“understanding the iso standards & qlassic for tiles...
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PAM NC Half-day Seminar
“Understanding the ISO Standards &
QLASSIC for Tiles Adhesives”
Yong Wai Kit
Specification Manager
Mapei Malaysia Sdn Bhd
012-335 2318
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 4.5 mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 4.5 mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
MAPEI World of Adhesives
Founded in 1937, in Milan-Italy
MAPEI is today the largest producer worldwide of adhesives
for ceramics & stone materials.
70 Subsidiaries 64 Plants
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
The Tiling System & Its Components
Levelling mortar
(render for wall or
screed for floor)
tile adhesive
(bedding material)
finishing tile or stone
tile grout
All the components are
equally important as they are
inter-related
Adequate compatibility
must exist between them for
the system to function
collectively
The system can only be as
strong as the weakest
component (or, in some
cases, worse)
The Bedding Material Materials used for bedding:
1. Site-mixed leveling mortar cement +
sand (1:3)
2. Pre-bagged adhesives
a)“Unregulated” products cement + sand + additive for water retention
-No compliance with performance standards
b) “Regulated” products cements + sand + polymers + additives
- Compliance with performance standards eg ISO 13007
- Performance-coded
“Regulated” adhesives, formulated & pre-bagged with:
Polymers for performance enhancement increased cohesion,
adhesion, toughness, flexibility, water-resistance, ...
Working & final properties tested to ISO 13007 Standards & coded for
identification and selection eg...
The Bedding Material (Cementitious adhesives)
Additives for modified working properties water retention, setting time,
thixotropy
Types of Adhesives for Tile & Stone works
C, Cementitious Type D, Dispersion Type Paste Adhesive
(No mixing required)
R, Reaction-resin Type
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
ISO 13007-3 Part 3: Grouts – Definitions and Specifications for Grouts
ISO 13007-4 Part 4: Grouts – Test Methods for Determining Characteristics of Grouts
Standards for Adhesives & Tile Grouts
ISO 13007-1 Part 1: Adhesives – Definitions and Specifications for Adhesives
ISO 13007-2 Part 2: Adhesives – Test Methods for Determining Characteristics of Adhesives
How do the Standards benefit the building
industry?
Architects & designers are able to identify and specify the installation
products best fitting the application
Project tenders are evaluated according to product performance
without fear of inferior substitutions
What is the right product for the job?
24-hour deadlines residential floors intricate patterns 110-storey high-rise
Type Classes Special characteristics
C = Cementitious (Thin-set mortars)
1 = Normal
performance
F = Fast-setting
2 = Improved
performance
T = Slip-resistant
E = Extended open time
S1 = Deformable
S2 = Highly deformable
ISO 13007 Classifications Cementitious Adhesives
Type Characteristic Requirement Test
method
Normal-setting
adhesives C1
Tensile adhesion strength ≥ 0.5N/mm2 ISO 13007-2
4.4.4.2
Open time: tensile adhesion
strength
≥ 0.5N/mm2
After no less than 20 min
ISO 13007-2
4.1
ISO 13007 Classifications Specifications for cementitious adhesives - fundamental characteristics
From ISO 13007-1, Section 5.2, Table 2:
Fast-setting
adhesives F
Tensile adhesion strength ≥ 0.5N/mm2 After no more than 24 h
ISO 13007-2
4.4.4.2
Open time: tensile adhesion
strength
≥ 0.5N/mm2
After no less than 10 min
ISO 13007-2
4.1
Characteristic Description Requirement Test
method
Slip T Slip ≤ 0.5 mm ISO 13007-2
4.2
Transverse
deformation S
Deformable adhesive S1 ≥ 2.5 mm, < 5 mm ISO 13007-2
4.5
Highly deformable adhesive
S2
≥ 5 mm ISO 13007-2
4.5
ISO 13007 Classifications Specifications for cementitious adhesives – special / additional
characteristics
From ISO 13007-1, Section 5.2, Table 3:
Sp
ec
ial
ch
ara
cte
risti
cs
Ad
dit
ion
al
ch
ara
cte
risti
cs
Improved adhesive
C2
High tensile adhesion strength ≥ 1 N/mm2 ISO 13007-2
4.4.4.2
Extended open time
E
Extended open time: tensile
adhesion strength
≥ 0.5N/mm2
After not less than 30
min
ISO 13007-2
4.1
Cementitious adhesives
C1: Where normal adhesion strengths are acceptable
Where to use? Concrete & masonry surfaces
Other rigid surfaces
C1: Tensile adhesion strength of
0.5 N/mm2 (72.5 psi) at 28-d
What types of tiles? Ceramic & Glazed Tiles
Where to use? Concrete & masonry surfaces
Other rigid surfaces
High-use areas
C2: Tensile adhesion strength of
1.0 N/mm2 (145 psi) at 28-d
(compared to 0.5 N/mm2 for C1 adhesives)
What types of tiles? Porcelain tiles & low-absorbent tiles
Glass mosaics & larger formats
