesMask-Like Facial ExpressionPsychological Disturbances

Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Manganese

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC

1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2001 (13 PM 2.5)

2002 (59 PM 2.5)

2003 (59 PM 2.5)

2004 (61 PM 2.5)

2005 (57 PM 2.5)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

RfCValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC

4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

RfCValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC

841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

RfCValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC

3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2001 (112 PM 2.5)

2002 (119 PM 2.5)

2003 (120 PM 2.5)

2004 (121 PM 2.5)

2005 (114 PM 2.5)

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

RfCValue

Estimated Pounds of Manganese and ManganeseEstimated Pounds of Manganese and ManganeseCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Poun

ds P

er Y

ear

USS FAIRFIELD WORKSNUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.BORAL BRICKS INC. BESSEMER PLANT 6

BORAL BRICKS INC. BESSEMER PLANT 5

UNITED STATES PIPE & FNDY. CO.

MEADOWCRAFT INC.

SMI STEEL INC.

U.S. PIPE & FNDY. CO.

ALABAMA POWER CO. MILLER STEAM PLANT

L. B. FOSTER CO.

SOUTHLAND TUBE

C & B PIPING

DAYTON SUPERIOR CORP.

SLOSS INDS. CORP. COKE PLANT

MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.

AMEREX CORP.

AMERICAN CAST IRON PIPE CO.

HANNA STEEL CORP.

BLAZER FABRICATING PAWNEE PLANT

BLAZER - PINSON PLANT

BLAZER FABRICATING BESSEMER PLANT

ALABAMA METAL INDS. CORP.

BERMCO ALUMINUM

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

USS Fairfield Works

Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittingngManganese and Manganese Compounds in Jefferson County, ALManganese and Manganese Compounds in Jefferson County, AL

0.00E+00

1.00E+04

2.00E+04

3.00E+04

4.00E+04

5.00E+04

6.00E+04 NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.USS FAIRFIELD WORKSU.S. PIPE & FN D Y . C O.

M EA D OW C R AFT IN C .

UN ITED STA TES PIPE & FND Y . C O.

SM I STEEL IN C .

BOR A L BR ICKS IN C . B ESSEM ER PLAN T 5

L. B . FOSTER CO.

SOU THLA N D TU B E

BOR A L BR ICKS IN C . B ESSEM ER PLAN T 6

C & B PIPING

DA Y TON SU PER IOR C OR P.

SLOSS IND S. C OR P. COKE PLA NT

AM ER IC A N C A ST IR ON PIPE CO.

M C W A N E CA ST IR ON PIPE C O.

HAN N A STEEL C ORP.

BLAZER FAB R ICA TING PA W N EE PLA N T

BLAZER - PIN SON PLA N T

AM ER EX C ORP.

ALAB A M A POW ER C O. M ILLER STEA M PLA N T

ALAB A M A M ETA L IN D S. C OR P.

BLAZER FAB R ICA TING B ESSEM ER PLA N T

BER M C O A LU M INU M

USS Fairfield Works

Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMUNITIESENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMUNITIES

> 1.2 X State-wide Percent Minority

> 1.2 X State-wide Percent Individuals Below Poverty

> 1.2 X State-wide Percent HouseholdsBelow $15,000 Income

1.2 X 29.7% = 35.6%

1.2 X 16.1% = 19.3%

1.2 X 22.5% = 27.0%

Source: U.S. EPA, Interim Policy to Identify and AddressPotential Environmental Justice Areas (EPA-904-R99-004, April 1999)

Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel

B’ham, Inc.

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 9,226

52,206

161,080

96.9 39.2 44.3

3.0 85.8 34.7

5.0

42.8

68.0 24.6 30.8

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Radii Surrounding US Steel Fairfield WorksRadii Surrounding US Steel Fairfield Works

Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingUS Steel Fairfield Works in Jefferson County, ALUS Steel Fairfield Works in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from USS

Fairfield Works

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 8,470

66,635

138,537

91.6 24.1 34.6

3.0 84.5 21.9

5.0

28.1

81.1 22.7 29.8

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Manganese Emission FacilitiesManganese Emission Facilitiesand Minority Census Blocksand Minority Census Blocks

Manganese Emission Facilities and PovertyManganese Emission Facilities and Povertyor Low Income Census Block Groupsor Low Income Census Block Groups

Manganese Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks Manganese Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groupsand Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

18%

Manganese & Compounds

Lead & Compounds

Cadmium & Compounds

Chromium & Compounds

Carbonyl sulfide

Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds

Xylene (mixed isomers)

