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UNIT 1PHYTOTHERAPY AND
PHARMACOGNOSY
1.1 ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
1.2 MEDICINAL PLANT AND NATURAL PRODUCT
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
✓ Describe the various terms related tophytotherapy, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals,nutraceuticals and natural products.
✓ Give an overview on the importance of medicinalplants and natural products in pharmacology andmedicine
UNIT 1.1ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
➢Phytotherapy is the use of plants and plantextracts for attempted therapeuticpurposes
➢Study of the use of extracts of naturalorigin as medicines or health-promotingagents
➢Aims to preserve the complexity ofsubstances from a given plant withrelatively less processing.
PHYTOTHERAPY
PHARMACOGNOSY
Derived from Greek pharmakon (remedy)and gignosco (knowledge).
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinesderived from natural sources.
The American Society of Pharmacognosydefines pharmacognosy as "the study of thephysical, chemical, biochemical andbiological properties of drugs, drugsubstances or potential drugs or drugsubstances of natural origin as well asthe search for new drugs from naturalsources”.
From the Greek: Pharmacon (remedy), logos (adiscourse or treatise)
Defined by Vallance P and Smart TG (January 2006);Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biologyconcerned with the study of drug action.
interactions that occur between a living organismand exogenous chemicals that alter normalbiochemical function.
Phytotherapy medicines differ from plant-derivedmedicines in standard pharmacology;
pharmacology isolates an active compound from agiven plant
PHARMACOLOGY
ROLE OF PLANTS IN
PHARMACY AND
MEDICINE
1. A rich source of lead compound or active principles
e.g. morphine, cocaine, digitalis, quinine, nicotine
and galanthamine
2. Provide a large bank of rich, complex and highly varied structures which are unlikely to be synthesized in laboratories.
ROLE OF PLANTS IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
the substances that have the medicinal properties
PHARMACEUTICALS
Pharmaceutical drug
- any chemical substance intended for use inthe medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, orprevention of disease.
combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”
a food or food product that provides health and medicalbenefits, including the prevention and treatment ofdisease.
Such products may range from isolated nutrients
dietary supplements
specific diets to genetically engineered foods,
herbal products
processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages.
Example nutraceutical product
UNIT 1.2
MEDICINAL PLANT AND NATURAL
PRODUCT
HUSNA BINTI ZULKIFLY
9 JANUARY 2018
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Almost all our present medicines come from medicinal plants and are derived from research on medicinal plants.
Rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis.
Rhizoma Chuanxiong
Gingko Biloba
Phaleria macrocarpa
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Synergic medicine
Support of official medicine
Preventive medicine
CHARACTERISTIC OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Synergic medicine the ingredients of plants all interact simultaneously
Their uses can complement or damage others or neutralizetheir possible negative effects.
Support of official medicine In the treatment of complex cases like cancer diseases, the
components of the plants proved to be very effective.
Preventive medicine It has been proven that the component of the plants also
characterize by their ability to prevent the appearance of some diseases.
This will help to reduce the use of the chemical remedies which will be used when the disease is already present i.e., reduce the side effect of synthetic treatment.
EXAMPLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Parts used: leaves of Ginkgo biloba
Botanical drugs produced is use for cognitive deficiency (often in the elderly)
impairment of memory and affective symptoms such as anxiety.
GINKGO BILOBA
Parts used: flower heads of chamomile
Botanical drugs produced is use for mild gastrointestinal compliants and as an anti-inflammatory agents
Chamomilla recutita
TONGKAT ALI
COMMON NAME
Tongkat Ali, Pasak Bumi
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Eurycoma longifolia
TRADITIONAL USAGE
As an energy booster, aphrodisiac, anti-malarial, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-pyretic, and increase testosterone level in men.