Natural stones
Airports, Malls, Industrial Projects
C2: Where higher performance is required
Cementitious adhesives
F: Fast-setting & Fast-drying
When would you use this? When time is critical (for completion and opening to traffic)
When moisture-sensitive stones
are selected
Class F:
Fast-setting adhesives. Tensile adhesion strength of
0.5 N/mm² (72.5 psi) ▪ after no more than 24 hours
▪ with an open-time of no less than 10 mins
When time is critical, fast-track projects
Cementitious adhesives
E: Extended open time When would you use this? With porous tiles or when the substrate is porous
Intricate laying patterns
Applications at higher temperatures
Applications in exposed windy conditions
(the mortar dries out more quickly)
Class E:
Extended open-time. Tensile adhesion strength of
0.5 N /mm2 (72.5 psi) with an open time of not less than 30 mins
Intricate patterns
Applications in direct sunlight
Cementitious adhesives
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II - Milano
T: Slip-resistant (on vertical installations)
When would you use this? For installing:
Tiles and stones on vertical or high-slope
faces
Large format tiles
Exterior facades
Ungauged stones (uneven thickness)
Glass tiles
Class T:
Slip-resistant. Adhesive must not allow a tile applied on a
vertical surface to slip more than 0.5 mm
(based on test conditions)
Cementitious adhesives
S: The ability of the mortar to accomodate
movements between the tile and the substrate
Class S1: Deformable adhesives deflect
2.5 mm (0.1”) and < 5 mm (0.2”)
Class S2: Highly deformable adhesives deflect
5 mm (0.2”)
Cementitious adhesives
The importance of using S1 & S2 deformable
adhesives for suspended slabs
Slab deflection (curvature)
When the entire installation is
subject to deformation due to
loading, movement or deflection
S1 & S2 classications identify the
correct adhesives to suit the
deformation that will occur (within
acceptable limits)
Which to use: S1 or S2?
S1 - Deformable Required when installing large profile ceramic or porcelain tiles or
stones over areas subject to movement
Areas subject to thermal stresses and expansion/contraction over time;
deflection within acceptable limits where curvature is expected
Which to use: S1 or S2? S2 - Highly Deformable Exterior installations subject to high movements due to sharp
temperature fluctuations and dynamic loading
exterior facades
Suspended slabs; engineered wood-framed
construction; multi-floor building facades
ISO 13007-1 Classifications
Shopping mall with a suspended
second floor
Suspended 2nd Floor with 600x600mm Porcelain tiles
Classification C2FS2
C2 : Cementious, Improved Adhesive Performance
F : Fast-setting & -drying
S2 : Highly Deformable
examples...
...enable quick identification of product’s chemical nature & performance
and matching it to the project’s requirements
1st Floor: with 300x300mm Porcelain tiles
Classification C2FS1
C2 : Cementious, Improved Adhesive Performance
F : Fast-setting & -drying
S1 : Deformable
GLAZE
ENGOBE
BODY
Glazed floor tile with
6% water absorption
Glazed wall tile with
14% water absorption
Porcelain tile with
0.1% water absorption
ENGOBE ENGOBE
GLAZE GLAZE
BODY BODY BODY
Microstructure of Ceramic Tiles
Porous Compact
Types of Ceramic Tiles – ISO/ASTM Terminology
Grouping WATER
ABSORPTION (%) TYPE OF TILES Glazed or Unglazed?
BIa (Annex G)
≤ 0.5
PORCELAIN (Impervious)
GL / UGL
BIb (Annex H)
0.5 to ≤ 3
GRES TILES (Vitreous)
GL
BIIa (Annex J)
3 to ≤ 6 SEMI GRES TILES
(Semi-Vitreous) GL
BIIb (Annex K)
6 to ≤10 SEMI POROUS TILES
(Semi-Vitreous) GL
BIII (Annex L)
>10 POROUS TILES
(Non-Vitreous) GL
GL-Glazed
UGL-Unglazed
(ASTM Classification)
Stone installations
By adhesion - similar to tile installation
For Wall Applications:
Select a cementitious adhesive that belongs
to the C2 classification
Improved performance for high tensile
adhesion strength
Natural marble and granite
These stones are naturally formed under varying conditions
No two pieces will bear the same composition or sensitivity to moisture
Stone installations
Options for overcoming moisture-staining of highly porous marble &
granite. Select:
Stone installations
Two-component adhesives less
water in the mix & better water
retentivity characteristic, or
“F” Fast-setting adhesives rapid
hydration property, or
“R” type reaction-resin products
do not contain water
Stone installations Installation of 1000 x 300 x 20mm
Serpeggiante Marble
with MAPEI’s Kerabond T +
Isolastic
Improved performance &
highly deformable adhesive, C2/S2
“Serpeggiante Marble has been valued for thousands of years for its
rich palette of beautiful colors and appearance... It is often irregularly
colored by impurities and used especially in architecture and
sculpture.”
