unification of italy
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Unification of Italy
Factors hindering unity
• Congress of Vienna-Metternich insisted on keeping Italy divided
• Austria opposed unity to keep control of Lombardy and Venetia
• Pope wanted disunity to retain the Papal states
• Nationalists argued over type of govt for united Italy
Promoting Unity
• Nationalism-glory of Roman empire
• Patriotic Societies– Carbonari- secret society to establish united
Italian republic– Young Italy-1831 Mazzini-promoted
nationalism and democratic ideas among people
– Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy who tried to unify Italy (1848)
Nationalist Leaders
• Mazzini- Young Italy 1848-seized papal states and declared Roman Republic -forced to flee when French troops crushed uprising (Soul of Unification)
• Garibaldi-military-fought against Fr and Austria (Red Shirts), (Sword of Unification)
• Cavour- Prime minister of Sardinia- promoted diplomatic moves (Brain of Unification)
UNIFICATION
• Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia-Piedmont- granted liberal constitution supported Cavour’s policy- 1861 became king of Italy- unified it by annexation– Lombardy 1859-defeated Austria– Duchies-1860- People drove out Austrians
and voted to join Sardinia– Two Sicilies- 1860- Garibaldi and1000
redshirts
• Papal States-1860-Cavour overran and annexed Papal states, but not Rome
• Venetia-1866 War -Italy and Prussia defeated Austria
• Rome 1870- Franco-Prussian War-France withdrew troops from Rome, Italians overran and annexed Rome
Unification of GermanyPromoting Unification
• Common nationality
• Abolished Holy Roman Empire 300 states became 100 German states
• Congress of Vienna- reduced to 38 states organized into German Confederation
• Zollverein- 1819- Prussia formed tariff union included most German states-removed internal tariff barriers
Hindering Unity
• Differences in German people-Protestant north, Catholic south
• Austria-Nationalism in Ger might spread to multinational Austria-Carlsbad Decrees (strict supervision of education, teachers, universities, student organizations) and censorship of newspapers, pamphlets and books.
• Smaller German states feared to lose authority• France feared united Ger. Would overpower
them
Leaders of Unification
• Bismarck-Prime Minister of Prussia 1862- Junker (landowner) despised democracy- wanted to unify Germany through Blood and Iron
• William I-Hohenzollern King of Prussia (1861-88) 1871 became Emperor of Germany- supported Bismarck
• Moltke-Prussian general-impressive military victories to unify Germany
3 part Unification Plan
• Create Prussian military power under Moltke
• Eliminate Austrian influence– Danish war-took Schleswig and Holstein from
Denmark-Aus and Prussia joint owners– Austro-Prussian war-Prussia and Italy against
Austria- Austria defeated-lost Venetia to Italy, Schl-Hol to Prussia-Austria out of German confederation
• Prussia created North Ger.Confederation and urged northern states to join
• Franco-Prussian War-Bismarck provoked war to get Southern states to join confederation-France lost Alsace and Lorraine-
• German empire established in 1871 when 4 southern states allied with the confederation-William I as Kaiser (emperor)-military rule led way for Nazi dictatorship later
Germany under Bismarck
• Centralized power-national govt. took control of RR, telegraph, postal services, banking, national code of law
• Militarism-compulsory military service, patriotic societies
• Industrialism- rapid change from agric to ind., high tariffs to protect home industry, imperialism for raw materials
• Persecution of subject nationalities-must adopt German culture
• Kulturkamph-fear of Catholic church-loyalty issue=began to weaken church-clergy under state control, civil marriage ceremonies, no church influence in education, Pope denounced
• Reichstag- new parliament• Anti-socialist-no socialist meetings, publications,
to weaken their message Bismarck gave workers health insurance against accidents, old age pension, better wages
• Anti-Semitism- pamphlet, lectures claiming Jews had too much influence over industry and commerce. They were responsible for failure of kulturkamph, destroying social order.
• Foreign policy to isolate France. Created Central Powers alliance
• 1888 William II inherited throne-dismissed Bismarck, reversed friendship with Russia, and repression of socialism-caused much anger. German imperialism led to WWI.
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