Naphthalene

Hydrogen fluoride

Zinc compounds

Formaldehyde

Other

Relative Contribution of Lead Relative Contribution of Lead Emission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999

46%50%

4%

Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources

Mobile Non-Road

Mobile On-Road

Lead Emission Facilities (23) and Ambient AirLead Emission Facilities (23) and Ambient AirMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AlabamaMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, Alabama

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions

LeadLeadSafe Chronic Exposure Concentration = 1.5 Safe Chronic Exposure Concentration = 1.5 μμg/mg/m33

Source: U.S. EPA Nat’l Ambient Air Quality Standard, 43 Fed. Reg. 46246 (1978)Note: Cal OEHHA provides CSFi = 4.2E-02 (mg/kg-day)-1 À 0.09 μg/m3

Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to LeadSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to LeadProbable Human Carcinogen (B2)

Premature BirthsLow Birthweights

Impaired Mental DevelopmentDecreased IQ

AnemiaSlowed Nerve Conduction

Hearing Threshold (children)Impaired Mental and Physical Growth (children)

Increased Blood PressureKidney Damage

Vitamin D MetabolismReduced Sperm Count

Decreased Prostate FunctionDecreased Seminal Vesicle Function

Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Lead

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS

1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2001 (13 PM 2.5)

2002 (59 PM 2.5)

2003 (59 PM 2.5)

2004 (61 PM 2.5)

2005 (57 PM 2.5)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

NAAQSValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS

4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

NAAQSValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS

841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

NAAQSValue

Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS

3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

00.2

0.40.6

0.81

1.21.4

1.6

2001 (112 PM 2.5)

2002 (119 PM 2.5)

2003 (120 PM 2.5)

2004 (121 PM 2.5)

2005 (114 PM 2.5)

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measured Value

NAAQSValue

Estimated Pounds of Lead and Lead CompoundsEstimated Pounds of Lead and Lead CompoundsEmitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALEmitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Poun

ds P

er Y

ear

NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.

MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.

AMERICAN CAST IRON PIPE CO.

ACME PACKAGING CORP. LEEDSFACILITYU.S. PIPE & FNDY. CO.

UNITED STATES PIPE & FNDY. CO.

SMI STEEL INC.

LEHIGH CEMENT CO.

USS FAIRFIELD WORKS

ALABAMA POWER CO. MILLER STEAMPLANTSLOSS INDS. CORP. COKE PLANT

METALPLATE GALVANIZING L.P.

U.S. STEEL MINING CO. L.L.C. OAK GROVESYS.METALPLATE GALVANIZING L.P.

NATIONAL METALS INC.

ALABAMA COPPER & BRONZE CO. INC.

ANDERSON ELECTRICAL PRODS. INC.

HOLCIM (US) INC.

DRUMMOND CO. INC. ABC COKE DIV.

CITATION CASTINGS L.L.C.

ALABAMA COAL RECOVERY L.L.C.BIRMINGPORT PLANTBERMCO ALUMINUM

BERMCO ALUMINUM

Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.

Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from FacilitiesEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from FacilitiesEmitting Lead and Lead Compounds in Jefferson County, ALEmitting Lead and Lead Compounds in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

0.00E+00

5.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.50E+04

2.00E+04

2.50E+04NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.

MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.

A M ER IC A N C A ST IR ON PIPE C O.

U .S. PIPE & FN D Y . C O.

U N ITED STA TES PIPE & FN D Y . C O.

SM I STEEL IN C .

A C M E PA C KA GIN G C OR P. LEED SFA C ILITYSLOSS IN D S. C OR P. C OKE PLA N T

U SS FA IR FIELD W OR KS

LEHIGH C EM EN T C O.

M ETA LPLA TE GA LV A N IZ IN G L.P.

M ETA LPLA TE GA LV A N IZ IN G L.P.

A LA B A M A C OPPER & B R ON ZE C O. IN C .

HOLC IM ( U S) IN C .

C ITA TION C A STIN GS L.L.C .

N A TION A L M ETA LS IN C .

U .S. STEEL M IN IN G C O. L.L.C . OA KGR OV E SY S.D R U M M ON D C O. IN C . A B C C OKE D IV .

A N D ER SON ELEC TR IC A L PR OD S. IN C .

A LA B A M A POW ER C O. M ILLER STEA MPLA N TB ER M C O A LU M IN U M

Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.

Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel

B’ham, Inc.

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 9,226

52,206

161,080

96.9 39.2 44.3

3.0 85.8 34.7

5.0

42.8

68.0 24.6 30.8

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Radii Surrounding McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.Radii Surrounding McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.

Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingMcWane Cast Iron Pipe in Jefferson County, ALMcWane Cast Iron Pipe in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from McWane Cast Iron Pipe

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 4,428

64,404

164,710

95.7 37.1 41.4

3.0 69.5 29.7

5.0

35.3

61.9 23.2 29.1

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksLead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks

Lead Emission Facilities andLead Emission Facilities andPoverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

8%

Manganese & Compounds

Lead & Compounds

Cadmium & Compounds

Chromium & Compounds

Carbonyl sulfide

Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds

Xylene (mixed isomers)

Naphthalene

Hydrogen fluoride

Zinc compounds

Formaldehyde

Other

Relative Contribution of CadmiumRelative Contribution of CadmiumEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999

56%44%Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources

Mobile Non-Road

Mobile On-Road

Cadmium Emission Facilities (2) and AmbientCadmium Emission Facilities (2) and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, ALAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions

CadmiumCadmiumSafe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:Safe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:

10-6 Cancer Risk (1 in 1,000,000) = 0.0006 μg/m3

10-5 Cancer Risk (1 in 100,000) = 0.006 μg/m3

10-4 Cancer Risk (1 in 10,000) = 0.06 μg/m3

Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to CadmiumSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to CadmiumProbable Human Carcinogen (B1)

Kidney DiseaseKidney Stones

ProteinuriaBronchiolitisEmphysema

Liver DamageLung DamageFragile Bones

Immune System ImpairmentNervous System Damage

Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Cadmium

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

2001 (13 PM 2.5)

2002 (59 PM 2.5)

2003 (59 PM 2.5)

2004 (61 PM 2.5)

2005 (57 PM 2.5)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

2001 (112 PM 2.5)

2002 (119 PM 2.5)

2003 (120 PM 2.5)

2004 (121 PM 2.5)

2005 (114 PM 2.5)

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Estimated Pounds of Cadmium and CadmiumEstimated Pounds of Cadmium and CadmiumCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Poun

ds P

er Y

ear

NUCOR STEELBIRMINGHAM INC.

SLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT

Nucor SteelBirmingham, Inc.

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant

Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittingngCadmium and Cadmium Compounds in Jefferson County, ALCadmium and Cadmium Compounds in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

0.00E+00

2.00E+03

4.00E+03

6.00E+03

8.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.20E+04

1.40E+04

1.60E+04

1.80E+04

2.00E+04

NUCOR STEELBIRMINGHAM INC.SLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT

Nucor SteelBirmingham, Inc.

Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant

Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.

Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel

B’ham, Inc.

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 9,226

52,206

161,080

96.9 39.2 44.3

3.0 85.8 34.7

5.0

42.8

68.0 24.6 30.8

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke PlantRadii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant

Radius (miles) from Sloss

Indus. Corp.

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 4,675

41,956

132,777

94.4 45.1 50.3

3.0 80.5 33.7

5.0

39.9

67.3 25.5 31.8

Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, ALSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksCadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks

Cadmium Emission Facilities and Cadmium Emission Facilities and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groupsand Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL

0.24% Manganese & Compounds

Lead & Compounds

Cadmium & Compounds

Chromium & Compounds

Carbonyl sulfide

Polycyclic aromatic compounds

Nickel & Compounds

Xylene (mixed isomers)

Naphthalene

Hydrogen fluoride

Zinc compounds

Formaldehyde

Chlorine

Hydrochloric acid

Copper compounds

Cyanide compounds

Benzene

Triethylamine

ArsenicOther

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

99%

Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources

Mobile Non-Road

Mobile On-Road

Relative Contribution of Arsenic CompoundsRelative Contribution of Arsenic CompoundsEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999

Arsenic Emission Facilities (2) and Ambient AirArsenic Emission Facilities (2) and Ambient AirMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AlabamaMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, Alabama

ArsenicArsenicSafe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:Safe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:

10-6 Cancer Risk (1 in 1,000,000) = 0.0002 μg/m3

10-5 Cancer Risk (1 in 100,000) = 0.002 μg/m3

10-4 Cancer Risk (1 in 10,000) = 0.02 μg/m3

Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ArsenicSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ArsenicHuman Carcinogen (A)

Irritation of Skin and Mucous Membranes(Dermatitus, Conjunctivitis, Pharyngitis, Rhinitis)

Sore ThroatIrritated Lungs

Darkening of SkinGrowths on Palms, Soles, and Torso

Circulatory and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders

Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Arsenic

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

2001 (13 PM 2.5)

2002 (59 PM 2.5)

2003 (59 PM 2.5)

2004 (61 PM 2.5)