Stone installations
Volakas white marble installation with
MAPEI’s Granirapid, a fast-set
adhesive with rapid hydration
properties
Volakas, from which the stone takes its name, is a remote village in
the Drama area of North Greece. The white backround of the stone,
with light grey veining corresponds with nearly everyone's perception
of the most beautiful marble and it is specified by architects for many
of the world's most important buildings.
Stone installations
Cluster housing exterior walls.
Installation with MAPEI’s Keraflex
Maxi S1, C2TE/S1
Stone installations on walls
Tile Size / Requirement Adhesive Selections
< 600 x 600 x 20mm Keraflex Maxi S1, C2TE/S1 or
Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1
> 600 x 600 x 20mm Kerabond T + Isolastic, C2/S2
< 600 x 600mm x 20mm
Fast-setting Granirapid, C2F/S1
> 600 x 600mm x 20mm
Fast-setting Elastorapid, C2FTE/S2
Stone installations
All stones are natural products.
When in doubt, trials are advised...
to establish the stone’s
sensitivity to moisture, and
to compare the stone’s reaction
to the water present in
normal-setting vs. fast-setting
adhesives
Agglomerates & artificial marble installations
Commonly referred to as Compressed
Marble, Reconstituted Marble, etc
Thickness normally 12mm or 15mm
Depending on sensitivity, marble may be
subject to curling and warping when in
contact with water in the cementitious
adhesive during installation
Agglomerates & artificial marble installations
Dimensional stability testing apparatus
Agglomerates & artificial marble installations
Dimensional
Stability
Class
Deformation Adhesive
Type
MAPEI Adhesive Selections
Class A d < 0.3mm Normal-setting
or Fast-setting Keraflex Maxi S1
Kerabond T + Isolastic/Isolastic 50
Granirapid
Elastorapid
Class B 0.3 ≤ d < 0.6
mm
Fast-setting Granirapid
Elastorapid
Class C d 0.6 mm Reaction-resin Kerapoxy, epoxy adhesive
Keralastic, polyurethane adhesive
inc
reasin
g s
en
sit
ivit
y t
o m
ois
ture
Swimming pool installations Tile type/
requirement Adhesive
Waiting time
to fill pools
Ceramic Keracrete + Keracrete powder ,C2T 21 days
Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1 21 days
Glass mosaic Kerabond T + Isolastic 50, C2/S1 21 days
Rapid
installations Granirapid , C2F/S1 3 days
ISO 13007 Standards & product selection Summary
Selection criteria:
characteristics and physical
dimensions of tile/stone
substrate type
horizontal or vertical installation
stability of substrate structure
floor design
application conditions
criticality of time
exposure to aggressive agents
Match with adhesive:
Type: C / D / R
Class: 1 / 2
Special Characteristic: F
/ T / E / S1 / S2
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Contents
1-component or 2-component
Which is better?
