transfer of training concept theory factors. transfer of training definition ◦ transfer of...
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Transfer of TrainingConceptTheoryFactors
Transfer of TrainingDefinition
◦Transfer of training is effectively and continuing applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in a learning environment to the job environment.
Transfer of Learning◦ The application of skills, knowledge,
and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation.
The Theory of Transfer of Learning was introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth (1901). They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and problem solving, since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004).
Types of transfer
Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following explanation, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220).
Type - Characteristics
Near - Overlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar
Far - Little overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar
Positive - What is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)
Negative - What is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)
Vertical - Knowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge (Ormrod, 2004)
Type - Characteristics
Horizontal - Knowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic (Ormrod, 2004)
Literal - Intact knowledge transfers to new task Figural - Use some aspect of general knowledge to think
or learn about a problem
Type - Characteristics Low Road - Transfer of well-established skills in
almost automatic fashion High Road - Transfer involves abstraction so
conscious formulations of connections between contexts
High Road /Forward Reaching - Abstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context
High Road / Backward Reaching - Abstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned
Transfer of Training ProcessTrainees
CharacteristicsMotivationAbility
Training DesignLearning environmentTransfer of Training TheorySelf-management Strategy
Work environmentClimate of transferManagement and Peers supportOpportunityTechnology support
Learning Retention
Generalization and Retention
Trainee characteristicsMotivation and ability to learn
◦Basic skills needed (cognitive ability, reading skills)
◦Motivation to learn◦Self-efficacy
Training designObjectivePracticeFeedbackMaterialApplications of ToT TheorySelf management strategies
Work EnvironmentClimate for transferManager SupportPeer supportOpportunity to useTechnological support
Organization EnvironmentLearning organizationKnowledge management
DISCUSSIONBincangkan sejauhmana pentingnya teori elemen
seiras (identical elements) dalam latihan komputer.
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