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Translation
Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review.
ribosome
ribosomeribosome
Transcription Review
A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule.
CELL NUCEUS
ribosome
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Transcription Review
A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule.
Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule.
Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin.
CELL NUCEUS
ribosome
AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA
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Translation Process
The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid.
Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein.
ribosome
Click to see the codons
It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid.
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The Genetic Code
This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.
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AUG codon
Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein.
Click on the CCA codon.
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CCA codon
Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished.
Click on any of the STOP CODONS.
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Transfer RNACorrect! Stop codons tell
the ribosome to stop making a protein.
So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome.
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid serine
Amino Acid proline
BACK
Watching the ProcessThe mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon
at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.
ribosome
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
Amino Acid methionine
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
1st codon
Watching the ProcessThe mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon
at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.
ribosome
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
Amino Acid methionine
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessThe mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon
at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.
ribosome
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
Amino Acid methionine
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon.
Click on the next amino acid to be delivered.
Stop codon
choices
2nd codon
Watching the ProcessCorrect! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver
proline to the ribosome.
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessCorrect! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver
proline to the ribosome.
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessClick on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome.
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessClick on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome.
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch.
Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered.
Stop codon
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessYep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver
glycine to the ribosome.
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline Amino Acid
tyrosine
Amino Acid glycine
Now what happens?
Stop codon
tRNA exitsmRNA reads the DNA
DNA helix splits
choices
BACK
Watching the ProcessYou got it!
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline Amino Acid
tyrosine
Amino Acid glycine
Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below.
Stop codon
choices
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Watching the ProcessSTOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How
many amino acids long is this finished protein?
phenylalanine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
valine
serine
proline
threonine
alanine
tyrosine
histidine
glutamine
asparagine
lysine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
cysteine
tryptophan
arginine
glycine
ribosome
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline Amino Acid
tyrosine
Amino Acid glycine
Stop codon
One ThreeTwo
Four Five
choices
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This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell?
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline Amino Acid
tyrosine
Amino Acid glycine
Golgi body
Rough ER
Mitochondria
Chlorplast
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Final ReviewGood memory.
Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome?
Replication
Transcription
Translation
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Final ReviewCorrect!
Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome?
mRNA
DNA
Amino acids
Proteins
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Final ReviewCorrect!
Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome?
messenger RNA
DNA
RNA polymerase
The nucleus
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Final ReviewCorrect!
Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place?
Inside the nucleus
Inside the Golgi body
At the ribosome
Inside the vacuole
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Final ReviewCorrect!
Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code.
AAG-TTA-CCG
TTC-AAT-GGC
AAG-UUA-CCG
UUG-TTA-UCG
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Final ReviewCorrect!
Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome?
LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE
LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE
LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE
SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID
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Correct!
I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.
Find the AUG codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called methionine. Click on the AUG codon to proceed.
Find the CCA codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called proline. Click on the CCA codon to proceed.
Find the stop codons. These codes tells the ribosome to stop creating the protein. Click on the any stop codon to proceed.
The first three letters are AUG. The ribosome reads the AUG and the amino acid called methionine is delivered. Click return to try again. return
The next three letters are CCA. The ribosome reads the CCA and the amino acid called proline is delivered. Click return to try again. return
The next three letters are UAU. The ribosome reads the UAU and the amino acid called tyrosine is delivered. Click return to try again. return
The next three letters are UAA. The ribosome reads the UAA and this is one of the signals to stop creating the protein. Click return to try again.
return
Count ‘em up!
This protein is only 4 amino acids in length.
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline Amino Acid
tyrosine
Amino Acid glycine
return
Click return to try again.
return
Mitochondria Creates ATP energy
Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell
Chloroplast Creates sugars by photosynthesis
Click return to try again.
return
Replication Process of DNA duplication
Translation Process of creating proteins
Click return to try again.
return
mRNA Their role is to read the DNA code and carry the message to a ribosome
DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein
Proteins They are created by translation and used in a wide variety of cell functions.
Click return to try again.
return
DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein.
RNA polymerase It’s role is to cut the DNA at the start of transcription.
The Nucleus This is where transcription occurs when the DNA is copied by the mRNA.
Click return to try again.
return
Inside the nucleus Transcription takes place inside the nucleus (not translation)
Inside the Golgi body
This is where a finished protein will travel to be sorted. However, the protein is not created at the Golgi body.
Inside the Vacuole This is where food and water are stored. The vacuole plays no part in translation.
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