Cementitious adhesives
Classification of Cementitious Adhesives Fundamental Characteristics
The C1 adhesives (normal adhesives) must have
tensile adhesion strength at 28 days: 0.5 N/mm2
after heat ageing
after water immersion
after freeze-thaw cycles
...and open-time of no less than 20 mins,
with tensile adhesion strength 0.5 N /mm2
C2 adhesives (improved adhesives) must have
tensile adhesion strength : 1 N/mm2
...under the same conditions
Adhesives Choices, Cementitious Type
Product Classification Deformable Classification Product Type
Kerabond T C1T No 1 component
Keraflex C2 TE Medium flexible 1 component
Keraflex Maxi S1 C2 TE/S1 S1 – Deformable 1 component
Keracrete + Keracrete Powder C2 T No 2 component
Kerabond T + Isolastic C2 /S2 S2 – Highly Deformable 2 component
Kerabond T + Isolastic 50 C2/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component
Adesilex P10 + Isolastic 50 C2TE/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component
Granirapid C2 F/S1 S1 – Deformable 2 component
Fast-set
Elastorapid C2 FTE/S2 S2 – Highly Deformable 2 component
Fast-set
Cementitious Adhesives
Kerabond T: One-component adhesive
C1T – Normal performance,
when mixed with water
Tensile adhesion strength:
min. > 0.5 N/mm2
Kerabond T + Isolastic: Two-component adhesive
C2/S2 – Improved performance
High tensile adhesion strength:
2.4 N/mm2 (after 28 days)
With additional property:
Highly deformable (S2)
Cementitious Adhesives
C2TE - Improved performance
Tensile Adhesion Strength:
1.8 N/mm2 after 28 days
With additional properties :
No vertical slip
Extended open time
Mixing: with water only
Cementitious Adhesives
Keraflex: One-component adhesive with medium flexibility
C2TE/S1 – Improved performance
High tensile adhesion strength:
2.5 N/mm²
With additional properties:
No vertical slip
Extended open time
Deformable (S1)
Mixing: with water only
Keraflex Maxi: One-component adhesive
Cementitious Adhesives
Keracrete + Keracrete Powder: Two-component adhesive
C2T – Improved performance
Tensile adhesion strength:
>1.5 N/mm²
With additional property:
No vertical slip
Suitable for installation of :
Tiles and marble
Interiors and exteriors
Swimming pools
Cementitious Adhesives
Granirapid: Two-component adhesive
C2F/S1 – Improved performance
Meets the requirements of EN12004 (6
hours) & ISO 13007-1 (24 hours) for early
tensile adhesion strength: > 0.5 N/mm²
High tensile adhesion strength at 28
days: 2.5 N/mm²
With additional properties:
Fast-setting
Deformable (S1)
Cementitious Adhesives
Elastorapid: Two-component adhesive
C2FTE/S2 – Improved, fast-setting
Meets the requirements of EN 12004 &
ISO 13007-1 for early tensile adhesion
strength: > 0.5 N/mm² (tested at 6 hrs)
High tensile adhesion strength at 28 days:
2.5 N/mm²
With additional properties:
No vertical slip
Extended open time
Highly deformable (S2)
Cementitious Adhesives
1-component vs 2-component
Which is better?
Cementitious Adhesives
Before the development of current adhesives technology, addition of a
2nd component was necessary for performance enhancement (limited)
Today, 1-component adhesives are formulated and prebagged with
polymers and additives to provide a range of enhancement options
and working properties to suit project requirements
The Standards classifications do not differentiate between 1-
component and 2-component adhesives as long as the product
meets the performance criteria for the respective C1, C2 & Special
Characteristic classes.
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
ISO 13007 – Part 1
Classification Characteristic Requirement
C1 - Normal Tensile Adhesion Strength
Open Time at 20 mins.
0.5 N/mm2
0.5 N/mm2
C2 – Improved High Tensile Adhesion Strength
Open Time at 20 mins.
1.0 N/mm2
0.5 N/mm2
F – Fast setting Early Tensile Adhesion Strength after
24 hours (EN 12004 – Aug 2007: Requirement
changed to 6 hrs)
0.5 N/mm2
T – No vertical slip Slip 0.5 mm
S1 – Deformable
S2 – Highly deformable
Transverse deformation
(special deformable characteristic for
cementitious adhesives only)
2.5 mm < 5 mm
5 mm
E – Extended open
time
Extended Open Time : Tensile
Adhesion Strength
0.5 N/mm2
after no less than 30
mins
Final Properties: Tensile adhesion strength
In ISO 13007-2, The tensile adhesion strength test is an essential
test to determine the following properties of cementitious adhesives:
4.4 Determination of tensile adhesion strength at 28 days...
4.4.4.2 ...under standard conditions
4.4.4.3 ...after water immersion
4.4.4.4 ...after heat aging
4.4.4.5 ...after freeze-thaw cycle
4.1 Determination of open time
C1/C2, tested at 28-d, after open time of at least 20 mins
E, tested at 28-d, after open time of at least 30 mins
F, tested at 24-h, after open time of at least 10 mins
Final Properties: Tensile adhesion strength
ISO 13007-2: Test methods for adhesives
“C1” 28 0.5 N/mm2
“C2” 28 1.0 N/mm2
Job-site use possible (results will not
match lab tests due to varying ambient
conditions i.e. temp, humidity, air movement)
Test method specifies use of
50x50mm tiles
Tensile adhesion strength: test failure modes
pullhead plate
tile
adhesive substrate
a) Adhesive failure between adhesive
and substrate (AF-S)
X
b) Adhesive failure between tile and
adhesive (AF-T)
X
Tensile adhesion strength: test failure modes
c) Adhesive failure between tile and
pullhead plate (BF)
X
pullhead plate
tile
adhesive
d) Cohesive failure within the adhesive
(CF-A)
X
if failure load is below target
load, test is considered aborted
f) Cohesive failure within the tile (CF-T)
X
Tensile adhesion strength: test failure modes
e) Cohesive failure within the
substrate (CF-S)
X
pullhead plate
tile
adhesive
if failure load is below target
load, test is considered aborted
if failure load is below target
load, test is considered aborted
The failure may be a combination of the above modes.
