under the earth. introduction why underground? reserve is deep, uneconomical to remove the...

Under The Earth

Introduction

Why Underground? Reserve is deep, uneconomical to remove the overburdenUnderground: All kinds of design you can imagineTransport (people, waste rock and ore) through: Decline Shaft Decline and Shaft

Shaft and Decline

www.geocities.com/cannon_mine/

Development

Create accesses and other openings (water sump, power station, shop etc.) in waste rock.

Cycle/Round– Drilling– Blasting– Mucking– Ground Support

Basic Terminology– Rib- Side Wall– Sill- Floor– Back- Roof Overhead– Face – Active Working/Advancing Surface

Drilling

http://news.thomasnet.com/images/large/456/456652.jpg

Blasting

Load drill holes with explosives and……

….BOOM!!

http://www.cgempire.com/tutorials/pstuts/explosion/ExplosionExample.jpg

Mucking

http://www.golden-phoenix.com/images/MuckingMaryMine.jpghttp://wells.entirety.ca/images/wp627m.jpg

Ground Support: Bolts & Mesh

Ground Support: Bolts

Prevent wedge failure

Hold mesh (wire)

http://www.rocscience.com/images/products/unwedge/uw_support5.gif

Patterns

Several types of bolts used ranging 5 to 12 feet in length

Spacing and bolting pattern dependent upon ground conditions and life span of drift

®

®

we ell xS®

w e el l xS

Different Patterns For 100% Coverage

Ground Support: Shotcrete

Form a support arch Fill in voids between rocks and bond them

together Stop rock weathering

Ground Support: Shotcrete

http://www.scsmining.ca/site/Portals/0/Shotcreter%20in%20tunnel.jpg

Thank you!!

Questions?