2005 (57 PM 2.5)

Year (Number-Type Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Compared to Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Compared to Concentration Protective at 10Concentration Protective at 10--6 6 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

2001 (112 PM 2.5)

2002 (119 PM 2.5)

2003 (120 PM 2.5)

2004 (121 PM 2.5)

2005 (114 PM 2.5)

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

2005 (8 TSP)

Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk

841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

2005 (8 TSP)Year (Number-Type of Measurements)

ug/m

3

Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website

MeasuredValue

10-6 RiskValue

Estimated Pounds of Arsenic and ArsenicEstimated Pounds of Arsenic and ArsenicCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

ALABAMA POWER CO.MILLER STEAM PLANTSLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT

Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam Plant

Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant

Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities Emitting ng Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds in Jefferson County, ALArsenic and Arsenic Compounds in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

SLOSS INDS.CORP. COKEPLANTALABAMA POWERCO. MILLERSTEAM PLANT

Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant

Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam Plant

Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant

Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, ALSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, AL

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Radius (miles) from Sloss

Indus. Corp.

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 4,675

41,956

132,777

94.4 45.1 50.3

3.0 80.5 33.7

5.0

39.9

67.3 25.5 31.8

Radii Surrounding Alabama Power Co.Radii Surrounding Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam PlantMiller Steam Plant

Demographics Surrounding Alabama Power Co. Demographics Surrounding Alabama Power Co. Miller Steam Plant in Jefferson County, ALMiller Steam Plant in Jefferson County, AL

Radius (miles) from Ala. Power

Miller Steam Plant

Estimated Population Percent Minority

Percent Individuals

Below Poverty

Percent Households

Below $15,000

1.0 214

2,121

7,337

5.1 5.1

3.0 8.2 6.0

5.0

14.5

11.9 7.0

Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.

Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksArsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks

Arsenic Emission Facilities and Arsenic Emission Facilities and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups

Cumulative Exposures to Toxic Air PollutantsCumulative Exposures to Toxic Air Pollutants

23 facilities emit Manganese and Manganese Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)

23 facilities emit Lead and Lead Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)

2 facilities emit Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)

2 facilities emit Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)

62 facilities emit 66 toxic chemicals and compounds into the air of Jefferson County, AL (TRI, 2004).

Other Chemicals Exceeding Other Chemicals Exceeding ““SafeSafe”” Concentrations*Concentrations*

* Review of air monitoring data at 3009 28* Review of air monitoring data at 3009 28thth Street NorthStreet North

1,3-Butadiene ChloroformFormaldehyde Carbon TetrachlorideAcetaldehyde 1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneAcrolein 1,1,2-TrichloroethaneAcrylonitrile 1,2-DichloropropaneMethyl Chloride HexachlorobutadieneBenzene 1,4-DichlorobenzeneBenzyl Chloride

Current Regulatory RegimeCurrent Regulatory Regime

Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7412 - Hazardous Air Pollutants

187 Hazardous Air Pollutants Designated

More than 80 Categories and Subcategories of Major Sources of Hazardous Pollutant Emissions Regulated

Emission Standards applicable to Category or Subcategory Based On:

Current Regulatory Regime (conCurrent Regulatory Regime (con’’t)t)

“Maximum Achievable Control Technology”

NOT HUMAN HEALTH

Conclusions and SolutionsConclusions and SolutionsCurrent rules are not suffient to protect human health.

The Environmental Management Commission should adopt new rules limiting individual toxic air pollutants from individual facilities to protect human health.

The Environmental Management Commission should adopt new rules limiting multiple toxic air pollutants from multiple facilities to protect human health.

Conclusions and Solutions (conConclusions and Solutions (con’’t)t)Air pollution disproportionately impacts minority and poor communities.

The Alabama Department of Environmental Management should prepare disparate impact assessments for permitted activities to demonstrate compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act andEPA regulations.

The Alabama Department of Environmental Management should support state legislation prohibiting disparate pollution impacts on communities of any particular race, color, national origin, or income.

Who To ContactWho To ContactEnvironmental Management Commission

W. Scott Phillips, ChairMalcolm Pirnie, Inc.

2170 Highland Avenue, Suite 250Birmingham, AL 35205Office: (205) 930-5910Fax: (205) 930-5707

sphillips@pirnie.com

Alabama Department of Environmental ManagementOnis “Trey” Glenn, III, Director

P. O. Box 301463Montgomery, AL 36130-1463

Office: (334) 271-7710Fax (334) 271-7950

fthomas@adem.state.al.us

Who To Contact (conWho To Contact (con’’t)t)

Jefferson County Legislative Delegation