Open Time is defined as the “maximum time interval after application at
which tiles can be embedded in the applied adhesive and meet the specified
tensile adhesion strength requirement.”
X
The impact of Open Time
The open time can have significant impact on the tiling system
When open time has lapsed, skinning will occur on adhesive surface and cause reduced
adhesion
Final Properties: Open Time
Test methods for adhesives, ISO 13007-2: Clause 4.1
All C1 and C2 cementitious adhesives will have to meet the fundamental
criteria of Open Time, 0.5 MPa “after no less than 20 mins”
Final Properties: Open Time
adhesive
placed on test
substrate
place tile
on
substrate
at 5 mins at 10 mins at 15 mins at 20 mins at 25 mins
C1 & C2 adhesives
at 30 mins
Under standard lab conditions
Temp: 23±2 0C
Relative humidity: 50±5%
Air circulation: <0.2 m/s
Test methods for adhesives, ISO 13007-2: Clause 4.1
All “E” adhesives will have to meet the criteria of Open Time, 0.5 MPa
“after no less than 30 mins”
Final Properties: E, Extended Open Time
adhesive
placed on test
substrate
place tile
on
substrate
E adhesives
Under standard lab conditions
Temp: 23±2 0C
Relative humidity: 50±5%
Air circulation: <0.2 m/s
at 5 mins at 10 mins at 15 mins at 20 mins at 25 mins at 30 mins
Deformability is defined as “the capacity of a hardened adhesive to be
deformed by stresses between the tile and the fixing surface without
damage to the installed surface”.
Final Properties: S, Deformability
This characteristic is tested by Transverse Deformation: “the
deflection recorded at the centre, when a beam is subjected to three-
point loading”...
d
P
Final Properties: S, Deformability
S1 deformable adhesives:
Must achieve a deflection of 2,5 mm and < 5 mm
S2 highly deformable adhesives:
Must achieve a deflection of 5 mm
Final Properties: T, No vertical slip ISO 13007-2,
4.2 Slip is defined as the “downward movement of a tile applied to a combed
adhesive layer on a vertical surface”.
Bia tile
100mm x 100mm,
200g
vertically combed
adhesive
concrete test substrate
steel straight edge
spacers x1 x2
slip = x2 – x1 ≤ 0.5mm
x2, measured
after 20 mins
Final Properties: T, No vertical slip
T adhesives, requirement: slip ≤ 0.5 mm
Important Properties to look for in tile adhesives
Tensile Adhesion Strength
Open Time
Flexibility….
Why is Flexibility important...?
Flexibility improves resistance to movements in substrates
due to:
deflection from dead and live loads (out-of-plane)
impact / dynamic loads (out-of-plane)
thermal expansion and contraction (in-plane)
in-plane movement
out-of-plane movement
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Contents
Substrate quality & preparation
Solid, stable & structurally sound
Fully cured
Free of laitance, loose particles & contamination
eg. dirt, oil, coatings
Substrate quality & preparation
Remove and repair all broken parts
Surface repairs
Repair and seal all cracks
Receiving substrates for thin bed adhesives
Traditional thick-bedding mortars
(cement/sand mix) are of min. 20 mm
thickness.
Formulated and pre-bagged
adhesives are designed for thin-bed
applications, 2-15 mm
Thin-bed applications require substrate accuracy (level-ness).
This is normally achieved by applying a leveling screed/render
Floor screed : apply bonding
slurry coat - eg. PLANICRETE latex
+ cement (no sand).
Lay screed mortar, wet-on-wet on
the bonding slurry coat.
Wall render: apply spatter dash
coat - eg. PLANICRETE latex +
cement + sand.
Allow to dry for 24 hours before
applying wall render.