KACIP FATIMAH
COMMON NAME
Kacip Fatimah, Pokok Siti Fatimah, Kerakap Rimba, Seriau Malam
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Labisia pumila
TRADITIONAL USAGE
As a female libido enhancer, firming and toning abdominalmuscle, afterbirth tonic, treat menstrual irregularities, andadministered as post-partum medication
Ficus deltoidea (mas cotek)
has been used to relieve headache, fever, and toothache
Decoction of the whole plant has been used as herbal drink by women after birth to strengthen the uterus
Ficus deltoidea
JARUM 7 BILAH(Pereskia bleo)
LEMPOYANG(Zingiber zerumbet)
GARLIC(Allium sativum)
KELADI TIKUS(Typhonium Falgelliforme)
BITTER GOURD
(Momordica Charantia)SHALLOT
(Allium cepa)
KEMUNTING CINA(Catharanthus roseus)
HEMPEDU BUMI
(Andrographis paniculata)MISAI KUCING
(Orthosiphon stamineusI)
CINNAMON
(Cinnamomum verum)
DUKUNG ANAK
(Phyllanthus niruri)
MENGKUDU
(Morinda citrifolia)
PUTARWALI
(Tinospora cordifolia)
BITTER GOURD
(Momordica Charantia)
CLOVE
(Syzygium aromaticum)
PETAI
(Parkia speciosa)
TERUNG SUSU(Solanum mammosum)
GINGER
(Zingiber officinale)
SAMBUNG NYAWA
(Gynura procumbens)
CASHEW NUT
(Annacardium occidentale) PETAI BELALANG
Leucaena leucocephala
CAPSICUM(Capsicum annum)
SAMBUNG NYAWA(Gynura procumbens)
BARLEY(Hordeum vulgare)
GARLIC(Allium sativum)
GANODERMA(Ganoderma lucidum)
VIRGIN COCONUT OIL(Cocos nucifera)
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Chemical compound or substance produced by a living
organism.
Source of natural products:
may be extracted from the cells, tissues, and secretions
of microorganisms, plants and animals.
Compound isolated from natures, are pure
chemicals entities.
Can also be produced synthetically and referred to as
‘nature identical’, but were originally discovered from
plant drugs.
usually have pharmacological or biological activity that
can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases
Natural products often used as starting points for drug
discovery
Bioprospecting
Effort of researchers to search for natural products
Obtaining samples to analyze and evaluate in drug
discovery screens or bioassays.
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Examples of natural products of plant includes:
•Morphine from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
used as an analgesic
•Caffeine from the coffee shrub (Coffea arabica)
used as a stimulant
•Quinine from Cinchona bark (Cinchona spp.) used
in the treatment of malaria
Opium poppy
Coffee shrub
Cinchona bark
ACTIVITY 1
FORM 3 GROUPS
FIND 2 MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THE NATURAL PRODUCTS
DISCUSS BACKGROUND, TRADITIONAL USAGE, PART OF PLANT USED,
EXAMPLE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN THE PLANT AND THE USAGE
Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)
BACKGROUND
native to the Coast Range of British Columbia and the northwest coast of the United States.
a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10–15 m tall and with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter.
TRADITIONAL USE
Native Americans used yew plant to impart strength, induce perspiration, and treat internal injuries and lung diseases
The Japanese used the yew plant parts to induce abortion and treat diabetes
The Gymnosperm Database http://www.conifers.org/ta/ta/brevifolia.htm.Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-260312.
Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)
EXAMPLE OF NATURAL PRODUCT
Natural product isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) : paclitaxel (Taxol®)
The most widely used breast cancer drug. It is now also approved for use against an AIDS-related cancer.
Pacific Yew has thin scaly brown bark, covering a thin layer of off-white sap wood with a darker heartwood that varies in color from brown to a magenta/purplish hue.
paclitaxel (Taxol®)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901206/
Taxus brevifolia(Pacific Yew)
ADDITIONAL INFO
The bark from about three mature 100 year old trees is required to provide 1 gram of paclitaxel (Taxol®) given that a course of treatment may need 2 grams of the drug.
Current demand for paclitaxel (Taxol®) is in the region of 100–200 kg per annum (i.e., 50,000 treatments/year) and is now produced synthetically.
paclitaxel (Taxol®)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901206/
SUMMARY
Related term
Role of plants in pharmacy and medicine
Medicinal Plants – Meaning, Characteristic, Examples with usage
Natural Product –Definition, Sources, Example with usage
G1 –ALOE VERA, GELENGGANG
G2 –COLEUS FORSKOHLII, MELISSA OFFICINALIS
G3 – MAPLE TREE, BROTOWALI
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