unit 7b. thinking thinking language language thinking and language thinking and language
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COGNITION: THINKING, PROBLEM SOLVING, CREATIVITY AND LANGUAGE
UNIT 7B
UNIT OVERIVEW
Thinking Language Thinking and Language
INTRODUCTION
Cognition (thinking)Cognitive psychologists
THINKING
CONCEPTS
Concepts Category hierarchies prototype
SOLVING PROBLEMS: STRATEGIES
Algorithms Step-by-step
HeuristicInsight
SOLVING PROBLEMS: CREATIVITY
CreativityStrernberg’s five components
Expertise Imaginative thinking skills A venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation A creative environment
SOLVING PROBLEMS: OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM SOLVING
Confirmation biasFixation
Mental set Functional fixedness
SOLVING PROBLEMS: OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM SOLVING
Confirmation biasFixation
Mental set Functional fixedness
MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS: USING AND MISUSING HEURISTICS
The Representative Heuristic
MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS: USING AND MISUSING HEURISTICS
The Availability Heuristic
MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS: OVERCONFIDENCE
Overconfidence
MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS: THE BELIEF PRESERVERENCE PHENOMENON
Belief perseverance Consider the opposite
MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS: THE PERILS AND POWERS OF INTUITION
Intuition Unconscious intuition
Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Effects of Framing
Framing Framing experiments
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE: INTRODUCTION
Language
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE: PHONEME
Phoneme English about 40 phonemes Learning another language’s phonemes
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE: MORPHEMES
Morpheme Includes prefixes and suffixes
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE: GRAMMAR
Grammar Semantics Syntax
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
Receptive languageProductive language
Babbling stage One-word stage Two-word stage Telegraphic speech
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: WHEN DO WE LEARN LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: EXPLAINING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Skinner: Operant Learning Learning principles
▪ Association▪ Imitation▪ Reinforcement
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: EXPLAINING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar Language acquisition device Universal grammar
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: EXPLAINING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Statistical Learning and Critical Periods Statistical learning Critical (sensitive) period
THINKING AND LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE INFLUENCES THINKING
Whorf’s linguistic determinism
Bilingual advantage
THINKING IN IMAGES
Implicit memory
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