Substrate preparation
Wrong use of latex as bonding agent for screed mortar applications
Substrate preparation
X
Performance Cement + Sand Cement + Sand +
PLANICRETE SP
Adhesion strength at 28 day 0.3 MPa 2.6 MPa
Compressive strength at 28 day 2.8 MPa 30 MPa
Flexural strength at 28 day Poor 7 MPa
Impact resistance Poor Good
Minimum thickness > 20 mm generally 3x sand
size*
Use good screed & render mortar mixes Use latex admixtures for improved adhesion, cohesion & strength
Comparison between mortar mixes (typical results):
* subject to designer’s requirements for service conditions / slab condition
Semi-dry Method Not recommended.
Curing of floor screeds & wall renders
Allow curing to take place: 7 days for every 10mm thickness of mortar.
- When tiles are laid before the required curing period:
Screeds & renders will shrink as they continue to dry out and may produce
sufficient forces to break the adhesion between the tile and the bedding mortar.
- Allow mortar to achieve the equilibrium (stable) level of residual moisture
content.
When a rapid-drying screed is necessary...
TOPCEM PRONTO, a formulated, pre-bagged, screeding mortar
Residual moisture content :
Install tiles after 1 days (<4%)
Install marble after 2 days (<3.5%)
for TOPCEM PRONTO bonded screeds up to
40 mm thick.
(c/w Site-mixed screeds which require 7 days
curing for each 10 mm thickness)
Compressive strength:
30 N/mm2 @ 28 days
Semi-Dry screed mortar
Quick-drying with controlled shrinkage
Mixing of adhesive
Use a mechanical mixer (drill with
mixing paddle)
Allow sufficient bucket space to move
paddle in circular motion
Observe “pot life” of the mix
Use freshly mixed material – do not mix
more than can be used up within the
working period
Good mixing practice / use of mixed material
Adhesive application
1st Coat : Scratch Coat 2nd Coat : Notch Coat 3rd Coat : Coat Tile / Back of Stone
follow application steps to achieve high percentage adhesive
contact between tile and substrate
Spread as much as you can cover within arm’s length only
Ensure that the adhesive has not formed a “skin”
If it has, re-notch it and place tiles with firm pressure (within the open time)
X
Adhesive application
Use the correct tools
Select the correct trowel for the required bedding adhesive thickness.
Why use notched trowels ?
for controlling adhesive thickness
for even distribution of adhesive across the whole surface
Protection – refer to the Manufacturer’s data sheet
Prevent access during “no-
traffic” curing period eg...
Protect exterior installations
from weather during curing
period (direct sunlight and
rainwater) eg...
for Keraflex Maxi S1
for Keraflex Maxi S1
Protection – refer to the Manufacturer’s data sheet
Grout tile joints as soon as
permitted eg...
for Keraflex Maxi S1
...in order to prevent easy
water penetration into the
adhesive and interfering
with curing.
Protection Swimming pools !!!
Protect the working area from rain and direct sunshine
during the installation.
Erect tentage and maintain a temporary drainage system.
Allow installation to cure properly in a
dry environment.
Curing
Before filling pool with water,
Normal Setting Adhesives :
At least 3 weeks curing
Rapid Setting Adhesives :
At least 3 days curing
Swimming pools & water features
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
Classifications of Joint Grouts
Grouts are divided into 2 types according to their chemical composition:
Cementitious = CG
Reaction Resin = RG
Classification & designation of Tile Grouts ISO 13007-3, Clause 4, Table 1
Type Class Charact-
eristic
Description
CG 1 Normal cementitious grout
CG 1 F Normal cementitious grout, fast setting
CG 2 W Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of reduced
water adsorption
CG 2 A Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of high
abrasion resistance
CG 2 WA Improved cementitious grout with additional characteristic of reduced
water adsorption and high abrasion resistance
CG 2 WF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic
of reduced water adsorption
CG 2 AF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic
of high abrasion resistance
CG 2 WAF Improved cementitious grout, fast setting with additional characteristic
of reduced water absorption and high abrasion resistance
RG 1 Reaction resin grout
Tile Grouts, ISO 13007-3
Type KERACOLOR SF KERACOLOR FF KERACOLOR GG
Mix with
water or FUGOLASTIC*
•mix with Fugolastic for swimming pool and other exterior applications
Formulation unsanded fine sanded coarse sanded
Joint width up to 4 mm up to 6 mm up to 15mm
ULTRACOLOR PLUS
CG2WA (improved cementitious grout with high
resistance to abrasion and reduced water absorption)
Formulated with Drop-Effect® and BioBlock® Technology
Fast-setting and rapid drying
Does not produce calcium hydroxide crystals (which lead to
efflorescence)
Grouting in swimming pools 48-hour curing (normal 21
days)
*Available in 26 colors
Tile Grouts, ISO 13007-3
KERAPOXY
RG/R2T (reaction resin grout)
Suitable for use in both adhesive &
grouting applications
Chemical-resistant
Stain-resistant
*Available in 26 colours
Tile Grouts, ISO 13007-3
Area/Material Min. Joint Width
Wall Tiles Dry pressed 1.5 mm
Extruded 6 mm
Floor Tiles Dry pressed 3 mm
Extruded 6 ~10 mm
Stones Smooth finish 1.5 mm
Rough texture 6 mm
Designer’s preference (aesthetics)
Always refer to Manufacturer’s recommendations
- for tiles (tolerance based on characteristics eg. square-ness)
- for stones (tolerance based on cutting accuracy)
Tile Joints
General guidelines: extracted from BCA’s Good Industrial Practice Guide
Grouting on porous or rough surfaces...
Dampen surface before grouting
Apply sealer or impregnator on tile surface
Use a scrubbing pad to loosen mortar trapped on
the rough surface of tile/stone
CG1: Normal cement grout
Where would you use this?
Ceramic & porcelain installations
Installations not exposed to extreme changes
Residential & commercial buildings
Shower walls & floors
Cementitious Grouts
CG2: Improved Cement Grout
Where would you use this?
Ceramic & porcelain installations
Areas subject to prolonged moisture exposure
Areas subject to thermal shocks
High traffic areas
Commercial & industrial applications
High traffic areas, eg: Malls
A: High Abrasion Resistance
Constant water flow over
grouted surface
W: Reduced Water Absorption
Intermittent & continuous water
immersion applications
Pools & Fountains
Cementitious Grouts
F: Fast Setting
Quick turn around projects
A: High Abrasion Resistance
Constant foot and cart traffic on the
grout surface
Classification of Cementitious Tile Grout
Improved grouts (class CG2) must have:
Abrasion resistance < 1000 mm3
Reduced water absorption < 2 g (after 30 min.)
Reduced water absorption < 5 g (after 240 min.)
The values required for flexural and compressive strength and for
shrinkage are the same as for normal CG1 grouts.
ISO 13007-3
Grouting Materials
Keracolor SF, Keracolor FF, Keracolor GG
mix with water or mix with Fugolastic (for swimming pool & other exterior
applications)
Ultracolor Plus
CG2 / A / W (improved cementitious grout with high resistance to
abrasion and reduced water absorption)
Kerapoxy
RG (reaction resin grout - chemical and stain resistant)
Movement Joints
Movement joints
Divide large continuous tiling areas
Location Joint spacing Joint width
Interior walls 5 6 m 3 5 mm
Interior floors 5 7 m 5 mm
Interiors exposed to sun 3.6 7 m 5 mm
Exterior walls & floors 3 m 10 mm
5 m 12 mm
Extracted from BCA’s Good Industrial Practice Guide
Movement Joints
Sealant selection:
Adequate movement accommodation factor
Material durability to match exposure
conditions
Use closed-cell backer-rod for depth control
(maintain sealant width/depth ratio)
or
Or bond-breaker tape for shallow joints (avoid
3-sided joints)
Sealant s:
Self-levelling (horizontal)
Gun-grade (vertical)
Backer-rod
Movement Joints
Sealants for movement joints Sealant Chemical
base
Application areas Features Colours
Mapesil AC Silicon damp environments eg.
kitchens, bathrooms &
swimming pools
low-modulus, mould-
resistant, high thermal &
chemical resistance
26 colours &
transparent
Mapesil LM Silicon natural stones & tiles on
facades
non-staining, weathering-
& ageing-resistant
white, grey,
black, beige,
transparent
Sealants for movement joints Sealant Chemical
base
Application areas Features Colours
Mapeflex PU 20
2-C,
Epoxy-PU
carparks, garages,
commercial areas,
warehouses, production
areas
(self-levelling for horizontal
applications)
high modulus, high
strength & chemical
resistance
grey
Mapeflex PU 21 2-C,
Epoxy-PU
internal joints in covered
carparks, supermarkets,
warehouses, store-rooms
(thixotropic for horizontal
and vertical applications)
high modulus, high
strength & surface
hardness, resistant to
vehicle traffic
grey
Mapeflex PU 30 2-C,
Epoxy-PU
carparks, garages,
commercial areas,
warehouses, production
areas
(thixotropic for horizontal
and vertical applications)
high modulus, high
strength & chemical
resistance
grey
a. Brief video introduction to MAPEI (~ 7mins)
b. The basic tiling system & its components
c. Standards for adhesives & tile grouts
How to use the Standards for your material selection
1-component and 2-component cementitious adhesives
d. Properties & testing of adhesives
e. Good practice in tile installation works
f. Tile joints & movement joints
g. Common complaints in tiling works
Topics
Efflorescence, causes of & prevention
a common and unsightly problem...
Efflorescence, causes of
OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) contains
soluble salts
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, aka “free lime” (soluble)
Passage of water into and out of porous substrates
(eg. weak plasters) and open surfaces (eg. cracks,
honeycombs) - carry the salts and calcium hydroxide
to the surface ...
The soluble salts dry out, leaving whitish, crystalline
deposits
The calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere to form calcium carbonate - a hard, whitish,
insoluble salt
Efflorescence, control & prevention
Efflorescence can be prevented or controlled by restricting the passage
of water in and out of cementitious materials
repair and seal all cracks and broken surfaces
during surface preparation and anytime they occur
(allow repair materials to cure)
seal all joints
using dense mixes for screeds
and renders reduced porosity
Efflorescence, control & prevention
By restricting the passage of water in and out of cementitious materials
applying the correct layering build-up
tile grout
adhesive
levelling render
waterproofing X WP layer beneath render
common industry practice
tile grout
adhesive
levelling render
waterproofing
Efflorescence, control & prevention
...restricting the passage of water in and out of cementitious materials
applying the correct layering build-up
WP layer over render
direct tiling on WP
Efflorescence, control & prevention
By selection of materials the adhesive
GRANIRAPID
formulated with special cement
binder (very low in OPC)
KERAPOXY
reaction-resin type
Efflorescence, control & prevention
By selection of materials tile grouts
KERAPOXY
reaction-resin type
ULTRACOLOR PLUS
Movement of substrate due to:
Thermal expansion & contraction
Structural...
- Deflection due to loading
- Dynamic loading/vibrations
Buckling / tenting of tiles
Solutions:
a)Design tile joints to suit manufacturer’s tolerances
b)Design & construct movement joints
c)Select adhesive to match the expected deformation
Many possible reasons, including...
Tiles placed after expiry of adhesive’s open time
- adhesive spread over too big an area
- harsh installation environment (direct sun and wind)
- intricate patterns slow placing of tiles
Adhesion failure
Wrong adhesive selected for harsh installation environment
Traffic on installed tiles before recommended curing period
Water immersion before recommended curing period eg. installations for
swimming pools, water features, outdoor areas
Adhesion failure: stone installations
Problem with “back-sealing” of stones interference with adhesion
Contaminant on the back of the granite tiles, subsequently
transferred onto the adhesive surface and interfering with
adhesion
Adhesion failure: stone installations
Different types of back-netting & risk of “interfering” layers
Check:
Compatibility of cementitious adhesive to resin layer. (There is no direct
contact between the adhesive and stone back.)
Integrity of bond between resin/netting layer and marble back
Adhesion failure: stone installations
Cracks due to structural vibrations and...
Butt jointing of tiles
No movement joints provided
Use of rigid adhesive
Cracks & crazing
Crazing of glazed tiles
Due to high moisture absorption and rapid
wetting/drying cycles
Check by soaking/drying before
installation crazing pattern
Hollow-sounding tiles
May indicate:
a)air voids created during installation
b)failure to bond
c)debonding after installation & curing
d)weak or de-bonded screed
Hollow-sounding tiles
b) Failure to bond, tile-to-adhesive or adhesive-to-substrate, caused by:
Dirty, dusty substrate/tiles
De-bonding layer on substrate eg. oil-based curing compounds
Laying of tiles past open time of adhesive
Interference by back-netting or back-sealing of stones
Adhesive not matching characteristics of tile/stone
Traffic on installed areas before recommended curing period
...
a) Air voids created during installation, caused by:
Spot-bonding
Buttering application
Insufficient compaction
...
Hollow-sounding tiles
c) De-bonding after installation & curing, caused by:
Excessive movement or deflection
Adhesive not selected to suit expected deformation
Lack of movement joints
...
d) Weak, porous screed or screed de-bonding, caused by:
Poor substrate preparation
Bonding agent not applied/wrongly applied
Poor screed mix
...
Photo of Defects
Severe lippage on the floor tiles.
Lippage on the wall tiles.
Photo of Defects
MAPEI’s strong commitment to the Environment and ECO-
Sustainable Buildings has also led the company to provide
products which:
have an extremely low level of VOC for installing ceramic
tiles and natural stone
are GEV-certified,
carry the EMICODE EC1 seal of approval.
...with you from start to finish
Thank you!
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